Exercises and Problems P-85

8.3 WP A Carnot vapor power cycle operates with water as the 8.6 WP Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Steam
working fluid. Saturated liquid enters the boiler at 1800 lbf/in.2, and sat- enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F. The condenser pres-
urated vapor enters the turbine (state 1). The condenser pressure is sure is 2 lbf/in.2 The net power output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h.
1.2 lbf/in.2 The mass flow rate of steam is 1 × 106 lb/h. Data at key Cooling water experiences a temperature increase from 60°F to 76°F,
points in the cycle are provided in the accompanying table. Determine with negligible pressure drop, as it passes through the condenser.
a. the thermal efficiency. Determine for the cycle
b. the back work ratio. a. the mass flow rate of steam, in lb/h.
c. the net power developed, in Btu/h. b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing
through the steam generator.
d. the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through
the boiler, in Btu/h. c. the thermal efficiency.
d. the mass flow rate of cooling water, in lb/h.
State p(lbf/in. ) 2
h(Btu/lb) 8.7 C Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.6 versus
condenser pressure ranging from 0.3 lbf/in.2 to 14.7 lbf/in.2 Maintain
1 1800 1150.4
constant net power output. Discuss.
2 1.2 735.7
8.8 WP A nuclear power plant based on the Rankine cycle operates
3 1.2 472.0 with a boiling-water reactor to develop net cycle power of 3 MW.
4 1800 648.3 Steam exits the reactor core at 100 bar, 520°C and expands through
the turbine to the condenser pressure of 1 bar. Saturated liquid
exits the condenser and is pumped to the reactor pressure of 100 bar.
8.4 WP Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Satu-
Isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and pump are 81% and 78%,
rated vapor enters the turbine at 16 MPa, and the condenser pressure is
respectively. Cooling water enters the condenser at 15°C with a mass
8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the turbine is 120 kg/s.
flow rate of 114.79 kg/s. Determine
Determine
a. the thermal efficiency.
a. the net power developed, in kW.
b. the temperature of the cooling water exiting the condenser, in °C.
b. the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boil-
er, in kW. 8.9 WP Figure P8.9 provides steady-state operating data for a solar
power plant that operates on a Rankine cycle with Refrigerant 134a
c. the thermal efficiency.
as its working fluid. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. The
d. the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the rate of energy input to the collectors from solar radiation is 0.3 kW
cooling water undergoes a temperature increase of 18°C with per m2 of collector surface area, with 60% of the solar input to the col-
negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser. lectors absorbed by the refrigerant as it passes through the collectors.
8.5 C Plot each of the quantities calculated in Problem 8.4 versus Determine the solar collector surface area, in m2 per kW of power
turbine inlet temperature ranging from the saturation temperature at developed by the plant. Discuss possible operational improvements
16 MPa to 560°C. Discuss. that could reduce the required collector surface area.

˙ in
Q
= 0.3 kW/m2 1
A Turbine ˙t
W

Solar
collectors 2

Q˙ out
4
Condenser

Pump

˙p
W

State p (bar) h (kJ/kg) x

1 18 276.83 1
2 7 261.01 0.9952
3 7 86.78 0
Figure P8.9 4 18 87.93 —
 P-86 Exercises and Problems

8.10 WP The ideal Rankine cycle 1–2–3–4–1 of Problem 8.2 is 60°F to 76°F, with negligible pressure drop, as it passes through the
modified to include the effects of irreversibilities in the adiabatic condenser. Determine for the cycle
expansion and compression processes as shown in the T–s diagram in a. the mass flow rate of steam, in lb/h.
Fig. P8.10. Let T0 = 300 K, p0 = 1 bar. Determine
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing
a. the isentropic turbine efficiency. through the steam generator.
b. the rate of exergy destruction per unit mass of steam flowing c. the thermal efficiency.
in the turbine, in kJ/kg.
d. the mass flow rate of cooling water, in lb/h.
c. the isentropic pump efficiency.
8.14 WP Figure P8.14 provides steady-state operating data for a
d. the thermal efficiency. vapor power plant using water as the working fluid. The mass flow
rate of water is 12 kg/s. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically
but not reversibly. Determine
a. the thermal efficiency.
. .
T b. the rates of heat transfer Qin and Qout, each in kW.

State p (bar) h (kJ/kg) x v (m3/kg) s (kJ/kg.K)

p = 60 bar 1 60 2784.3 Steam
1 generator 5.8892
1 2 1.5 2262.8 0.8065 6.1030 ˙t
W
3 1.5 467.11 0 0.0010528 Turbine
4 p = 1.5 bar Q˙ in 6 1
4 60 474.14 —
3
˙ 1 = 12 kg/s
m
2 2
s

˙ out
Q
State p (bar) h (kJ/kg) x v (m3/kg) s (kJ/kg.K) 5
ar 1 60 2784.3 1 5.8892 Pump Condenser
4
2 1.5 2262.8 0.8065 6.1030
p = 1.5 bar 3 1.5 467.11 0 0.0010528 ˙p
W
4 60 474.14 — 3

Figure P8.10
s
State p T (°C) h (kJ/kg)
1 6 MPa 500 3422.2
2 10 kPa --- 1633.3
8.11 WP Steam enters the turbine of a simple vapor power plant 3 10 kPa Sat. 191.83
with a pressure of 12 MPa and a temperature of 600°C and expands 4 7.5 MPa --- 199.4
adiabatically to condenser pressure, p. Saturated liquid exits the con- 5 7 MPa 40 167.57
denser at pressure p. The isentropic efficiency of both the turbine and 6 6 MPa 550 3545.3
the pump is 84%.
Figure P8.14
a. For p = 30 kPa, determine the turbine exit quality and the
cycle thermal efficiency.
b. C Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from 6 kPa
to 100 kPa. 8.15 WP Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Steam exits the
steam generator at 1500 lbf/in.2 and 1100°F. Due to heat transfer and fric-
8.12 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Superheated tional effects in the line connecting the steam generator and turbine, the
vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser pressure is pressure and temperature at the turbine inlet are reduced to 1400 lbf/in.2
6 kPa. Isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and pump are 84% and 73%, and 1000°F, respectively. Both the turbine and pump have isentropic
respectively. Determine for the cycle efficiencies of 85%. Pressure at the condenser inlet is 2 lbf/in.2, but due
a. the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the to frictional effects the condensate exits the condenser at a pressure of
steam generator, in kJ per kg of steam flowing. 1.5 lbf/in.2 and a temperature of 110°F. The condensate is pumped to
b. the thermal efficiency. 1600 lbf/in.2 before entering the steam generator. The net power output
of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Cooling water experiences a temperature
c. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the increase from 60°F to 76°F, with negligible pressure drop, as it passes
condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam flowing. through the condenser. Determine for the cycle
8.13 WP SS Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Steam a. the mass flow rate of steam, in lb/h.
enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F. The condenser pressure
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing
is 2 lbf/in.2 Both the turbine and pump have isentropic efficiencies
through the steam generator.
of 85%. The working fluid has negligible pressure drop in passing
through the steam generator. The net power output of the cycle is c. the thermal efficiency.
1 × 109 Btu/h. Cooling water experiences a temperature increase from d. the mass flow rate of cooling water, in lb/h.
    Exercises and Problems P-87

8.16 WP Steam enters the turbine of a vapor power plant at 600 lbf/ 8.20 Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with
in.2, 1000°F and exits as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at temper- ­reheat. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 320°C, and
ature T. Condensate exits the condenser at a temperature 5°F lower the condenser pressure is 8 kPa. Steam expands through the first-
than T and is pumped to 600 lbf/in.2 The turbine and pump isentropic stage turbine to 1 MPa and then is reheated to 320°C. Determine for
efficiencies are 90 and 80%, respectively. The net power developed the cycle
is 1 MW. a. the heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage
a. For T = 80°F, determine the steam quality at the turbine exit, turbine.
the steam mass flow rate, in lb/h, and the thermal efficiency. b. the thermal efficiency.
b. C Plot the quantities of part (a) versus T ranging from 80 to c. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the
105°F. condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
8.17 WP SS Superheated steam at 20 MPa, 560°C enters the first-stage turbine.
turbine of a vapor power plant. The pressure at the exit of the tur-
8.21 WP For the cycle of Problem 8.20, reconsider the analysis
bine is 0.5 bar, and liquid leaves the condenser at 0.4 bar at 75°C.
­assuming the pump and each turbine stage have an isentropic effi-
The pressure is increased to 20.1 MPa across the pump. The tur-
ciency of 80%. Answer the same questions as in Problem 8.20 for the
bine and pump have isentropic efficiencies of 81 and 85%, respec-
modified cycle.
tively. Cooling water enters the condenser at 20°C with a mass flow
rate of 70.7 kg/s and exits the condenser at 38°C. For the cycle, 8.22 WP Steam heated at constant pressure in a steam genera-
determine tor enters the first stage of a supercritical reheat cycle at 28 MPa,
a. the mass flow rate of steam, in kg/s. 520°C. Steam exiting the first-stage turbine at 6 MPa is reheated at
constant pressure to 500°C. Each turbine stage has an isentropic
b. the thermal efficiency. efficiency of 78% while the pump has an isentropic efficiency of
8.18 C In the preliminary design of a power plant, water is chosen 82%. Saturated liquid exits the condenser that operates at constant
as the working fluid. It is determined that the turbine inlet temperature pressure, p.
and pressure should be 560°C and 12,000 kPa, respectively. The qual- a. For p = 6 kPa, determine the quality of the steam exiting the
ity of steam exiting the turbine should be at least 90%. If the isentropic second stage of the turbine and the thermal efficiency.
turbine efficiency is 84%, determine the minimum condenser pressure
allowable, in kPa. b. C Plot the quantities of part (a) versus p ranging from
4 kPa to 70 kPa.
8.23 Steam is the working fluid in the vapor power cycle with
Considering Reheat and Supercritical Cycles reheat shown in Fig. P8.23 with operational data. The mass flow rate is
8.19 WP Steam is the working fluid in the ideal reheat cycle shown 2.3 kg/s, and the turbines and pump operate adiabatically. Steam exits
in Fig. P8.19 together with operational data. If the mass flow rate is both turbine 1 and turbine 2 as saturated vapor. If the reheat pressure
1.3 kg/s, determine the power developed by the cycle, in kW, and the is 15 bar, determine the power developed by the cycle, in kW, and the
cycle thermal efficiency. cycle thermal efficiency.
8.24 WP C An ideal Rankine cycle with reheat uses water as
the working fluid. As shown in Fig. P8.24, the conditions at the
inlet to the first turbine stage are 1600 lbf/in.2, 1200°F and the
steam is reheated to temperature T3 between the turbine stages at
T a pressure of 200 lbf/in.2 For a condenser pressure of 1 lbf/in.2,
plot the cycle thermal efficiency versus reheat temperature and
1 plot the cycle thermal efficiency versus quality of the steam at the
3 State p (bar) T (°C) h (kJ/kg)
second-stage turbine exit for the reheat temperature ranging from
1 140 to 1200°F.
600°F 520.0 3377.8
p = 140 bar 2 15 201.2 2800.0
p = 15 bar 3 15 428.9 3318.5
2 4 1 99.63 2675.5
6 5 Analyzing
1 Regenerative
99.63 417.46 Cycles
p = 1 bar
5 6 8.25
140 WP Water is431.96
the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rank-
4
ine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and
the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Steam expands through the first-stage
s turbine to 0.7 MPa where some of the steam is extracted and diverted
1
to an open feedwater heater operating at 0.7 MPa. The remaining
3 State p (bar) T (°C) h (kJ/kg) steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser pres-
sure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the feedwater heater at 0.7 MPa.
1 140 520.0 3377.8
Determine for the cycle
2 15 201.2 2800.0
3 15 428.9 3318.5 a. the heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage
2 4 1 99.63 2675.5 turbine.
5 1 99.63 417.46 b. the thermal efficiency.

4
6 140 431.96 c. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the
condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
Figure P8.19 first-stage turbine.
s
P-88 Exercises and Problems

T
1

State p (bar) h (kJ/kg) x

p = 160 bar 1 160 3353.3 —

2 15 2792.2 1.0
3 3 15 3169.2 —
6
p = 15 bar 4 1.5 2693.6 1.0
5 1.5 467.11 0
2
5 6 160 486.74 —
p = 1.5 bar 4

s
Figure P8.23

8.26 For the cycle of Problem 8.25, reconsider the analysis assum- 8.28 C Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.27 as the feedwater
ing the pump and each turbine stage have an isentropic efficiency of heater pressure takes on other values. Plot the cycle thermal effi-
76%. Answer the same questions as in Problem 8.25 for the modi- ciency, cycle work per unit mass entering the turbine, in kJ/kg, the
fied cycle. heat transfer into the cycle per unit mass entering the turbine, in kJ/kg,
8.27 WP SS A power plant operates on a regenerative vapor the fraction of steam extracted and sent to the feedwater heater, the
power cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the first mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s, and the rate of en-
turbine stage at 12 MPa, 560°C and expands to 1 MPa, where some tropy production in the open feedwater heater, in kW/K, versus feed-
of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater water heater pressure ranging from 0.3 to 10 MPa.
operating at 1 MPa. The remaining steam expands through the sec- 8.29 Compare the results of Problem 8.27 (a) and (b) with those for
ond turbine stage to the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Saturated liquid an ideal Rankine cycle having the same turbine inlet conditions and
exits the open feedwater heater at 1 MPa. The net power output for condenser pressure but no regenerator.
the cycle is 330 MW. For isentropic processes in the turbines and
8.30 WP Compare the results of Problem 8.27 with those for the
pumps, determine
same cycle whose processes of the working fluid are not internally
a. the cycle thermal efficiency. reversible in the turbines and pumps. Assume that both turbine stages
b. the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s. and both pumps have an isentropic efficiency of 83%.
c. the rate of entropy production in the open feedwater heater, 8.31 WP Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine
in kW/K. cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at

p3 = p2 = 200 lbf/in.2
3 T3
Reheat
section
˙ in
Q 2 p2 = 200 lbf/in.2
Steam
generator W˙ t
1
Turbine 1 Turbine 2
p1 = 1600 lbf/in.2
T1 = 1200°F

4 p4 = 1 lbf/in.2

p6 = p1 = 1600 lbf/in.2
6 ˙ out
Q
Condenser
Pump
5

p5 = p4 = 1 lbf/in.2
x5 = 0 (saturated liquid)
W˙ p

Figure P8.24
    Exercises and Problems P-89

1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to 120 lbf/in.2, where some c. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the
of the steam is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
operating at 120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands through the first-stage turbine.
second-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2 Saturated 8.36 For the cycle of Problem 8.35, reconsider the analysis assuming
liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2 The net power the pump and each turbine stage have isentropic efficiencies of 75%.
output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Determine for the cycle Answer the questions as in Problem 8.35 for the modified cycle.
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur- 8.37 WP As indicated in Fig. P8.37, a power plant similar to that in
bine, in lb/h. Fig. 8.11 operates on a regenerative vapor power cycle with one closed
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing feedwater heater. Steam enters the first turbine stage at state 1 where pres-
through the steam generator. sure is 12 MPa and temperature is 560°C. Steam expands to state 2 where
c. the thermal efficiency. pressure is 1 MPa and some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the
closed feedwater heater. Condensate exits the feedwater heater at state
8.32 WP Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle
7 as saturated liquid at a pressure of 1 MPa, undergoes a throttling pro-
with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/
cess through a trap to a pressure of 6 kPa at state 8, and then enters the
in.2 and 1000°F and expands to 120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam
condenser. The remaining steam expands through the second turbine
is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at
stage to a pressure of 6 kPa at state 3 and then enters the condenser.
120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands through the second-stage
Saturated liquid feedwater exiting the condenser at state 4 at a pressure
turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2 Each turbine stage and
of 6 kPa enters a pump and exits the pump at a pressure of 12 MPa. The
both pumps have isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the
feedwater then flows through the closed feedwater heater, exiting at
condenser, open feedwater heater, and steam generator is at constant
state 6 with a pressure of 12 MPa. The net power output for the cycle is
pressure. Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2
330 MW. For isentropic processes in each turbine stage and the pump,
The net power output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Determine for the
determine
cycle
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur- a. the cycle thermal efficiency.
bine, in lb/h. b. the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s.
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing c. the rate of entropy production in the closed feedwater heater,
through the steam generator. in kW/K.
c. the thermal efficiency. d. the rate of entropy production in the steam trap, in kW/K.
8.33 WP SS Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative
Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters
the first-stage turbine at 16 MPa, 560°C, and the condenser pressure is T
8 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage turbine is 1 State p (kPa) T (°
120 kg/s. Steam expands through the first-stage turbine to 1 MPa where
some of the steam is extracted and diverted to an open feedwater heater 1 12,000 56
operating at 1 MPa. The remainder expands through the second-stage 2 1,000
turbine to the condenser pressure of 8 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the 3 6
feedwater heater at 1 MPa. Determine p = 12 MPa 4 6
a. the net power developed, in kW. 5 12,000
7 p = 1 MPa 2
6 6 12,000
b. the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the 5 p = 6 kPa 7 1,000
boiler, in kW.
4 8 3 8 6
c. the thermal efficiency.
d. the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the s
cooling water undergoes a temperature
T
increase of 18°C with
negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser.
1 State p (kPa) T (°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg.K) x
8.34 Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.33, but include in the analy-
sis that each turbine stage and the pump have an isentropic efficiency 1 12,000 560 3506.2 6.6840
of 80%. Answer the same questions as in Problem 8.33 for the mod- 2 1,000 2823.3 6.6840
ified cycle. 3 6 2058.2 6.6840 0.7892
8.35 WP Water is the working fluid in an ideal p =regenerative
12 MPa Rankine 4 6 151.53 0.5210 0
cycle with one closed feedwater heater. Superheated vapor
p = 1 MPa enters the 5 12,000 163.60 0.5210
6 7 pressure is 6 kPa. Steam
turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and the condenser 2 6 12,000 606.61 1.7808
5
expands through the first-stage turbine where somep is= 6extracted
kPa and 7 1,000 762.81 2.1387 0
diverted to a closed feedwater heater at 0.7
4 MPa.8 Condensate 3drains 8 6 762.81 2.4968 0.2530
from the feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 0.7 MPa and is trapped
into the condenser. The feedwater leaves the heater at 10 MPa and a s Figure P8.37
temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 0.7 MPa. Determine
for the cycle
a. the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam 8.38 WP Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle
generator, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage turbine. with one closed feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2
b. the thermal efficiency. and 1000°F and expands to 120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is
P-90 Exercises and Problems

extracted and diverted to the closed feedwater heater. The remain- enters the open feedwater heater. Between the first and second turbine
ing steam expands through the second-stage turbine to the condenser stages, some steam is extracted at 1 MPa, state 2, and diverted to the
pressure of 2 lbf/in.2 Each turbine stage and the pump have isentropic closed feedwater heater. The diverted steam leaves the closed feedwater
efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the condenser, closed feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 1 MPa, state 10, undergoes a throttling pro-
heater, and steam generator is at constant pressure. Condensate exit- cess to 0.2 MPa, state 11, and enters the open feedwater heater. Steam is
ing the feedwater heater as saturated liquid at 120 lbf/in.2 undergoes also extracted between the second and third turbine stages at 0.2 MPa,
a throttling process as it passes through a trap into the condenser. The state 3, and diverted to the open feedwater heater. Saturated liquid at
feedwater leaves the heater at 1400 lbf/in.2 and a temperature equal 0.2 MPa exiting the open feedwater heater at state 7 is pumped isen-
to the saturation temperature at 120 lbf/in.2 The net power output of the tropically to state 8 and enters the closed feedwater heater. Feedwater
cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Determine for the cycle exits the closed feedwater heater at 14 MPa, 170°C, state 9, and then
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur- enters the steam generator. If the net power developed by the cycle is
bine, in lb/h. 300 MW, determine

b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing a. the cycle thermal efficiency.
through the steam generator. b. the mass flow rate into the first turbine stage, in kg/s.
c. the thermal efficiency. c. the rate of heat transfer from the working fluid as it passes
8.39 WP Water is the working fluid in an ideal regenerative Rankine through the condenser, in MW.
cycle with one closed feedwater heater. Superheated vapor enters the
8.42 WP SS Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.41, but include in
turbine at 16 MPa, 560°C, and the condenser pressure is 8 kPa. The
the analysis that each turbine stage and the pumps have an isentropic
cycle has a closed feedwater heater using extracted steam at 1 MPa.
efficiency of 83%. Comparing calculated values with those obtained
Condensate drains from the feedwater heater as saturated liquid at
in Problem 8.41, respectively, what is the effect of irreversibilities
1 MPa and is trapped into the condenser. The feedwater leaves the heater
within the turbines and pumps?
at 16 MPa and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at
1 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam entering the first-stage turbine is 8.43 Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle with
120 kg/s. Determine one closed feedwater heater and one open feedwater heater. Steam en-
ters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to 500 lbf/in.2,
a. the net power developed, in kW. where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed
b. the rate of heat transfer to the steam passing through the boil- feedwater heater. Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater
er, in kW. as saturated liquid at 500 lbf/in.2 undergoes a throttling process to
c. the thermal efficiency. 120 lbf/in.2 as it passes through a trap into the open feedwater heater.
The feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2
d. the mass flow rate of condenser cooling water, in kg/s, if the and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2
cooling water undergoes a temperature increase of 18°C with The remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to
negligible pressure change in passing through the condenser. 120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the
8.40 Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.39, but include in the analy- open feedwater heater operating at 120 lbf/in.2 Saturated liquid exits
sis that each turbine stage and the pump have an isentropic efficiency the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands
of 78%. Answer the same questions as in Problem 8.39 for the mod- through the third-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2
ified cycle. All processes of the working fluid in the turbine stages and pumps are
8.41 WP Data for a regenerative vapor power cycle using an open and internally reversible. Flow through the condenser, closed feedwater
a closed feedwater heater are provided in the table below. Steam enters heater, open feedwater heater, and steam generator is at constant pres-
the turbine at 14 MPa, 560°C, state 1, and expands isentropically in sure. The net power output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Determine
three stages to a condenser pressure of 80 kPa, state 4. Saturated liquid for the cycle
exiting the condenser at state 5 is pumped isentropically to state 6 and a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur-
bine, in lb/h.
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing
through the steam generator.
State p (kPa) T (°°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg ⋅ K) x c. the thermal efficiency.
1 14,000 560 3486.0 6.5941 – 8.44 WP Water is the working fluid in a regenerative Rankine cycle
2 1,000 2781.6 6.5941 – with one closed feedwater heater and one open feedwater heater. Steam
enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to 500 lbf/in.2,
3 200 2497.0 6.5941 0.9048 where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the closed feed-
4 80 93.5 2357.6 6.5941 0.8645 water heater. Condensate exiting the closed feedwater heater as satu-
5 80 93.5 391.66 1.2329 0
rated liquid at 500 lbf/in.2 undergoes a throttling process to 120 lbf/in.2
as it passes through a trap into the open feedwater heater. The
6 200 391.70 1.2329 – feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2 and a
7 200 504.70 1.5301 0 temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2 The
remaining steam expands through the second-stage turbine to
8 14,000 504.71 1.5301 –
120 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to the
9 14,000 170 719.21 2.0419 – open feedwater heater operating at 120 lbf/in.2 Saturated liquid exits
10 1,000 762.81 2.1387 0 the open feedwater heater at 120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands
through the third-stage turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2
11 200 762.81 2.1861 0.1172
The turbine stages and the pumps each operate adiabatically with
    Exercises and Problems P-91

isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Flow through the condenser, closed b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing
feedwater heater, open feedwater heater, and steam generator is at through the steam generator, including the reheat section.
constant pressure. The net power output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. c. the thermal efficiency.
Determine for the cycle
8.49 Data for a power plant similar in design to that shown in Fig.
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur- 8.12 are provided in the table below. The plant operates on a regener-
bine, in lb/h. ative vapor power cycle with four feedwater heaters, three closed and
b. the rate of heat transfer, in Btu/h, to the working fluid passing one open, and reheat. Steam enters the turbine at 16,000 kPa, 600°C,
through the steam generator. expands in three stages to the reheat pressure of 2000 kPa, is reheated
to 500°C, and then expands in three more stages to the condenser pres-
c. the thermal efficiency. sure of 10 kPa. Saturated liquid exits the condenser at 10 kPa. Between
8.45 WP Consider a regenerative vapor power cycle with two the first and second stages, some steam is diverted to a closed feedwa-
feedwater heaters, a closed one and an open one, and reheat. Steam ter heater at 8000 kPa. Between the second and third stages, additional
enters the first turbine stage at 12 MPa, 480°C, and expands to steam is diverted to a second closed feedwater heater at 4000 kPa. Steam
2 MPa. Some steam is extracted at 2 MPa and fed to the closed is extracted between the fourth and fifth turbine stages at 800 kPa and
feedwater heater. The remainder is reheated at 2 MPa to 440°C and fed into an open feedwater heater operating at that pressure. Saturated
then expands through the second-stage turbine to 0.3 MPa, where liquid at 800 kPa leaves the open feedwater heater. Between the fifth
an ­additional amount is extracted and fed into the open feedwa- and sixth stages, some steam is diverted to a closed feedwater heater at
ter heater operating at 0.3 MPa. The steam expanding through the 200 kPa. Condensate leaves each closed feedwater heater as saturated
third-stage turbine exits at the condenser pressure of 6 kPa. Feed- liquid at the respective extraction pressures. For isentropic processes in
water leaves the closed heater at 210°C, 12 MPa, and condensate each turbine stage and adiabatic processes in the pumps, all closed feed-
exiting as saturated liquid at 2 MPa is trapped into the open feed- water heaters, all traps, and the open feedwater heater show that
water heater. Saturated liquid at 0.3 MPa leaves the open feedwater a. the fraction of the steam diverted between the first and second
heater. Assume all pumps and turbine stages operate isentropically. stages is 0.1000.
Determine for the cycle
b. the fraction of the steam diverted between the second and
a. the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the third stages is 0.1500.
steam generator, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first-stage c. the fraction of the steam diverted between the fourth and fifth
turbine. stages is 0.0009.
b. the thermal efficiency. d. the fraction of the steam diverted between the fifth and sixth
c. the heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the stages is 0.1302.
condenser to the cooling water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the
first-stage turbine. State p (kPa) T (°°C) h (kJ/kg) s (kJ/kg ⋅ K) x
8.46 WP SS Reconsider the cycle of Problem 8.45, but include 1 16,000 600 3573.5 6.6399 —
in the analysis that the turbine stage and pumps all have isentropic 2 8,000 3334.7 6.6399 —
efficiencies of 80%. Answer the same questions about the modified
cycle as in Problem 8.45. 3 4,000 3129.2 6.6399 —
4 2,000 2953.6 6.6399 —
8.47 C For the cycle of Problem 8.46, plot thermal efficiency ver-
sus turbine stage and pump isentropic efficiencies for values ranging 5 2,000 500 3467.6 7.4317 —
from 80 to 100%. Discuss. 6 800 3172.1 7.4317 —
8.48 WP Water is the working fluid in a reheat-regenerative Rankine 7 200 2824.7 7.4317 —
cycle with one closed feedwater heater and one open feedwater heater.
8 10 2355.4 7.4317 0.9042
Steam enters the turbine at 1400 lbf/in.2 and 1000°F and expands to
500 lbf/in.2, where some of the steam is extracted and diverted to 9 10 191.83 0.6493 0
the closed feedwater heater. Condensate exiting the closed feedwater 10 800 192.63 0.6517 —
heater as saturated liquid at 500 lbf/in.2 undergoes a throttling process
11 800 595.92 1.7553 —
to 120 lbf/in.2 as it passes through a trap into the open feedwater heater.
The feedwater leaves the closed feedwater heater at 1400 lbf/in.2 12 800 721.11 2.0462 0
and a temperature equal to the saturation temperature at 500 lbf/in.2 13 16,000 738.05 2.0837 —
The remaining steam is reheated to 900°F before entering the sec-
14 16,000 1067.3 2.7584 —
ond-stage turbine, where it expands to 120 lbf/in.2 Some of the steam
is extracted and diverted to the open feedwater heater operating at 15 8,000 1316.6 3.2068 0
120 lbf/in.2 Saturated liquid exits the open feedwater heater at 16 4,000 1316.6 3.2344 0.1338
120 lbf/in.2 The remaining steam expands through the third-stage
turbine to the condenser pressure of 2 lbf/in.2 The turbine stages and 17 4,000 1087.3 2.7964 0
the pumps each operate adiabatically with isentropic efficiencies of 18 800 1087.3 2.8716 0.1788
85%. Flow through the condenser, closed feedwater heater, open 19 200 504.70 1.5301 0
feedwater heater, steam generator, and reheater is at constant pres-
sure. The net power output of the cycle is 1 × 109 Btu/h. Determine 20 10 504.70 1.6304 0.1308
for the cycle 21 16,000 1269.1 3.1245 —
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first stage of the tur-
bine, in lb/h. table P8.49
P-92 Exercises and Problems

8.50 For the power plant in Problem 8.49 with extraction mass frac- ·
Qin
tions as indicated determine the cycle thermal efficiency. p1 = 500 lbf/in.2
T1 = 800°F
. = 85%
Steam m1 = 8 × 104 lb/h t

Considering Other Vapor Cycle Aspects generator 1 (1 – y)

Turbine ˙t
W
8.51 WP A binary vapor power cycle consists of two ideal Rankine ( y)
cycles with steam and Refrigerant 134a as the working fluids. The
mass flow rate of steam is 2 kg/s. In the steam cycle, superheated
vapor enters the turbine at 8 MPa, 600°C, and saturated liquid exits p2 = 10 lbf/in.2
the condenser at 250 kPa. In the interconnecting heat exchanger, Heat ·
Qprocess 2
energy rejected by heat transfer from the steam cycle is provided exchanger
to the Refrigerant 134a cycle. The heat exchanger experiences no
stray heat transfer with its surroundings. Superheated Refrigerant
134a leaves the heat exchanger at 600 kPa, 30°C, which enters the 6
p4 = 500 lbf/in.2
Refrigerant 134a turbine. Saturated liquid leaves the Refrigerant saturated liquid
134a condenser at 100 kPa. Determine
˙ out
Q
Condenser
a. the net power developed by the binary cycle, in kW. 4 5

b. the rate of heat addition to the binary cycle, in kW. Pump

c. the thermal efficiency of the binary cycle. 3

d. the rate of entropy production in the interconnecting heat p3 = 10 lbf/in.2

p = 89%
exchanger, in kW/K. · saturated liquid
Wp
8.52 Figure P8.52 shows a vapor power cycle that provides pro-
cess heat and produces power. The steam generator produces vapor Figure P8.52
at 500 lbf/in.2, 800°F, at a rate of 8 × 104 lb/h. Eighty-eight per-
cent of the steam expands through the turbine to 10 lbf/in.2 and
the remainder is directed to the heat exchanger. Saturated liquid · .
exits the heat exchanger at 500 lbf/in.2 and passes through a trap 8.53 WPQin SS Figure P8.53 provides steady-state operating data (1 – y)
m1 = 1 kg/s
p
for a cogeneration cycle that generates= 1.5 MPa
electricity and provides
before entering the condenser at 10 lbf/in.2 Saturated liquid exits 1 Turbineheat
for campus buildings. Steam at T
1.5 = 280°C
MPa, 280°C, enters a two-stage
the condenser at 10 lbf/in.2 and is pumped to 500 lbf/in.2 before Boiler (1)
1

entering the steam generator. The turbine and pump have isentropic turbine with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s.1 A fraction of the total flow,
0.15, is extracted between the two stages at 0.2 MPa to provide for W
efficiencies of 85% and 89%, respectively. Determine
building heating, and the remainder expands through the second stage
a. the process heat production rate, in Btu/h. to the condenser pressure of 0.1 bar. Condensate returns from the
(y = 0.15) 2
b. the thermal efficiency of the cycle. campus buildings at 0.1 MPa, 60°C and passes through a trap into the
p2 = 0.2 MPa (1 – y)

· 3
· Qload p3 = 0.1 b
Qin . (1 – y)
m1 = 1 kg/s
p1 = 1.5 MPa (1)
T1 = 280°C
Turbine (y = 0.15) ˙ out
Q
(1) Trap
Boiler
1 · 6 7 Condenser
Wt
p6 = 0.1 MPa
T6 = 60°C
Pump
(y = 0.15) 2 5 4 (1)

p2 = 0.2 MPa (1 – y) p4 = p3 = 0.1 bar

3 · x4 = 0 (saturated liquid)
· Wp
Qload p3 = 0.1 bar

(1) (y = 0.15) ˙ out

Q
Trap State p T (°C) h (kJ/kg)
6 7 Condenser
1 1.5 MPa 280 2992.7
p6 = 0.1 MPa
T6 = 60°C 2 0.2 MPa sat 2652.9
Pump 3 0.1 bar sat 2280.4
5 4 (1)
4 0.1 bar sat 191.83
p4 = p3 = 0.1 bar 5 1.5 MPa --- 193.34
· x4 = 0 (saturated liquid) 6 0.1 MPa 60 251.13
Wp
7 0.1 bar --- 251.13

Figure P8.53
State p T (°C) h (kJ/kg)
1 1.5 MPa 280 2992.7
    Exercises and Problems P-93

·
Qin (1 – y)
p1 = 6 MPa Turbine
T1 = 540°C t = 82%
Steam (1)
generator 1 ·
Wt

2
p2 = 500 kPa (1 – y)
( y)

3
7 p3 = 60 kPa
(1)
p7 = p1 = 6 MPa
h7 = 469.91 kJ/kg
˙ out
Q
Condenser

Pump 2
Pump 1
p6 = p5 = 450 kPa (1 – y) 4
p4 = p3 = 60 kPa
= 88% 6 5 = 88% x4 = 0 (saturated liquid)
p2 p1
·
Wp2 ·
Wp1
·
Heat Qprocess = 5 × 108 kJ/h
exchanger
( y)
p8 = 450 kPa
8 h8 = 589.13 kJ/kg
Figure P8.54

condenser, where it is reunited with the main feedwater flow. Satu- 1 bar and is pumped isentropically to the steam generator pressure.
rated liquid leaves the condenser at 0.1 bar. Determine The rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the
a. the rate of heat transfer to the working fluid passing through steam generator of the steam cycle is 13 MW. The Refrigerant 134a
the boiler, in kW. cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant entering the turbine
at 16 bar, 100°C. The refrigerant passes through a heat exchanger,
b. the net power developed, in kW. which provides process heat and acts as a condenser for the Refrig-
c. the rate of heat transfer for building heating, in kW. erant 134a cycle. Saturated liquid exits the heat exchanger at 9 bar.
Determine
d. the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water passing through
the condenser, in kW. a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the steam turbine, in kg/s.
8.54 WP Consider a cogeneration system operating as shown in b. the mass flow rate of Refrigerant 134a entering the refrigerant
Fig. P8.54. Steam enters the first turbine stage at 6 MPa, 540°C. Be- turbine, in kg/s.
tween the first and second stages, 45% of the steam is extracted at 500 c. the percent of total power provided by each cycle.
kPa and diverted to a process heating load of 5 × 108 kJ/h. Condensate d. the rate of heat transfer provided as process heat, in kW.
exits the process heat exchanger at 450 kPa with specific enthalpy
of 589.13 kJ/kg and is mixed with liquid exiting the lower-pressure
pump at 450 kPa. The entire flow is then pumped to the steam gener-
ator pressure. At the inlet to the steam generator the specific enthalpy Vapor Cycle Exergy Analysis
is 469.91 kJ/kg. Saturated liquid at 60 kPa leaves the condenser. The 8.56 WP In a cogeneration system, a Rankine cycle operates with
turbine stages and the pumps operate with isentropic efficiencies of steam entering the turbine at a rate of 15 lb/s at 1000 lbf/in.2, 800°F,
82% and 88%, respectively. Determine and a condenser pressure of 200 lbf/in,2. The isentropic turbine effi-
a. the mass flow rate of steam entering the first turbine stage, ciency is 85% while the pump operates isentropically. Energy rejected
in kg/s. by the condensing steam is transferred to a separate process stream
of water entering at 280° F, 150 lbf/in.2 and exiting as saturated vapor
b. the net power developed by the cycle, in MW.
at 150 lbf/in.2 Determine the mass flow rate, in lb/s, for the process
c. the rate of entropy production in the turbine, in kW/K. stream. Based on the increase in exergy of the steam passing through
8.55 Figure P8.55 shows a cogeneration cycle that provides power the steam generator, devise and evaluate an exergetic efficiency for the
and process heat. In the steam cycle, superheated vapor enters the overall cogeneration system. Let T0 = 70°F, p0 = 14.7 lbf/in.2
turbine at 40 bar, 440°C and expands isentropically to 1 bar. The 8.57 Determine the exergy input, in kJ per kg of steam flowing, to the
steam passes through a heat exchanger, which serves as a boiler working fluid passing through the steam generator in Problem 8.12.
of the Refrigerant 134a cycle and the condenser of the steam cy- Perform calculations to account for all outputs, losses, and destructions
cle. The condensate leaves the heat exchanger as saturated liquid at of this exergy. Let T0 = 15°C, p0 = 0.1 MPa.
P-94 Exercises and Problems

·
Qin = 13 MW

p1 = 40 bar
Steam T1 = 440°C
generator 1 W˙ t1
Turbine

pa = 16 bar
p2 = 1 bar 2 a Ta = 100°C W˙ t2
Turbine

4
p4 = p1 = 40 bar
Heat Refrigerant 134a b pb = 9 bar
Steam
exchanger cycle
cycle

Process
heat ˙ process
Q
exchanger
Pump Pump
3 d
c
p3 = 1 bar pd = pa = 16 bar pc = pb = 9 bar
saturated liquid saturated liquid
W˙ p1
W˙ p2

Figure P8.55

8.58 In the steam generator of the cycle of Problem 8.13, the energy 8.62 Determine the rate of exergy transfer, in kJ per kg of steam
input to the working fluid is provided by heat transfer from hot gas- entering the first-stage turbine, to the working fluid passing through
eous products of combustion, which cool as a separate stream from the steam generator in Problem 8.33. Perform calculations to account
1490 to 380°F with a negligible pressure drop. The gas stream can be for all outputs, losses, and destructions of this exergy. Let T0 = 20°C,
modeled as air as an ideal gas. Determine, in Btu/h, the rate of exergy p0 = 0.1 MPa.
destruction in the 8.63 WP Figure P8.63 provides steady-state operating data for a
a. heat exchanger unit of the steam generator. cogeneration cycle that generates electricity and provides heat for
b. turbine and pump. campus buildings. Steam at 1.5 MPa, 280°C, enters a two-stage tur-
bine with a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s. Steam is extracted between the
c. condenser. two stages at 0.2 MPa with a mass flow rate of 0.15 kg/s to provide for
Also calculate the net rate at which exergy is carried away by the building heating, while the remainder expands through the second tur-
cooling water passing through the condenser, in Btu/h. Let T0 = 60°F, bine stage to the condenser pressure of 0.1 bar with mass flow rate of
p0 = 14.7 lbf/in.2 0.85 kg/s. The campus load heat exchanger in the schematic represents
all of the heat transfer to the campus buildings. For the purposes of this
8.59 WP Determine the rate of exergy input, in Btu/h, to the working
analysis, assume that the heat transfer in the campus load heat exchanger
fluid passing through the steam generator in Problem 8.48. Perform
occurs at an average boundary temperature of 110°C. Condensate
calculations to account for all outputs, losses, and destructions of this
returns from the campus buildings at 0.1 MPa, 60°C and passes
exergy. Let T0 = 60°F, p0 = 14.7 lbf/in.2
through a trap into the condenser, where it is reunited with the main
8.60 For the power plant in Problem 8.49, develop a full accounting in feedwater flow. The cooling water has a mass flow rate of 32.85 kg/s
MW, of the rate of exergy increase as the working fluid passes through entering the condenser at 25°C and exiting the condenser at 38°C. The
the steam generator and reheater with a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s. Let working fluid leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 0.1 bar. The
T0 = 20°C, p0 = 1 bar. rate of exergy input with fuel entering the combustor unit of the steam
8.61 WP Determine the rate of exergy transfer, in Btu/h, to the work- generator is 2537 kW, and no exergy is carried in by the combustion air.
ing fluid passing through the steam generator in Problem 8.52. Perform The rate of exergy loss with the stack gases exiting the steam generator
calculations to account for all outputs, losses, and destructions of this is 96 kW. Let T0 = 25°C, p0 = 0.1 MPa. Determine, as percentages of
exergy. For the process heat exchanger, assume the temperature at the rate of exergy input with fuel entering the combustor unit, all out-
which heat transfer occurs is 465°F. Let T0 = 60°F, p0 = 14.7 lbf/in.2 puts, losses, and destructions of this exergy for the cogeneration cycle.