MECHANICS 3

BY: ENGR. EJAY P. MARASIGAN

 Plan and organize
5:30 – 7 (Scan Formula, Terms, Making
Formula Book)
8-12 (klase) (follow up or advance)
1-2 Siesta
2-6 Solving problems
7-9:30 Group study
10:30 or 11 - sleep
Strain
It is the change in the physical size, it might be lengthwise for
longitudinal strain or sidewise for lateral strain. Also known as
unit deformation, strain is the ratio of the change in length
caused by the applied force, to the original length.

δ
ε=
L
• Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go back to its
original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e
developed such that there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load
is entirely removed.

• Elastic and Plastic Ranges

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the
elastic range. The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
• Yield Point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an
appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in load.
• Ultimate Strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the
ultimate strength or tensile strength.
• Rapture Strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This
is also known as the breaking strength.
• Working Stress, Allowable Stress, and Factor of Safety
Working stress is defined as the actual stress of a material under
a given loading. The maximum safe stress that a material can
carry is termed as the allowable stress. The allowable stress Su
should be limited to values not exceeding the proportional FS=
limit.. Sa
Stress
S=Eε

Elongation due to Force

PL SL
δ= =
AE E
Elongation due to Weight
ρgL2 mgL
δ= 2E = 2AE
Angle of Twist
𝑇𝐿
Φ=
𝐽𝐺

Power Transmitted by the shaft

2π𝑇𝑁
P= 60
Poisson’s Ratio
When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the
bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is also a decrease in a lateral
dimension perpendicular to the load. The RATIO of the lateral deformation (or
strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or strain) is called the Poisson's ratio
and is denoted by ν. For most steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.3, and 0.20 for
concrete. (0- 0.4) RANGE

εy εz E
ν=−ε =− ε G=2(1+ν)
x x
Other properties
Dilation
• the sum of the strains in the three coordinate system
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2 and a
length of 150 m is suspended vertically from one end. It
supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit
mass of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the
total elongation of the rod.

54.33 mm
A steel wire 30 ft long, hanging vertically, supports a load of
500 lb. Neglecting the weight of the wire, determine the
required diameter if the stress is not to exceed 20 ksi and the
total elongation is not to exceed 0.20 in. Assume E = 29 ×
106 psi.

d = 0.1988 inch
The rigid bar ABC shown in Fig. P-212 is hinged at A and
supported by a steel rod at B. Determine the largest load P
that can be applied at C if the stress in the steel rod is limited
to 30 ksi and the vertical movement of end C must not exceed
0.10 in.

4.83 kips
• Determine the Poisson’s ratio of a material whose modulus
of elasticity is 200 GPa and whose modulus of rigidity is 80
GPa.

0.25
STRESSES
BY: ENGR. EJAY P. MARASIGAN
Stresses
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the
force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi,
now in N/mm2 or MPa.
1. Normal Stress
2. Shear Stress
3. Bearing Stress
4. Bending Stress
5. Thermal Stress 𝐹
S=𝐴
Normal Stress
Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members
(members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other
hand will tend to lengthen the member.
𝐹
σnormal=𝐴
┴
What is the maximum allowable load if the factor of safety is
1.5, the yield strength is 3000 psi and the resisting area is 25 in2

50 kips
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must
carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter
of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2.

119.35 mm
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two
wires shown in Fig. P-109. The stress in either wire is not to
exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are
0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.

17.1 kips
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a
bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-108. Axial loads are applied at
the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will
not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90
MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

10 000 N
Shear Stress
Forces PARALLEL to the area resisting the force cause
shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses,
which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which
they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

𝐹
σshear=
𝐴𝐼𝐼
As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a
shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the
punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness
of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched.
(b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the
smallest hole that can be punched.

t=0.781inch
d=0.8in
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis
shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the
bolt is 300 MPa.

d=29.13mm
b=17.46mmb=17.46mm

A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative

to 60-mm-diameter shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in
Fig. P-118. If a torque T = 2.2 kN·m is applied to the shaft,
determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the
key is 60 MPa.

b=17.46mm
Bearing Stress
Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

𝐹
σbearing=𝐴
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four ¾-in.-
diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can
be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi
and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume
the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

P=24.74kips
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find th minimum bolt
diameter and the minimum thickness of each yoke that will
support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress
of 12 ksie and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

d=0.8618in
t=0.4061in
Bending or Flexural Stress

𝑀𝑐 𝑀
σb = =
𝐼 𝑆

𝐼
s= 𝑐
 6𝑀 ℎ
σb = 𝑏ℎ2
𝑏

32𝑀
σb = 3
π𝑑
𝐷

32𝑀𝐷 𝑑
σb = π(𝐷4−𝑑4)
𝐷
Load, Shear and Moment Diagram
Shear and Moment Diagrams
Consider a simple beam shown of length L that carries a uniform load of w (N/m)
throughout its length and is held in equilibrium by reactions R1 and R2. Assume that
the beam is cut at point C a distance of x from he left support and the portion of the
beam to the right of C be removed. The portion removed must then be replaced by
vertical shearing force V together with a couple M to hold the left portion of the bar
in equilibrium under the action of R1 and wx.
A simply supported beam, 2 in wide by 4 in high and 12 ft long
is subjected to a concentrated load of 2000 lb at a point 3 ft
from one of the supports. Determine the maximum fiber
stress.

(fb)max=10,125 psi
Thermal Elongation
Temperature changes cause the body to expand or contract.
The amount δT, is given by

δT=αL(Tf−Ti)=αLΔT

where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion in m/m°C, L is

the length in meter, Ti and Tf are the initial and final
temperatures, respectively in °C. For steel, α = 11.7 × 10-6 /°C.
Thermal Stress
If temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, no
load or stress will be induced in the structure. In some cases
where temperature deformation is not permitted, an internal
stress is created. The internal stress created is termed as
thermal stress.
δT=δP
σL
αLΔT=
E

σ=EαΔT
Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm
at a temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the rails
just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that
temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume α = 11.7
µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

40.64°C
60 MPa
• cylinder of diameter 1.000cm at 30°C is to be fitted into a
hole of a steel plate. The hole has a diameter 0.9997 cm at 30
° C. To what temperature must the plate be heated? The
coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 1.2x1010-5 per ° C.

55.01 °C
Torsional Stress
The stress developed when material undergo twisting.
• Torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied torque.

𝑇𝑐 16𝑇
τ= = 3
𝐽 π𝐷
Solid Shaft
𝑇𝑐 16𝑇
τ= 𝐽 = π𝐷3

Hollow Shaft
16𝑇𝐷 𝑑
τ= π(𝐷4−𝑑4)

𝐷
A steel shaft 3 ft long that has a diameter of 4 in is subjected to
a torque of 15 kip·ft. Determine the maximum shearing stress
and the angle of twist. Use G = 12 × 106 psi.

τmax=14.3ksi

θ=1.23∘
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will
not twist through more than 3° in a 6-m length when
subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing
stress is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.

d=113.98mm

τmax=41.27MPa
A steel marine propeller shaft 14 in. in diameter and 18 ft long
is used to transmit 5000 hp at 189 rpm. If G = 12 × 106 psi,
determine the maximum shearing stress.

τmax=3094.6psi
A steel propeller shaft is to transmit 4.5 MW at 3 Hz without
exceeding a shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through
more than 1° in a length of 26 diameters. Compute the proper
diameter if G = 83 GPa.

d = 352 mm
STRESS

𝐹 Act on it
S=
𝐴 Share to others