Design of Aqueduct

Input Data
canal data
Full Supply Discharge = 0.224 cumecs
Full Supply Level = 96.525 m
Canal Bed Level = 96.025 m
Canal Water Depth (D) = 0.5 m
Canal Bed Width (B) = 1.00 m
Rugosity coff for concrete (n) = 0.016
side slope = 0.0 :1
bed slope = 1000
free board = 0.15

Drainage Data
High Flood Discharge (Q) = 18.00 cumecs
High Flood Level = 94.80 m
High Flood Depth = 1.00 m
General Ground Level = 93.80 m

Design of Drainage water way

Lacey`s regime Perimeter (P) = 4.75*(Q1/2)
= 20.15254

Based on perimeter assume clear span width and thickness of peir

and accordingly no. of ways and no. of piers to provide. No. of
piers are one less than no. of ways.
assume
clear span b/w pier = 7.2 m
thickness of pier = 0.3 m
No. of ways provided = 28
no of piers = 1
water way between abutments (L) = 201.9 m

Deisgn of canal water way

bed width of canal = 1.00 m

let the cnala flumed to (B 0) = 0.70 m
Assume
Spaly in contraction = 2 :1
splay in expansion = 3 :1

length of contraction transition = 0.3 m

length of expansion transition = 0.45 m
= 201.9 m
length of flummed rectangular portion
of the canal between abutments
In the transitions , the side slopes of the section will be warped from 1.5:1 to
vertical.
In the transitions , the side slopes of the section will be warped from 1.5:1 to
vertical.
Head loss and Bed levels at different sections

At section 4-4
Area of Section (A4) = (B+1.5D)*D
= 0.875 m2
Velocity (V4) = Q/A
= 0.256 m/s
Velocity Head = V /2g
2

= 0.00334 m
RL of Bed (given) = 96.025 m
RL of Water Surface = 96.525 m
RL of T.E.L. = 96.528 m

At section 3-3
keeping the same water depth thoughout the channel
Area of Section (A3) = B0*D
= 0.35 m2
Velocity (V3) = Q/A
= 0.64 m/s
Velocity Head = V2/2g
= 0.020877 m
loss of head in expnasion from section 3-3 to 4-4
= 0.3(V32-V42)/2g
= 0.005261
RL of T.E.L. = 96.534 m
RL of Water Surface = 96.513 m
RL of Bed (given) = 96.013 m

At section 2-2

Length of Trough Section = 201.9 m

Area of Trough = 0.35 m2
wetted perimeter = 1.7 m
Hydraulic mean depth = 0.205882 m
velocity in Trough = Q/A
= 0.64 m/s
Froction loss b/w 2-2 to 3-3 (H L) = (n2*V2*L)/(R4/3)
= 0.174145 m

RL of T.E.L. = 96.708 m
RL of Water Surface = 96.687 m
RL of Bed (given) = 96.187 m

At section 1-1

Loss of head in Contraction transition from 1-1 to 2-2

= 0.2(V32-V42)/2g
= 0.003507

RL of T.E.L. = 96.711 m
RL of Water Surface = 96.708 m
RL of Bed (given) = 96.208 m

Design of Transitions
Contraction transition
By Mitra`s Hyperbolic Transition equation
Bf = 0.70 m
Bn = 1.00 m
length of contaction tansition L f = 0.30 m
x is the distance at which distance u want bed width
Bx = Bn*Bf*Lf/Lf*Bn-x(Bn-Bf)

x= 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Bx = 0.7 0.736842 0.777778 0.823529 0.875

Expansion transition
By Mitra`s Hyperbolic Transition equation
Bf = 0.70 m
Bn = 1.00 m
length of expansion tansition L f = 0.45 m
Bx = Bn*Bf*Lf/Lf*Bn-x(Bn-Bf)
x= 0 0.05 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Bx = 0.7 0.724138 0.777778 0.807692 0.84 0.875

Design of Trough

The trough will be of 0.6m and wall thickness will be 0.1m. A free board of
0.14m above FSD of 0.76m may be sufficient . Hence the Height of the
Trough will therfore be kept equal to 0.76+0.14=0.9m.

The Entire Section will be constrcued in monolithic reinforced concrete &

designed by usual strcutural methods.
Tentative thickness of walls = 0.1 m
Bottom Slab of Trough = 0.15 m
Clear Width b/w Wall = 0.6 m

1 2 3 4
 1 2 3 4

Canal
1.00 0.70

0.3 201.9 0.45

Contraction Trough Expansion
Tarnsition Tarnsition
1 2 3 4

TEL RL 96.711 96.708 96.534 96.528

Water Surface RL 96.708 96.687 96.513 96.525
Bed Level RL 96.208 96.187 96.013 96.025
 AQUEDUCT TROUGH DESIGN
NAME OF WORK:- PKN

CANAL DATA FOR AQUEDUCT (Vertical section)

1 Discharge 0.224 cumec 0.224 cumec 270

2 Bed width 1.00 m 0.70 m

3 water Side slope 0 :1 vertical :1

4 F.S.D. 0.50 m 0.50 m

5 Free Board 0.15 m 0.15 m

6 Bed slope 1 in 1000 1 in 1000

7 C.B.L. 96.025 m 96.025 m

200
8 F.S.L. 96.53 m 96.525

9 M.W.D. 0.65 m 0.65 m

10 Span 7.20 m 7200 mm

11 Concrete M- 20 wt. of concrete 25000 kg/m3

scbc 7 m 13 300
12 Steel Inside Out side
sst 230 sst 230

13 Water wt 9800 kg/m3

14 Reinforcement (in wall) Main Vertical 12 mm F @ 90

15 Reinforcement (in Slab) Main 12 mm F @ 110

16 Reinforcement (in wall Beam) Main bottom 16 mm f 6

17 Distribution (in wall Beam) two lgd. Strrirps 8 mm F @ 300

18 Trough Wall thickness 270 mm or 0.27

19 Trough Slab thickness 300 mm or 0.30

T TROUGH DESIGN

T (Vertical section)
TBL 246.53 270
700
2x 16 mm F top anchor bar
F.B. 150
12 mm F bars@ 180
F.S.L. 96.525
8 mm 2 ledge stirrups@ 300

8 mm F bars@ 140

12 mm F bars@ 90
FSD 500
12 mm F bars@220
12 mm F bars@110
Hench 8 mm F bars@130
10 mm F bars@300

6 x Bars F 16
CBL 96.025 0.14

540

200 200

mm c/c Disty. 8 mm F @ 140 mm c/c

mm c/c Disty. 8 mm F @ 130 mm c/c

Nos. Top anchor 16 mm Nos. 2 Nos.

mm c/c

mtr

mtr
15 115 20 45 33 44 18 40 20 41 20 40 18
AQUEDUCT TROUGH DESIGN

NAME OF WORK:- PKN

CANAL DATA FOR QUEDUCT

Discharge 0.224 cumec 0.224 cumec
Bed width 1.00 m 0.70 m
water Side slope 0 :1 vertical
F.S.D. 0.50 m 0.50 m
Free Board 0.15 m 0.15 m
Bed slope 1000 1000
C.B.L. 96.025 m 96.025 m
F.S.L. 96.53 m 96.525 m
M.W.D. 0.65 m 0.65 m
Span (Proposed) 7.20 m
Nominal Cover 50 mm
Effective cover 40 mm

1 Design Constants:- For HYSD Bars Concrete M- 20

for water side force
sst = = 230 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.283
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.283 / 3 = 0.906
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.91 x 0.283 = 0.898
for out side force
sst = = 230 N/mm2 wt. of concrete = 25000 N/m3
scbc = = 7 N/mm2 wt of water = 9800 N/mm2
m = 13
m*c 13 x 7
k= = = 0.283
m*c+sst 13 x 7 + 230
j=1-k/3 = 1 - 0.283 / 3 = 0.906
R=1/2xc x j x k = 0.5 x 7 x 0.906 x 0.283 = 0.898

2 DESIGN OF VERTICAL WALL:-

The trough wall is to be designed as a beam having a span of = 7.20 m
between supports Hence thickness should be equal to span/30
span 7.20 x 1000
= = 240 mm say
28 30
Max.depth of water = 0.65 m span = 7.20 m
wh3 9800 x 0.65 3
B.M. = = =
 B.M. = = =
6 6
BM 449 x 1000
Effective depth required = = =
Rxb 0.90 x 1000
Providing thickness "D"= 240 mm cover = 50 mm, Effective depth =

Steel required
BMx1000 449 x 1000
Ast = = = 11 mm2
sst x j x D 230 x 0.906 x 190
3.14xdia2 3.14 x
using 10 mm bars = A = =
4 x 100
spacing =A/Ast = 78.50 x 1000 / 11.34 = 6925 mm
Hence Provided 10 mm bars @ 6920 mm c/c half the bars will be curtailed at
minimum steel to be provided for 0.1 ( 24 - 10 )
= 0.3 -
distribution 45 - 10

0.26 x
Area of distribution steel required = 0.26 % of x section area =
100
624
Steel of Each face = = 312 mm2
2
using 8 mm bars A = 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x
4 x100
spacing =A/Ast = 50.24 x 1000 / 312.00 = 161.026 mm
Hence Provided 8 mm bars @ 160 mm c/c Each face

3 Design of Horizontal slabe :-

The trough slab having a span of of = 0.70 m
between walls Hence thickness should be equal to span/20
span 0.70 x 1000
= = 35 mm say
20 20
Adopt effective thickness of slab "T" = 100 mm cover = 50 mm Total thickne
Effective span of slab = BW+ depth = 0.7 +
Loading
Load of water column = mwd x 9800 = 0.65 x 9800 =
Wt of slab = wt of concrete x area of slab = 25000 x 1.00 x 0.1 =
per meter length
wH2 9800 x 0.65 x 0.65
Total water pressure on vertical wall= = =
2 2
0.7
\ Fixing moment at end of slab = 2070 x +
3

WL2 8870 x 0.94 x 0.94

Max. possible segging moment = = =
8 8
Net B.M. at center of span of slab= = 980 - 759 = 221 kg-m The slab is design for th
Since tension face is out side s st = 230 J= 0.906 ,
BM 221 x 1000
Effective depth required = = = 15.6695 mm
 Effective depth required = = = 15.6695 mm
Rxb 0.898 x 1000
Provided Effective depth 16 mm cover = 50 mm providing thickness

Steel required
220.60 x 1000
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD= = 68 mm2
230 x 0.91 x 16
3.14xdia2 3.14 x
using 12 mm bars = A = =
4 x 100
spacing =A/Ast = 113 x 1000 / 68 = 1672.25 mm
Hence Provided 12 mm bars @ 1670 mm c/c
759 x 1000
Area of steel required at end (Near support) = =
230 x 0.906 x 16
This is < than half the steel provided at the center of span,However,
half the bars from the center of the span may be bent up at L/2 meter from supports.
Let us check whether this bending of half bars satisfies the enchorage and devlopments envisaged in
equation M1/V + Lo > Ld
1 1000 x 113
Where M1= Ast x sst x j x d= x x 230 x
2 1670
= 0.11 x 10'6 N-mm
8870 x 0.94
V = shear force at the ends = = 4169 N
2
ls ls
Lo = - x' - 3F + 16 F = -
2 2
Where Ls = Length of support = 240 mm and x' = side cover =

M1 0.11 x 10'6 240

+ Lo = + - 50 +
V 4169 2

F sst F x 230
Ld = = = 71.88 F
4 t bd 4 x 0.8
= 71.88 x 12 = 863 mm
or 252 < 863 Thus the requirement is not satisfied
minimum steel to be provided for 0.1 ( 66 - 100 )
= 0.3 -
distribution 450 - 100
0.31 x
Area of distribution steel required = 0.31 % of x section area =
100
203
Steel of Each face = = 102 mm2
2
using 8 mm bars A = 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x
4
spacing =A/Ast = 50.24 x 1000 / 101.72 = 494 cm
Hence Provided 8 mm bars @ 490 cm c/c Each face

4 Design of side wall as Beam :-

live load from slab = total load on slab x bw / 2 = 8870 x 0.7 /
 Self load = mwd x thick. x wt = 0.65 x 0.24 x
Total Load
WL2 7005 x 7.20 x 7.20
Max. possible segging moment= = =
8 8
using sst = 230 N/mm2 k= 0.283 J =
BM 45389x 1000
Effective depth required = = =
Rxb 0.898 x 240
Actual depth '= 0.65 + 0.10 = 0.75 or 750 mm
But providing thickness = 750 mm - (2 x cover = 80 )=
Steel required
45389.2 x 1000
Ast = BMx100/sstxjxD= = 325 mm2
230 x 0.906 x 670
using 16 mm bars A = 3.14xdia2 = 3.14 x
4 x100
Nomber of Bars = Ast/A = 325 / 201 = 1.62
Hence Provided 2 bars of 16 mm F at Bottom
2 x 201
% of steel provided = x 100 = 0.25 %
240 x 670
total load x span 7005 x 7.2
Shear force = = =
2 2
Shear stress shea force 25216.2
= = =
Beam Ht. x Beam Dt. 240 x 670
Permissible shear stress for 0.25 % steel provided tc = 0.21 N/mm2
Shear reinforcenment required if TV < Tc Hence shear reinforcement not required
Vc = shear resistance of concrete = tc.b.d = 0.21 x 670 x 240 =
Vs = V - Vc = 25216 - 33768 = -8552
Spacing of strirrups is sst .d.Asv 230 x 670
Sv = = Asv
given by Vs -8552
While maximum permissible spacing 2.175 x fy x Asy 2.175 x
< <
of shear stirip is B
Hence Sv = 3.76 Asv
Hence using 8 mm dia 2 Legged stirrups A = 100.5 mm2
Sv = 3.76 x 100.5 = 378 mm subject to a max.
Hence provideed 8 mm Dia 2 legged shear stirrus @
Provide 2 x 12 mm F hoilding bars at the top.
 40 16 34 16 34 26

N/m3
N/mm2
for water side force

K = 0.283

J = 0.906
R = 0.898

N/m3
N/mm2
for out side force

K = 0.283

J = 0.906
R = 0.898

mm say 240 mm

448554
449 N-m
 449 N-m
n-mm

22 mm

m, Effective depth = 190 mm

mm2

10 x 10
= 78.5 mm2
4

0.53 m from base

= 0.26 %

240 x 1000
= 624 mm2
100

8 x 8
= 50.2 mm2
4

mm say 100 mm

Total thickness = 150 mm

0.24 = 0.94 m

6370 N
2500 N
8870 N

2070

0.3
= 759 N-m
2

980 N-m

The slab is design for this B.M.

R= 0.898
15.68765
mm
 mm

providing thickness = 66 mm

mm2

12 x 12
= 113 mm2
4

233 mm2

r of span,However,
L/2 meter from supports.
envisaged in

0.906 x 16

x' + 13 F

side cover = 50 mm

13 x 12 = 252.5 mm

See table Concrete

3.4 M 20

rement is not satisfied

= 0.31 %

66 x 1000
= 203 mm2
100

8 x 8
= 50.2 mm2
4

2 = 3105 kg-m
 25000 = 3900 kg-m
Total Load = 7005 kg-m

45389 Kg-m

0.906 R = 0.898

459 mm

mm
670 mm

mm2

16 x 16
= 201 mm2
4
say = 2 No.

25216 kg.

0.16 N/mm2

N/mm2 (See Table 3.1)

orcement not required
33768 N
N

Asv = -18.02 Asv

415 x Asv
< 3.76 Asv
240

subject to a max. = 300 mm

300 mm c/c
NAME OF WORK:- PKN

270 TBL 758.58 270

5000
2x 16 mm F top anchor bar
F.B. 500
10 mm F bars@ 180
F.S.L. 258.58
8 mm 2 ledge stirrups@ 300

8 mm F bars@ 140

10 mm F bars@ 90
FSD 2000
16 mm F bars@220
16 mm F bars@110
8 mm F bars@130
10 mm F bars@300
200

6 x Bars F 20
CBL 256.58 1.00

720
300

200 200
pk_nandwana@yahoo.co.in
 Table 3.1. Permissible sh
Table 1.15. PERMISSIBLE DIRECT TENSILE STRESS
100As
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 bd
Tensile < 0.15
stress 1.2 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4
N/mm2 0.25
0.50
Table 1.16.. Permissible stress in concrete (IS : 456-2000) 0.75
Permission stress in compression (N/mm2) Permissible stress in bond (Average) for 1.00
Grade of
Bending acbc Direct (acc) plain bars in tention (N/mm2) 1.25
concrete
(N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) Kg/m2 (N/mm2) in kg/m2 1.50
M 10 3.0 300 2.5 250 -- -- 1.75
M 15 5.0 500 4.0 400 0.6 60 2.00
M 20 7.0 700 5.0 500 0.8 80 2.25
M 25 8.5 850 6.0 600 0.9 90 2.50
M 30 10.0 1000 8.0 800 1.0 100 2.75
M 35 11.5 1150 9.0 900 1.1 110 3.00 and above
M 40 13.0 1300 10.0 1000 1.2 120
M 45 14.5 1450 11.0 1100 1.3 130
M 50 16.0 1600 12.0 1200 1.4 140
Over all depth of slab
k
Table 1.18. MODULAR RATIO
Grade of co M-10 M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
Table 3.3. Maximum s
Modular ra 31 19 13 11 9 8 7
(31.11) (18.67) (13.33) (10.98) (9.33) (8.11) (7.18) Grade of concrete
tc.max
Table 2.1. VALUES OF DESIGN CONSTANTS
Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40 Table 3.4. Perm
Modular Ratio 18.67 13.33 10.98 9.33 8.11 7.18 Grade of concrete M
scbc N/mm 2 5 7 8.5 10 11.5 13 tbd (N / mm2)
m scbc 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33 93.33
kc 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
(a) sst = Table 3.5. D
140 jc 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867 0.867
N/mm2 Rc 0.867 1.214 1.474 1.734 1.994 2.254 Grade of
(Fe 250) concrete
Pc (%) 0.714 1 1.214 1.429 1.643 1.857
kc 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 0.329 M 15
(b) sst = jc 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 M 20
190
N/mm2 Rc 0.732 1.025 1.244 1.464 1.684 1.903 M 25
Pc (%) 0.433 0.606 0.736 0.866 0.997 1.127 M 30
kc 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 0.289 M 35
(c ) sst =
230 jc 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 0.904 M 40
N/mm2 Rc 0.653 0.914 1.11 1.306 1.502 1.698 M 45
(Fe 415)
Pc (%) 0.314 0.44 0.534 0.628 0.722 0.816 M 50
Shear stress tc Reiforcement %
100As 100As
M-20 M-20
bd bd
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.15
0.16 0.18 0.19 0.18
0.17 0.18 0.2 0.21
0.18 0.19 0.21 0.24
0.19 0.19 0.22 0.27
0.2 0.19 0.23 0.3
0.21 0.2 0.24 0.32
0.22 0.2 0.25 0.35
0.23 0.2 0.26 0.38
0.24 0.21 0.27 0.41
0.25 0.21 0.28 0.44
0.26 0.21 0.29 0.47
0.27 0.22 0.30 0.5
0.28 0.22 0.31 0.55
0.29 0.22 0.32 0.6
0.3 0.23 0.33 0.65
0.31 0.23 0.34 0.7
0.32 0.24 0.35 0.75
0.33 0.24 0.36 0.82
0.34 0.24 0.37 0.88
0.35 0.25 0.38 0.94
0.36 0.25 0.39 1.00
0.37 0.25 0.4 1.08
0.38 0.26 0.41 1.16
0.39 0.26 0.42 1.25
0.4 0.26 0.43 1.33
0.41 0.27 0.44 1.41
0.42 0.27 0.45 1.50
0.43 0.27 0.46 1.63
0.44 0.28 0.46 1.64
0.45 0.28 0.47 1.75
0.46 0.28 0.48 1.88
0.47 0.29 0.49 2.00
0.48 0.29 0.50 2.13
0.49 0.29 0.51 2.25
0.5 0.30
0.51 0.30
0.52 0.30
0.53 0.30
0.54 0.30
0.55 0.31
0.56 0.31
0.57 0.31
0.58 0.31
0.59 0.31
0.6 0.32
0.61 0.32
0.62 0.32
0.63 0.32
0.64 0.32
0.65 0.33
0.66 0.33
0.67 0.33
0.68 0.33
0.69 0.33
0.7 0.34
0.71 0.34
0.72 0.34
0.73 0.34
0.74 0.34
0.75 0.35
0.76 0.35
0.77 0.35
0.78 0.35
0.79 0.35
0.8 0.35
0.81 0.35
0.82 0.36
0.83 0.36
0.84 0.36
0.85 0.36
0.86 0.36
0.87 0.36
0.88 0.37
0.89 0.37
0.9 0.37
0.91 0.37
0.92 0.37
0.93 0.37
0.94 0.38
0.95 0.38
0.96 0.38
0.97 0.38
0.98 0.38
0.99 0.38
1.00 0.39
1.01 0.39
1.02 0.39
1.03 0.39
1.04 0.39
1.05 0.39
1.06 0.39
1.07 0.39
1.08 0.4
1.09 0.4
1.10 0.4
1.11 0.4
1.12 0.4
1.13 0.4
1.14 0.4
1.15 0.4
1.16 0.41
1.17 0.41
1.18 0.41
1.19 0.41
1.20 0.41
1.21 0.41
1.22 0.41
1.23 0.41
1.24 0.41
1.25 0.42
1.26 0.42
1.27 0.42
1.28 0.42
1.29 0.42
1.30 0.42
1.31 0.42
1.32 0.42
1.33 0.43
1.34 0.43
1.35 0.43
1.36 0.43
1.37 0.43
1.38 0.43
1.39 0.43
1.40 0.43
1.41 0.44
1.42 0.44
1.43 0.44
1.44 0.44
1.45 0.44
1.46 0.44
1.47 0.44
1.48 0.44
1.49 0.44
1.50 0.45
1.51 0.45
1.52 0.45
1.53 0.45
1.54 0.45
1.55 0.45
1.56 0.45
1.57 0.45
1.58 0.45
1.59 0.45
1.60 0.45
1.61 0.45
1.62 0.45
1.63 0.46
1.64 0.46
1.65 0.46
1.66 0.46
1.67 0.46
1.68 0.46
1.69 0.46
1.70 0.46
1.71 0.46
1.72 0.46
1.73 0.46
1.74 0.46
1.75 0.47
1.76 0.47
1.77 0.47
1.78 0.47
1.79 0.47
1.80 0.47
1.81 0.47
1.82 0.47
1.83 0.47
1.84 0.47
1.85 0.47
1.86 0.47
1.87 0.47
1.88 0.48
1.89 0.48
1.90 0.48
1.91 0.48
1.92 0.48
1.93 0.48
1.94 0.48
1.95 0.48
1.96 0.48
1.97 0.48
1.98 0.48
1.99 0.48
2.00 0.49
2.01 0.49
2.02 0.49
2.03 0.49
2.04 0.49
2.05 0.49
2.06 0.49
2.07 0.49
2.08 0.49
2.09 0.49
2.10 0.49
2.11 0.49
2.12 0.49
2.13 0.50
2.14 0.50
2.15 0.50
2.16 0.50
2.17 0.50
2.18 0.50
2.19 0.50
2.20 0.50
2.21 0.50
2.22 0.50
2.23 0.50
2.24 0.50
2.25 0.51
2.26 0.51
2.27 0.51
2.28 0.51
2.29 0.51
2.30 0.51
2.31 0.51
2.32 0.51
2.33 0.51
2.34 0.51
2.35 0.51
2.36 0.51
2.37 0.51
2.38 0.51
2.39 0.51
2.40 0.51
2.41 0.51
2.42 0.51
2.43 0.51
2.44 0.51
2.45 0.51
2.46 0.51
2.47 0.51
2.48 0.51
2.49 0.51
2.50 0.51
2.51 0.51
2.52 0.51
2.53 0.51
2.54 0.51
2.55 0.51
2.56 0.51
2.57 0.51
2.58 0.51
2.59 0.51
2.60 0.51
2.61 0.51
2.62 0.51
2.63 0.51
2.64 0.51
2.65 0.51
2.66 0.51
2.67 0.51
2.68 0.51
2.69 0.51
2.70 0.51
2.71 0.51
2.72 0.51
2.73 0.51
2.74 0.51
2.75 0.51
2.76 0.51
2.77 0.51
2.78 0.51
2.79 0.51
2.80 0.51
2.81 0.51
2.82 0.51
2.83 0.51
2.84 0.51
2.85 0.51
2.86 0.51
2.87 0.51
2.88 0.51
2.89 0.51
2.90 0.51
2.91 0.51
2.92 0.51
2.93 0.51
2.94 0.51
2.95 0.51
2.96 0.51
2.97 0.51
2.98 0.51
2.99 0.51
3.00 0.51
3.01 0.51
3.02 0.51
3.03 0.51
3.04 0.51
3.05 0.51
3.06 0.51
3.07 0.51
3.08 0.51
3.09 0.51
3.10 0.51
3.11 0.51
3.12 0.51
3.13 0.51
3.14 0.51
3.15 0.51
Table 3.1. Permissible shear stress Table tc in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
100As Permissible shear stress in concrete tc N/mm2
bd M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
< 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 and above 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.6 0.62 0.63

Table 3.2. Facor k

Over all depth of slab 300 or more 275 250 225 200 175 150 or less
k 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30

Table 3.3. Maximum shear stress tc.max in concrete (IS : 456-2000)

Grade of concrete M-15 M-20 M-25 M-30 M-35 M-40
tc.max 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.5

Table 3.4. Permissible Bond stress Table tbd in concrete (IS : 456-2000)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-- 0.6 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Table 3.5. Development Length in tension

Plain M.S. Bars H.Y.S.D. Bars
tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F tbd (N / mm2) kd = Ld F
0.6 58 0.96 60
0.8 44 1.28 45
0.9 39 1.44 40
1 35 1.6 36
1.1 32 1.76 33
1.2 29 1.92 30
1.3 27 2.08 28
1.4 25 2.24 26