6.

Factorization of Polynomials
Exercise 6.1
1. Question

Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State reasons for your
answer:

(i) 3x2-4x+15

(ii) y2+2

(iii) 3 + x

(iv) x-

(v) x12 +y3+t50

Answer

(i) 3x2-4x+15 is a polynomial of one variable x.

(ii) y2+2 is a polynomial of one variable y.

(iii) 3 + x is not a polynomial as the exponent of 3 is not a positive integer.

(iv) x - is not a polynomial as the exponent of - is not a positive integer.

(v) x12 +y3+t50 is a polynomial of three variables x, y, t.

2. Question

Write the coefficient of x2 in each of the following:

(i) 17 – 2x + 7x2

(ii) 9-12x+x3

(iii) x2 – 3x + 4

(iv) x-7

Answer

Coefficient of x2 in:

(i) 17 – 2x + 7x2 is 7

(ii) 9-12x+x3 is 0

(iii) x2 – 3x + 4 is

(iv) x-7 is 0

3. Question

Write the degrees of each of the following polynomials:

(i) 7x3+4 x2-3x+12

(ii) 12 -x+2 x3

(iii) 5y-

(iv) 7
(v) 0

Answer

Degree of polynomial in:

(i) 7x3+4 x2-3x+12 is 3

(ii) 12 -x+2 x3 is 3

(iii) 5y- is 1

(iv) 7 is 0

(v) 0 is undefined

4. Question

Classify the following polynomials as linear, quadratic, cubic and biquadratic polynomials:

(i) x+x2+7 y2 (ii) 3x-2

(iii) 2x+x2

(iv) 3y (v) t2+1

(vi) 7t4+4 t3+3 t-2

Answer

Given polynomial,

(i) x+x2+7 y2 is quadratic as degree of polynomial is 2.

(ii) 3x-2 is linear as degree of polynomial is 1.

(iii) 2x+x2 is quadratic as degree of polynomial is 2.

(iv) 3y is linear as degree of polynomial is 1.

(v) t2+1 is quadratic as degree of polynomial is 2.

(vi) 7t4+4 t3+3 t-2 is bi-quadratic as degree of polynomial is 4.

5. Question

Classify the following polynomials as polynomials in one-variable, two variable etc:

(i) x2-xy+7 y2 (ii) x2-2tx+7 y2-x+t

(iii) t3-3t2+4 t-5 (iv) xy + yz + zx

Answer

(i) x2-xy+7 y2 is a polynomial in two variable x, y.

(ii) x2-2tx+7 y2-x+t is a polynomial in two variable x, t.

(iii) t3-3t2+4t-5 is a polynomial in one variable t.

(iv) xy + yz + zx is a polynomial in three variable x, y, t.

6. Question

Identify polynomials in the following:

(i) f(x) = 4x3-x2-3x+7

(ii) g(x) = 2x3-3x2+ -1

(iii) p(x) = x2- x+9

(iv) q(x) = 2x2-3x+ +2

(v) h(x) = x4- +x-1

(vi) f(x) = 2+ +4 x

Answer

(i) f(x) = 4x3-x2-3x+7 is a polynomial.

(ii) g(x) = 2x3-3x2+ -1 is not a polynomial as exponent of x in is not a positive integer.

(iii) p(x) = x2- x+9 is a polynomial as all the exponents are positive integer.

(iv) q(x) = 2x2-3x+ +2 is not a polynomial as the exponent of x in is not a positive integer.

(v) h(x) = x4- +x-1 is not a polynomial as the exponent of x in –x3/2 is not a positive integer.

(vi) f(x) = 2+ +4 x is not a polynomial as the exponent of x in is not a positive integer.

7. Question

Identify constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials from the following polynomials:

(i) f(x) =0 (ii) g(x) = 2x3-7x+4

(iii) h(x) = -3x+

(iv) p(x) = 2x2-x+4

(v) q(x) = 4x+3 (vi) r(x) = 3x3+4x2+5 x-7

Answer

Given polynomial,

(i) f(x) =0 is a constant polynomial as 0 is constant.

(ii) g(x) = 2x3-7x+4 is a cubic polynomial as degree of the polynomial is 3.

(iii) h(x) = -3x+ is a linear polynomial as the degree of polynomial is 1.

(iv) p(x) = 2x2-x+4 is a quadratic polynomial as the degree of polynomial is 2.

(v) q(x) = 4x+3 is a linear polynomial as the degree of polynomial is 1.

(vi) r(x) = 3x3+4x2+5 x-7 is a cubic polynomial as the degree of polynomial is 3.

8. Question

Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100

Answer

Example of a binomial with degree 35 is 7x35 – 5.

Example of a monomial with degree 100 is 2t100.

Exercise 6.2
1. Question
If f(x) = 2x3-13x2+17x+12, find

(i) f(2) (ii) f(-3) (iii) f(0)

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 2x3-13x2+17x+12

(i) f(2) = 2 (2)3 – 13 (2)2 + 17 (2) + 12

= (2 * 8) – (13 * 4) + (17 * 2) + 12

= 16 – 52 + 34 + 12

= 10

(ii) f (-3) = 2 (-3)3 – 13 (-3)2 + 17 (-3) + 12

= (2 * -27) – (13 * 9) + (17 * -3) + 12

= -54 – 117 – 51 + 12

= - 210

(iii) f (0) = 2 (0)3 – 13 (0)2 + 17 (0) + 12

= 0 – 0 + 0 + 12

= 12

2. Question

Verify whether the indicated numbers are zeros of the polynomials corresponding to them in the following
cases:

(i) f(x) = 3x+1; x =

(ii) f(x) = x2-1; x = 1, -1

(iii) g(x) = 3x2-2; x = ,-

(iv) p(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6, x = 1,2,3

(v) f(x) = 5x-π, x=

(vi) f(x) = x2, x=0

(vii) f(x) =1 x+m , x=

(viii) f(x) = 2x+1, x =

Answer

(i) f(x) = 3x + 1

Put x = -1/3

f (-1/3) = 3 * (-1/3) + 1

= -1 + 1

=0

Therefore, x = -1/3 is a root of f (x) = 3x + 1

(ii) We have,
 2 –1
f (x) = x

Put x = 1 and x = -1

2 – 1 and f (-1) = (-1)2 – 1

f (1) = (1)

= 1 – 1 = 1- 1

=0=0

Therefore, x = -1 and x = 1 are the roots of f(x) = x2 – 1

(iii) g (x) = 3x2 – 2

Put x = and x =

g ( ) = 3 ( )2 – 2 and g ( ) = 3 ( )2 – 2

=3* –2=3* –2

=2 0=2 0

Therefore, x = and x = are not the roots of g (x) = 3x2 – 2

(iv) p (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6

Put x = 1

p (1) = (1)3 – 6 (1)2 + 11 (1) – 6

= 1 – 6 + 11 – 6

=0

Put x = 2

p (2) = (2)3 – 6 (2)2 + 11 (2) – 6

= 8 – 24 + 22 – 6

=0

Put x = 3

p (3) = (3)3 – 6 (3)2 + 11 (3) – 6

= 27 – 54 + 33 – 6

=0

Therefore, x = 1, 2, 3 are roots of p (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6

(v) f (x) = 5x –

Put x =

f( )=5* –

=4– 0

Therefore, x = is not a root of f (x) = 5x –

(vi) f (x) = x2

Put x = 0
f (0) = (0) 2

=0

Therefore, x = 0 is not a root of f (x) = x2

(vii) f (x) = lx + m

Put x =

f( )=l*( )+m

= -m + m

=0

Therefore, x = is a root of f (x) = lx + m

(viii) f (x) = 2x + 1

Put x =

f( )=2* +1

=1+1

=2 0

Therefore, x = is not a root of f (x) = 2x + 1

3. Question

If x = 2 is a root of the polynomial f (x)= 2x2-3x+7 a, find the value of a.

Answer

We have,

f (x) = 2x2 – 3x + 7a

Put x = 2

f (2) = 2 (2)2 – 3 (2) + 7a

= 2 * 4 – 6 + 7a

= 8 – 6 + 7a

= 2 + 7a

Given, x = 2 is a root of f (x) = 2x2 – 3x + 7a

f (2) = 0

Therefore, 2 + 7a = 0

7a = -2

a=

4. Question

If x = -1/2 is a zero of the polynomial p (x) = 8x3 - ax2 - x + 2, find the value of a.

Answer

We have,
p (x) = 8x3 - ax2 - x + 2

Put x =

p( )=8( )3 – a ( )2 – ( )+2

=8× –a× + +2

= -1 - + +2

= -

Given that,

x= is a root of p (x)

p( )=0

Therefore,

- =0

2a = 12

a=6

5. Question

If x = 0 and x = -1 are the roots of the polynomial f (x) = 2x3-3x2+ax+b, find the value of a and b.

Answer

we have,

f (x) = 2x3-3x2+ax+b

Put,

x=0

f (0) = 2 (0)3 – 3 (0)2 + a (0) + b

=0–0+0+b

=b

x = -1

f (-1) = 2 (-1)3 – 3 (-1)2 + a (-1) + b

= -2 – 3 – a + b

= -5 – a + b

Since, x = 0 and x = -1 are roots of f (x)

f (0) = 0 and f (-1) = 0

b = 0 and -5 – a + b = 0

= a – b = -5
= a – 0 = -5

= a = -5

Therefore, a = -5 and b = 0

6. Question

Find the integral roots of the polynomial f(x) = x3+6x2+11x+6.

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3+6x2+11x+6

Clearly, f (x) is a polynomial with integer coefficient and the coefficient of the highest degree term i.e., the
leading coefficient is 1.

Therefore, integer root of f (x) are limited to the integer factors of 6, which are:

We observe that

f (-1) = (-1)3 + 6 (-1)2 + 11 (-1) + 6

= -1 + 6 -11 + 6

=0

f (-2) = (-2)3 + 6 (-2)2 + 11 (-2) + 6

= -8 + 24 – 22 + 6

=0

f (-3) = (-3)3 + 6 (-3)2 + 11 (-3) + 6

= -27 + 54 – 33 + 6

=0

Therefore, integral roots of f (x) are -1, -2, -3.

7. Question

Find rational roots of the polynomial f(x) = 2x3+x2-7x-6.

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 2x3+x2-7x-6

Clearly, f (x) is a cubic polynomial with integer coefficients. If is a rational root in lowest term, then the
value of b are limited to the factors of 6 which are and values of c are limited to the factors of
2 which are .

Hence, the possible rational roots of f(x) are:

We observe that,

f (-1) = 2 (-1)3 + (-1)2 – 7 (-1) – 6

= -2 + 1 + 7 – 6

=0
f (2) = 2 (2)3 + (2)2 – 7 (2) – 6

= 16 + 4 – 14 – 6

=0

f( ) = 2 ( )3 + ( )2 – 7 ( )–6

= + + –6

=0

Hence, -1, 2, are the rational roots of f (x).

Exercise 6.3
1. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = x3+4x2-3x+10, g(x) = x+4

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3+4x2-3x+10 and g (x) = x + 4

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x – (-4), the remainder is equal to f (-4)

Now, f(x) = x3+4 x2-3x+10

f (-4) = (-4)3 + 4 (-4)2 – 3 (-4) + 10

= -64 + 4 * 16 + 12 + 10

= 22

Hence, required remainder is 22.

2. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = 4x4-3x3-2x2+x-7, g(x) = x-1

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 4x4-3x3-2x2+x-7 and g(x) = x-1

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x – 1, the remainder is equal to f (+1)

Now, f(x) = 4x4-3x3-2x2+x-7

f (1) = 4 (1)4 – 3 (1)3 – 2 (1)2 + 1 – 7

=4–3–2+1–7

= -7

Hence, required remainder is -7.

3. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = 2x4-6x3+2x2-x+2, g(x) = x+2

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 2x4-6x3+2x2-x+2 and g(x) = x+2

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x – (-2), the remainder is equal to f (-2)

Now, f(x) = 2x4-6x3+2 x2-x+2

f (-2) = 2 (-2)4 – 6 (-2)3 + 2 (-2)2 – (-2) + 2

= 2 * 16 + 48 + 8 + 2 + 2

= 32 + 48 + 12

= 92

Hence, required remainder is 92.

4. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = 4x3-12x2+14x-3, g(x) = 2x-1

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 4x3-12x2+14x-3 and g(x) = 2x-1

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = 2 (x - ), the remainder is equal to f ( )

Now, f(x) = 4x3-12x2+14x-3

f ( ) = 4 ( )3 – 12 ( )2 + 14 ( ) – 3

= (4 * ) – (12 * ) + 7 – 3

= –3+7–3

Hence, required remainder is

5. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = x3-6x2+2x-4, g(x) = 1-2x

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3-6x2+2x-4 and g(x) = 1-2x

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = -2 (x - ), the remainder is equal to f ( )

Now, f(x) = x3-6x2+2 x-4

f ( ) = ( )3 – 6 ( )2 + 2 ( ) – 4

= - +1–4
=

Hence, required remainder is

6. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = x4-3x2+4, g(x) = x-2

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x4-3x2+4 and g(x) = x-2

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x – 2, the remainder is equal to f (2)

Now, f(x) = x4-3x2+4

f (2) = (2) 4 – 3 (2)2 + 4

= 16 – 12 + 4

=8

Hence, required remainder is 8.

7. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = 9x3-3x2+x-5, g(x) = x=

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 9x3-3x2+x-5 and g(x) = x=

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x - , the remainder is equal to f ( )

Now, f(x) = 9x3-3x2+x-5

f ( ) = 9 ( )3 – 3 ( )2 + –5

= (9 * ) – (3 * ) + –5

= - + –5

= 2 – 5 = -3

Hence, the required remainder is -3.

8. Question

In each of the following, using the remainder theorem, find the remainder when f(x) is divided by g(x):

f(x) = 3x4+2x3 , g(x) = x+

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 3x4+2x3 and g(x) = x+

Therefore, by remainder theorem when f (x) is divided by g (x) = x – (- ), the remainder is equal to f ( )

Now, f(x) = 3x4+2 x3

f( ) = 3 ( )4 + 2 ( )3 – ( )- +

=3* +2* - - +

= - - + +

= =

=0

Hence, required remainder is 0.

9. Question

If the polynomials 2x3+ax2+3 x-5 and x3+x2-4x+a leave the same remainder when divided by x-2, find the
value of a.

Answer

Let, p (x) = 2x3+ax2+3 x-5 and q (x) = x3+x2-4x+a be the given polynomials.

The remainders when p (x) and q (x) are divided by (x – 2) and p (2) and q (2) respectively.

By the given condition, we have:

p (2) = q (2)

2 (2)3 + a (2)2 + 3 (2) – 5 = (2)3 + (2)2 – 4 (2) + a

16 + 4a + 6 – 5 = 8 + 4 – 8 + a

3a + 13 = 0

3a = - 13

a=

10. Question

If the polynomials ax3+3 x2-3x and 2x3-5x+a when divided by (x-4) leave the remainder R1 and R2
respectively. Find the value of a in each of the following cases, if

(i) R1 = R2 (ii) R1 + R2=0

(iii) 2R1-R2 = 0.

Answer

Let, p (x) = ax3+3 x2-3 and q (x) = 2x3-5x+a be the given polynomials.

Now,

R1 = Remainder when p (x) is divided by (x – 4)

= p (4)

= a (4)3 + 3 (4)2 – 3 [Therefore, p (x) = ax3+3 x2-3]

= 64a + 48 – 3

R1 = 64a + 45

And,
R2 = Remainder when q (x) is divided by (x – 4)

= q (4)

= 2 (4)3 – 5 (4) + a [Therefore, q (x) = 2x3-5x+a]

= 128 – 20 + a

R2 = 108 + a

(i) Given condition is,

R1 = R2

64a + 45 = 108 + a

63a – 63 = 0

63a = 63

a=1

(ii) Given condition is R1 + R2 = 0

64a + 45 + 108 + a = 0

65a + 153 = 0

65a = -153

a=

(iii) Given condition is 2R1 – R2 = 0

2 (64a + 45) – (108 + a) = 0

128a + 90 – 108 – a

127a – 18 = 0

127a = 18

a=

11. Question

If the polynomials ax3+3 x2-13 and 2x3-5x+a when divided by (x-2) leave the same remainder, find the value
of a.

Answer

Let p (x) = ax3+3 x2-13 and q (x) = 2x3-5x+a be the given polynomials.

The remainders when p (x) and q (x) are divided by (x – 2) and p (2) and q (2) respectively.

By the given condition, we have:

p (2) = q (2)

a (2) 3 + 3 (2)2 – 13 = 2 (2)3 – 5 (2) + a

8a + 12 – 13 = 16 – 10 + a

7a – 7 = 0

7a = 7

a=

=1
12. Question

Find the remainder when x3+3 x2+3 x+1 is divided by

(i) x+1 (ii) x-

(iii) x (iv) x+π

(v) 5+2x

Answer

Let, f(x) = x3+3 x2+3 x+1

(i) x + 1

Apply remainder theorem

⇒ x + 1 =0

⇒x=-1

Replace x by – 1 we get

⇒ x3+3x2 + 3x + 1

⇒ (-1)3 + 3(-1)2 + 3(-1) + 1

⇒ -1 + 3 - 3 + 1

⇒0

Hence, the required remainder is 0.

(ii) x-

Apply remainder theorem

⇒ x – 1/2 =0

⇒ x = 1/2

Replace x by 1/2 we get

⇒ x3+3x2 + 3x + 1

⇒ (1/2)3 + 3(1/2)2 + 3(1/2) + 1

⇒ 1/8 + 3/4 + 3/2 + 1

Add the fraction taking LCM of denominator we get

⇒ (1 + 6 + 12 + 8)/8

⇒ 27/8

Hence, the required remainder is 27/8

(iii) x = x – 0

By remainder theorem required remainder is equal to f (0)

Now, f (x) = x3+3 x2+3 x+1

f (0) = (0) 3 + 3 (0)2 + 3 (0) + 1

=0+0+0+1

=1

Hence, the required remainder is 1.

(iv) x+π = x – (-π)

By remainder theorem required remainder is equal to f (-π)

Now, f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1

f (- π) = (- π)3 + 3 (- π)2 + 3 (- π) + 1

= - π3 + 3π2 - 3π + 1

Hence, required remainder is - π3 + 3π2 - 3π + 1.

(v) 5 + 2x = 2 [x – ( )]

By remainder theorem required remainder is equal to f ( )

Now, f (x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1

f( )= )3 + 3 ( )2 + 3 ( ) + 1

= +3* +3* +1

= + - +1

Hence, the required remainder is .

Exercise 6.4
1. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6, g(x) = x-3

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6 and g(x) = x-3

In order to find whether polynomials g (x) = x – 3 is a factor of f (x), it is sufficient to show that f (3) = 0

Now,

f(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6

f (3) = 33 – 6 (3)2 + 11 (3) – 6

= 27 – 54 + 33 – 6

= 60 – 60

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

2. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = 3x4+17x3+9x2-7x-10, g(x) = x+5

Answer
We have,

f(x) = 3x4+17x3+9x2-7x-10 and g(x) = x+5

In order to find whether the polynomials g (x) = x – (-5) is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to show that f
(-5) = 0

Now,

f(x) = 3x4+17x3+9 x2-7x-10

f (-5) = 3 (-5)4 + 17 (-5)3 + 9 (-5)2 – 7 (-5) – 10

= 3 * 625 + 17 * (-125) + 9 * 25 + 35 – 10

= 1875 – 2125 + 225 + 35 – 10

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

3. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = x5+3x4-x3-3x2+5x+15, g(x) = x+3

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x5+3x4-x3-3x2+5x+15 and g(x) = x+3

In order to find whether g (x) = x – (-3) is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to prove that f (-3) = 0

Now,

f(x) = x5+3x4-x3-3x2+5x+15

f (-3) = (-3)5 + 3 (-3)4 – (-3)3 – 3 (-3)2 + 5 (-3) + 15

= - 243 + 243 – (-27) – 3 (9) + 5 (-3) + 15

= - 243 + 243 + 27 – 27 – 15 + 15

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

4. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = x3-6x2-19x+84, g(x) = x-7

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3-6x2-19x+84 and g(x) = x-7

In order to find whether g (x) = x – 7 is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to show that f (7) = 0

Now,

f(x) = x3-6x2-19x+84

f (7) = (7) 3 – 6 (7)2 – 19 (7) + 84

= 343 – 294 – 133 + 84

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

5. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = 3x3+x2-20x+12, g(x) = 3x-2

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 3x3+x2-20x+12 and g(x) = 3x-2

In order to find whether g (x) is = 3x – 2 is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to show that f ( ) = 0

Now,

f(x) = 3x3+x2-20x+12

f ( ) = 3 ( )3 + ( )2 – 20 ( ) + 12

= - + 12

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

6. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = 2x3-9x2+x+12, g(x) = 3-2x

Answer

We have,

f(x) = 2x3-9x2+x+12 and g(x) = 3-2x

In order to find g (x) = 3 – 2x = 2 (x - ) is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to prove that f ( ) = 0

Now,

f(x) = 2x3-9x2+x+12

f ( ) = 2 ( )3 – 9 ( )2 + + 12

= - + + 12

=0

Hence, g (x) is a factor of f (x).

7. Question

In each of the following, use factor theorem to find whether polynomial g(x) is a factor of polynomial f(x) or,
not:

f(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6, g(x) = x2-3x+2

Answer

We have,

f(x) = x3-6x2+11x-6 and g(x) = x2-3x+2

In order to find g (x) = x2-3x+2 = (x – 1) (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) or not, it is sufficient to prove that (x – 1)
and (x – 2) are factors of f (x)

i.e. We have to prove that f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 0

f (1) = (1) 3 – 6 (1)2 + 11 (1) – 6

= 1 – 6 + 11 – 6

= 12 – 12

=0

f (2) = (2) 3 – 6 (2)2 + 11 (2) – 6

= 8 – 24 + 22 – 6

= 30 – 30

=0

Since, (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of f (x).

Therefore, g (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) are the factors of f (x).

8. Question

Show that (x-2), (x+3) and (x-4) are factors of x3-3x2-10x+24.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-3x2-10x+24 be the given polynomial.

In order to prove that (x – 2) (x + 3) (x – 4) are the factors of f (x), it is sufficient to show that f (2) = 0, f (-3)
= 0 and f (4) = 0 respectively.

Now,

f (x) = x3-3x2-10x+24

f (2) = (2) 3 – 3 (2)2 – 10 (2) + 24

= 8 – 12 – 20 + 24

=0

f (-3) = (-3)3 – 3 (-3)2 – 10 (-3) + 24

= -27 – 27 + 30 + 24

=0

f (4) = (4) 3 – 3 (4)2 – 10 (4) + 24

= 64 – 48 – 40 + 24

=0

Hence, (x – 2), (x + 3) and (x – 4) are the factors of the given polynomial.

9. Question

Show that (x+4),(x-3) and (x-7) are factors of x3-6x2-19x+84.

Answer
Let f (x) = x3-6x2-19x+84 be the given polynomial.

In order to prove that (x + 4), (x – 3) and (x – 7) are factors of f (x), it is sufficient to prove that f (-4) = 0, f
(3) = 0 and f (7) = 0 respectively.

Now,

f (x) = x3-6x2-19x+84

f (-4) = (-4)3 – 6 (-4)2 – 19 (-4) + 84

= -64 – 96 + 76 + 84

=0

f (3) = (3) 3 – 6 (3)2 – 19 (3) + 84

= 27 – 54 – 57 + 84

=0

f (7) = (7) 3 – 6 (7)2 – 19 (7) + 84

= 343 – 294 – 133 + 84

=0

Hence, (x – 4), (x – 3) and (x -7) are the factors of the given polynomial x3-6x2-19x+84.

10. Question

For what value of a is (x-5) a factor of x3-3x2+ax-10.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-3x2+ax-10 be the given polynomial.

By factor theorem,

If (x – 5) is a factor of f (x) then f (5) = 0

Now,

f (x) = x3-3x2+ax-10

f (5) = (5) 3 – 3 (5)2 + a (5) – 10

0 = 125 – 75 + 5a – 10

0 = 5a + 40

a = -8

Hence, (x – 5) is a factor of f (x), if a = - 8.

11. Question

Find the value of a such that (x-4) is a factor of 5x3-7x2-ax-28.

Answer

Let f(x) = 5x3-7x2-ax-28 be the given polynomial.

From factor theorem,

If (x -4) is a factor of f (x) then f (4) = 0

f (4) = 0

0 = 5 (4)3 – 7 (4)2 – a (4) – 28

0 = 320 – 112 – 4a – 28
0 = 180 – 4a

4a = 180

a = 45

Hence, (x – 4) is a factor of f (x) when a = 45.

12. Question

Find the value of a, if x+2 is a factor of 4x4+2 x3-3x2+8 x+5 a.

Answer

Let, f (x) = 4x4+2 x3-3x2+8 x+5 a

f (-2) = 0

4 (-2)4 + 2 (-2)3 – 3 (-2)2 + 8 (-2) + 5a = 0

64 – 16 – 12 – 16 + 5a = 0

5a = - 20

a = -4

Hence, (x + 2) is a factor f (x) when a = -4.

13. Question

Find the value of k if x-3 is a factor of k2x3 - kx2 + 3kx - k.

Answer

Let, f (x) = k2x3 - kx2 + 3kx - k

By factor theorem,

If (x – 3) is a factor of f (x) then f (3) = 0

k2 (3)3 – k (3)2 + 3 k (3) – k = 0

27k2 – 9k + 9k – k = 0

k (27k – 1) = 0

k = 0 or (27k – 1) = 0

k = 0 or k =

Hence, (x – 3) is a factor of f (x) when k = 0 or k = .

14. Question

Find the value is of a and b, if x2-4 is a factor of ax4+2 x3-3x2+bx-4.

Answer

Let, f (x) = ax4+2 x3-3x2+bx-4 and g (x) = x 2 – 4

We have,

g (x) = x2 – 4

= (x – 2) (x + 2)

Given,

g (x) is a factor of f (x)

(x – 2) and (x + 2) are factors of f (x).

From factor theorem if (x – 2) and (x + 2) are factors of f (x) then f (2) = 0 and f (-2) = 0 respectively.

f (2) = 0

a * (-2)4 + 2 (2)3 – 3 (2)2 + b (2) – 4 = 0

16a – 16 – 12 + 2b – 4 = 0

16a + 2b = 0

2 (8a + b) = 0

8a + b = 0 (i)

Similarly,

f (-2) = 0

a * (-2)4 + 2 (-2)3 – 3 (-2)2 + b (-2) – 4 = 0

16a – 16 – 12 - 2b – 4 = 0

16a - 2b – 32 = 0

16a – 2b – 32 = 0

2 (8a - b) = 32

8a – b = 16 (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

8a + b + 8a – b = 16

16a = 16

a=1

Put a = 1 in (i), we get

8*1+b=0

b = -8

Hence, a = 1 and b = -8.

15. Question

Find α and β if x+1 and x+2 are factors of x3+3 x2-2α x+β.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3+3 x2-2α x+β be the given polynomial,

From factor theorem,

If (x + 1) and (x + 2) are factors of f (x) then f (-1) = 0 and f (-2) = 0

f (-1) = 0

(-1)3 + 3 (-1)2 – 2 α (-1) + β = 0

-1 + 3 + 2 α + β = 0

2 α + β + 2 = 0 (i)

Similarly,

f (-2) = 0

(-2)3 + 3 (-2)2 – 2 α (-2) + β = 0

-8 + 12 + 4 α + β = 0
4 α + β + 4 = 0 (ii)

Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

4 α + β + 4 – (2 α + β + 2) = 0 – 0

4α+β+4-2α-β-2=0

2α+2=0

α = -1

Put α = -1 in (i), we get

2 (-1) + β + 2 = 0

β=0

Hence, α = -1 and β = 0.

16. Question

Find the value of p and q so that x4+px3+2 x2-3x+q is divisible by (x2-1).

Answer

Let, f (x) = x4+px3+2 x2-3x+q be the given polynomial.

And, let g (x) = (x2 – 1) = (x – 1) (x + 1)

Clearly,

(x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of g (x)

Given, g (x) is a factor of f (x)

(x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of f (x)

From factor theorem

If (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of f (x) then f (1) = 0 and f (-1) = 0 respectively.

f (1) = 0

(1)4 + p (1)3 + 2 (1)2 – 3 (1) + q = 0

1+p+2–3+q=0

p + q = 0 (i)

Similarly,

f (-1) = 0

(-1)4 + p (-1)3 + 2 (-1)2 - 3 (-1) + q = 0

1–p+2+3+q=0

q – p + 6 = 0 (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

p+q+q–p+6=0

2q + 6 = 0

2q = - 6

q = -3

Putting value of q in (i), we get

p–3=0
p=3

Hence, x2 – 1 is divisible by f (x) when p = 3 and q = - 3.

17. Question

Find the value is of a and b, so that (x+1) and (x-1) are factors of x4+ax3-3x2+2 x+b.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x4+ax3-3x2+2 x+b be the given polynomial

From factor theorem

If (x + 1) and (x – 1) are factors of f (x) then f (-1) = 0 and f (1) = 0 respectively.

f (-1) = 0

(-1)4 + a (-1)3 – 3 (-1)2 + 2 (-1) + b = 0

1–a–3–2+b=0

b – a – 4 = 0 (i)

Similarly, f (1) = 0

(1)4 + a (1)3 – 3 (1)2 + 2 (1) + b = 0

1+a–3+2+b=0

a + b = 0 (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

2b – 4 = 0

2b = 4

b=2

Putting the value of b in (i), we get

2–a–4=0

a = -2

Hence, a = -2 and b = 2.

18. Question

If x3+ax2-bx+10 is divisible by x2-3x+2, find the values of a and b.

Answer

Let f (x) = x3+ax2-bx+10 and g (x) = x2-3x+2 be the given polynomials.

We have g (x) = x2-3x+2 = (x – 2) (x – 1)

Clearly, (x -1) and (x – 2) are factors of g (x)

Given that f (x) is divisible by g (x)

g (x) is a factor of f (x)

(x – 2) and (x – 1) are factors of f (x)

From factor theorem,

If (x – 1) and (x – 2) are factors of f (x) then f (1) = 0 and f (2) = 0 respectively.

f (1) = 0

(1)3 + a (1)2 – b (1) + 10 = 0

1 + a – b + 10 = 0

a – b + 11 = 0 (i)

f (2) = 0

(2)3 + a (2)2 - b (2) + 10 = 0

8 + 4a – 2b + 10 = 0

4a – 2b + 18 = 0

2 (2a – b + 9) = 0

2a – b + 9 = 0 (ii)

Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

2a – b + 9 – (a – b + 11) = 0

2a – b + 9 – a + b – 11 = 0

a–2=0

a=2

Putting value of a in (i), we get

2 – b + 11 = 0

b = 13

Hence, a = 2 and b = 13

19. Question

If both x+1 and x-1 are factors of ax3+x2-2x+b, find the value of a and b.

Answer

Let, f (X) = ax3+x2-2x+b be the given polynomial.

Given (x + 1) and (x – 1) are factors of f (x).

From factor theorem,

If (x + 1) and (x – 1) are factors of f (x) then f (-1) = 0 and f (1) = 0 respectively.

f (-1) = 0

a (-1)3 + (-1)2 – 2 (-1) + b = 0

-a + 1 + 2 + b = 0

-a + 3 + b = 0

b – a + 3 = 0 (i)

f (1) = 0

a (1) 3 + (1)2 – 2 (1) + b = 0

a+1–2+b=0

a+b–1=0

b + a – 1 = 0 (ii)

Adding (i) and (ii), we get

b–a+3+b+a–1=0

2b + 2 = 0
2b = - 2

b = -1

Putting value of b in (i), we get

-1 - a + 3 = 0

-a + 2 = 0

a=2

Hence, the value of a = 2 and b = -1.

20. Question

What must be added to x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 19 so that the result is exactly divisibly by x2 + x - 6?

Answer

Let p (x) = x3-3x2-12x+19 and q (x) = x2+x-6

By division algorithm, when p (x) is divided by q (x), the remainder is a linear expression in x.

So, let r (x) = ax + b is added to p (x) so that p (x) + r (x) is divisible by q (x).

Let,

f (x) = p (x) + r (x)

= x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 19 + ax + b

= x3 – 3x2 + x (a – 12) + b + 19

We have,

q (x) = x2+x-6

= (x + 3) (x – 2)

Clearly, q (x) is divisible by (x – 2) and (x + 3) i.e. (x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of q (x)

We have,

f (x) is divisible by q (x)

(x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of f (x)

From factor theorem,

If (x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of f (x) then f (2) = 0 and f (-3) = 0 respectively.

f (2) = 0

(2)3 – 3 (2)2 + 2 (a – 12) + b + 19 = 0

⇒ 8 – 12 + 2a – 24 + b + 19 = 0

⇒ 2a + b – 9 = 0 (i)

Similarly,

f (-3) = 0

(-3)3 – 3 (-3)2 + (-3) (a – 12) + b + 19 = 0

⇒ -27 – 27 – 3a + 36 + b + 19 = 0

⇒ b – 3a + 1 = 0 (ii)

Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

b – 3a + 1 – (2a + b – 9) = 0 – 0
⇒ b – 3a + 1 – 2a – b + 9 = 0

⇒ - 5a + 10 = 0

⇒ 5a = 10

⇒a=2

Put a = 2 in (ii), we get

b–3×2+1=0

⇒b–6+1=0

⇒b–5=0

⇒b=5

Therefore, r (x) = ax + b

= 2x + 5

Hence, x3 – 3x – 12x + 19 is divisible by x2 + x – 6 when 2x + 5 is added to it.

21. Question

What must be subtracted from x3 - 6x2 - 15x + 80, so that the result is exactly divisible by x2 + x - 12?

Answer

Let p (x) = x3 - 6x2 - 15x + 80 and q (x) = x2 + x - 12

By division algorithm, when p (x) is divided by q (x), the remainder is a linear expression in x.

So, let r (x) = ax + b is subtracted to p (x) so that p (x) + r (x) is divisible by q (x).

Let, f (x) = p (x) – r (x)

⇒ f(x) = x3 - 6x2 - 15x + 80 – (ax + b)

⇒ f(x) = x3 - 6x2 – (a + 15)x + (80 – b)

We have,

q(x) = x2 + x – 12

⇒ q(x) = (x + 4) (x - 3)

Clearly, q (x) is divisible by (x + 4) and (x - 3) i.e. (x + 4) and (x - 3) are factors of q (x)

Therefore, f (x) will be divisible by q (x), if (x + 4) and (x - 3) are factors of f (x).

i.e. f(-4) = 0 and f(3) = 0

f (3) = 0

⇒ (3)3 – 6(3)2 – 3 (a + 15) + 80 – b = 0

⇒ 27 – 54 – 3a – 45 + 80 – b = 0

⇒ 8 – 3a – b = 0 (i)

f (-4) = 0

⇒ (-4)3 – 6 (-4)2 – (-4) (a + 15) + 80 – b = 0

⇒ -64 – 96 + 4a + 60 + 80 – b = 0

⇒ 4a – b – 20 = 0 (ii)

Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

⇒ 4a – b – 20 – (8 – 3a – b) = 0
⇒ 4a – b – 20 – 8 + 3a + b = 0

⇒ 7a = 28

⇒a=4

Put value of a in (ii), we get

⇒ b = -4

Putting the value of a and b in r (x) = ax + b, we get

r (x) = 4x – 4

Hence, p (x) is divisible by q (x), if r (x) = 4x – 4 is subtracted from it.

22. Question

What must be added to 3x3 + x2 - 22x + 9 so that the result is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x - 6?

Answer

Let p (x) = 3x3 + x2 - 22x + 9 and q (x) = 3x2 + 7x - 6.

By division algorithm,

When p (x) is divided by q (x), the remainder is a linear expression in x.

So, let r (x) = ax + b is added to p (x) so that p (x) + r (x) is divisible by q (x).

Let, f (x) = p (x) + r (x)

= 3x3 + x2 – 22x + 9 + (ax + b)

= 3x3 + x2 + x (a – 22) + b + 9

We have,

q (x) = 3x2 + 7x – 6

q (x) = 3x (x + 3) – 2 (x + 3)

q (x) = (3x – 2) (x + 3)

Clearly, q (x) is divisible by (3x – 2) and (x + 3). i.e. (3x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of q(x),

Therefore, f(x) will be divisible by q(x), if (3x – 2) and (x + 3) are factors of f(x).

i.e. f (2/3) = 0 and f (-3) = 0 [∵ 3x – 2 = 0, x = 2/3 and x + 3 = 0, x = -3]

f (2/3) = 0

⇒ 6a + 9b – 39 = 0

⇒ 3 (2a + 3b – 13) = 0

⇒ 2a + 3b – 13 = 0 (i)

Similarly,

f (-3) = 0

⇒ 3 (-3)3 + (-3)2 + (-3) (a – 2x) + b + 9 = 0

⇒ -81 + 9 – 3a + 66 + b + 9 = 0
⇒ b – 3a + 3 = 0

⇒ 3 (b – 3a + 3) = 0

⇒ 3b – 9a + 9 = 0 (ii)

Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

3b – 9a + 9 – (2a + 3b – 13) = 0

3b – 9a + 9 – 2a – 3b + 13 = 0

⇒ -11a + 22 = 0

⇒a=2

Putting value of a in (i), we get

⇒b=3

Putting the values of a and b in r (x) = ax + b, we get

r (x) = 2x + 3

Hence, p (x) is divisible by q (x) if r (x) = 2x + 3 is divisible by it.

23. Question

If x-2 is a factor of each of the following two polynomials, find the values of a in each case.

(i) x3-2ax2+ax-1

(ii) x5-3x4-ax3+3 ax2+2 ax+4

Answer

(i) Let, f (x) = x3-2ax2+ax-1 be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) then f (2) = 0 [Therefore, x – 2 = 0, x = 2]

f (2) = 0

(2)3 – 2 a (2)2 + a (2) – 1 = 0

8 – 8a + 2a – 1 = 0

7 – 6a = 0

6a = 7

a=

Hence, (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) when a = .

(ii) Let f (x) = x5-3x4-ax3+3 ax2+2 ax+4 be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) then f (2) = 0 [Therefore, x – 2= 0, x = 2]

f (2) = 0

(2)5 – 3 (2)4 – a (2)3 + 3 a (2)2 + 2 a (2) + 4 = 0

32 – 48 – 8a + 12a + 4a + 4 = 0

-12 + 8a = 0

8a = 12
a=

Hence, (x – 2) is a factor of f (x) when a = .

24. Question

In each of the following two polynomials, find the value of a, if x-a is a factor:

(i) x6-ax5+x4-ax3+3 x-a+2.

(ii) x5-a2x3+2 x+a+1.

Answer

(i) Let f (x) = x6-ax5+x4-ax3+3 x-a+2 be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x – a) is a factor of f (x) then f (a) = 0 [Therefore, x – a = 0, x = a]

f (a) = 0

(a)6 – a (a)5 + (a)4 – a (a)3 + 3 (a) – a + 2 = 0

a6 – a6 + a4 – a4 + 3a – a + 2 = 0

2a + 2 = 0

a = -1

Hence, (x – a) is a factor f (x) when a = -1.

(ii) Let, f (x) = x5-a2x3+2 x+a+1 be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x – a) is a factor of f (x) then f (a) = 0 [Therefore, x – a = 0, x = a]

f (a) = 0

(a)5 – a2 (a)3 + 2 (a) + a + 1 = 0

a5 – a5 + 2a + a + 1 = 0

3a + 1 = 0

3a = -1

a=

Hence, (x – a) is a factor f (x) when a = .

25. Question

In each of the following two polynomials, find the value of a, if x+a is a factor:

(i) x3+ax2-2x+a+4

(ii) x4-a2x2+3 x-a

Answer

(i) Let, f (x) = x3+ax2-2x+a+4 be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x + a) is a factor of f (x) then f (-a) = 0 [Therefore, x + a = 0, x = -a]

f (-a) = 0
(-a)3 + a (-a)2 - 2 (-a) + a + 4 = 0

- a3 + a3 + 2a + a + 4 = 0

3a + 4 = 0

3a = -4

a=

Hence, (x + a) is a factor f (x) when a = .

(ii) Let, f (x) = x4-a2x2+3 x-a be the given polynomial

From factor theorem,

If (x + a) is a factor of f (x) then f (-a) = 0 [Therefore, x + a = 0, x = -a]

f (-a) = 0

(-a)4 – a2 (-a)2 + 3 (-a) - a = 0

a4 – a4 - 3a - a = 0

-4a = 0

a=0

Hence, (x + a) is a factor f (x) when a = 0.

Exercise 6.5
1. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3+6x2+11x+6

Answer

Let f (x) = x3+6x2+11x+6 be the given polynomial.

The constant term in f (x) is 6 and factors of 6 are

Putting x = - 1 in f (x) we have,

f (-1) = (-1)3 + 6 (-1)2 + 11 (-1) + 6

= -1 + 6 – 11 + 6

=0

Therefore, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x)

Similarly, (x + 2) and (x + 3) are factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it cannot have more than three linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

x3+6x2+11x+6 = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

Putting x = 0, on both sides we get,

0 + 0 + 0 + 6 = k (0 + 1) (0 + 2) (0 + 3)

6 = 6k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3), we get

f (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

Hence,

x3+6x2+11x+6 = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)

2. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3+2x2-x-2

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3+2 x2-x-2

The constant term in f (x) is equal to -2 and factors of -2 are .

Putting x = 1 in f (x), we have

f (1) = (1) 3 + 2 (1)2 – 1 – 2

=1+2–1–2

=0

Therefore, (x – 1) is a factor of f (x).

Similarly, (x + 1) and (x + 2) are the factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it cannot have more than three linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)

x3+2x2-x-2 = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 + 0 – 0 – 2 = k (0 – 1) (0 + 1) (0 + 2)

-2 = -2k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2), we get

f (x) = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)

Hence,

x3+2x2-x-2 = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)

3. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3-6x2+3x+10

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-6x2+3 x+10

The constant term in f (x) is equal to 10 and factors of 10 are ,

Putting x = - 1 in f (x), we have

f (-1) = (-1)3 – 6 (-1)2 + 3 (-1) + 10

= -1 – 6 – 3 + 10

=0
Therefore, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).

Similarly, (x - 2) and (x - 5) are the factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it cannot have more than three linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

x3-6x2+3x+10 = k (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 + 0 – 0 + 10 = k (0 + 1) (0 - 2) (0 - 5)

10 = 10k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5), we get

f (x) = (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

Hence,

x3-6x2+3x+10 = (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

4. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x4-7x3+9x2+7x-10

Answer

Let, f (x) = x4-7x3+9 x2+7 x-10

The constant term in f (x) is equal to -10 and factors of -10 are ,

Putting x = 1 in f (x), we have

f (1) = (1) 4 – 7 (1)3 + 9 (1)2 + 7 (1) - 10

= 1 – 7 + 9 + 7 - 10

=0

Therefore, (x - 1) is a factor of f (x).

Similarly, (x + 1), (x - 2) and (x - 5) are the factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it cannot have more than four linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

x4-7x3+9x2+7x-10 = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 + 0 – 0 - 10 = k (0 – 1) (0 + 1) (0 - 2) (0 - 5)

-10 = -10k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x – 1) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5), we get

f (x) = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

Hence,

x4-7x3+9x2+7x-10 = (x – 1) (x + 1) (x - 2) (x - 5)

5. Question
Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x4-2x3-7x2+8x+12

Answer

Let, f (x) = x4-2x3-7x2+8 x+12

The constant term in f (x) is equal to +12 and factors of +12 are ,

Putting x = - 1 in f (x), we have

f (-1) = (-1)4 – 2 (-1)3 – 7 (-1)2 + 8 (-1) + 12

= 1 + 2 – 7 – 8 + 12

=0

Therefore, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).

Similarly, (x + 2), (x – 2) and (x - 3) are the factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it cannot have more than four linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 3)

x4-2x3-7x2+8x+12 = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 3)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 - 0 – 0 + 0 + 12 = k (0 + 1) (0 + 2) (0 - 2) (0 - 3)

12 = 12k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 3), we get

f (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 3)

Hence,

x4-2x3-7x2+8x+12 = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x - 2) (x - 3)

6. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x4+10x3+35x2+50x +24

Answer

Let, f (x) = x4+10x3+35x2+50x +24

The constant term in f (x) is equal to +24 and factors of +24 are ,

Putting x = - 1 in f (x), we have

f (-1) = (-1)4 + 10 (-1)3 + 35 (-1)2 + 50 (-1) + 24

= 1 – 10 + 35 – 50 + 24

=0

Therefore, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x).

Similarly, (x + 2), (x + 3) and (x + 4) are the factors of f (x).

Since, f (x) is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it cannot have more than four linear factors.

Therefore, f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)
x4+10x3+35x2+50x +24 = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 24 = k (0 + 1) (0 + 2) (0 + 3) (0 + 4)

24 = 24k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (x) = k (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4), we get

f (x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)

Hence,

x4+10x3+35x2+50x +24 = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4)

7. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45

Answer

Let, f (x) = 2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45

The factors of the constant term – 45 are

The factor of the coefficient of x4 is 2. Hence, possible rational roots of f (x) are:

We have,

f (1) = 2 (1)4 – 7 (1)3 – 13 (1)2 + 63 (1) – 45

= 2 – 7 – 13 + 63 – 45

=0

And,

f (3) = 2 (3)4 – 7 (3)3 – 13 (3)2 + 63 (3) – 45

= 162 – 189 – 117 + 189 – 45

=0

So, (x – 1) and (x + 3) are the factors of f (x)

(x – 1) (x + 3) is also a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = 2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45 by (x 2 – 4x + 3) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45 = (x2 – 4x + 3) (2x2 + x – 15)

2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45 = (x – 1) (x – 3) (2x2 + x – 15)

Now,

2x2 + x – 15 = 2x2 + 6x – 5x – 15

= 2x (x + 3) – 5 (x + 3)

= (2x – 5) (x + 3)
Hence, 2x4-7x3-13x2+63x-45 = (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 3) (2x – 5)

8. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

3x3-x2-3x+1

Answer

Let, f (x) = 3x3-x2-3x+1

The factors of the constant term

The factor of the coefficient of x3 is 3. Hence, possible rational roots of f (x) are:

We have,

f (1) = 3 (1)3 – (1)2 – 3 (1) + 1

=3–1–3+1

=0

So, (x – 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = 3x3-x2-3x+1 by (x - 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

3x3-x2-3x+1 = (x – 1) (3x2 + 2x – 1)

Now,

3x2 + 2x - 1 = 3x2 + 3x – x – 1

= 3x (x + 1) – 1 (x + 1)

= (3x – 1) (x + 1)

Hence, 3x3-x2-3x+1 = (x – 1) (x + 1) (3x – 1)

9. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3-23x2+142x-120

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-23x2+142x-120

The factors of the constant term – 120 are

Putting x = 1, we have

f (1) = (1) 3 – 23 (1)2 + 142 (1) – 120

= 1 – 23 + 142 – 120

=0

So, (x – 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = x3-23x2+142x-120 by (x - 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

x3-23x2+142x-120 = (x – 1) (x2 – 22x + 120)

x2 – 22x + 120 = x2 – 10x – 12x + 120

= x (x – 10) – 12 (x – 10)

Hence, x3-23x2+142x-120 = (x – 1) (x - 10) (x - 12)

10. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

y3-7y+ 6

Answer

Let, f (y) = y3-7y+ 6

The constant term in f (y) is equal to + 6 and factors of + 6 are ,

Putting y = 1 in f (y), we have

f (1) = (1) 3 – 7 (1) + 6

=1–7+6

=0

Therefore, (y - 1) is a factor of f (y).

Similarly, (y - 2) and (y + 3) are the factors of f (y).

Since, f (y) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it cannot have more than three linear factors.

Therefore, f (y) = k (y – 1) (y - 2) (y + 3)

y3-7y+ 6 = k (y – 1) (y - 2) (y + 3)

Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get

0 – 0 + 6 = k (0 – 1) (0 - 2) (0 + 3)

6 = 6k

k=1

Putting k = 1 in f (y) = k (y – 1) (y - 2) (y + 3), we get

f (y) = (y – 1) (y - 2) (y + 3)

Hence,

y3-7y+ 6 = (y – 1) (y - 2) (y + 3)

11. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3-10x2-53x-42

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-10x2-53x-42

The factors of the constant term – 42 are

Putting x = - 1, we have

f (-1) = (-1)3 – 10 (-1)2 – 53 (-1) - 42

= -1 – 10 + 53 - 42

=0

So, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = x3-10x2-53x-42 by (x + 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

x3-10x2-53x-42 = (x + 1) (x2 – 11x – 42)

x2 – 11x - 42 = x2 – 14x + 3x - 42

= x (x – 14) + 3 (x – 14)

= (x – 14) (x + 3)

Hence, x3-10x2-53x-42 = (x + 1) (x - 14) (x + 3)

12. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

y3-2y2-29y-42

Answer

Let, f (y) = y3-2y2-29y-42

The factors of the constant term – 42 are

Putting y = - 2, we have

f (-2) = (-2)3 – 2 (-2)2 – 29 (-2) - 42

= - 8 – 8 + 58 - 42

=0

So, (y + 2) is a factor of f (y)

Let us now divide

f (y) = y3-2y2-29y-42 by (y + 2) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

y3 - 2y2- 29y - 42 = (y + 2) (y2 – 4y – 21)

y2 – 4y - 21 = y2 – 7y + 3y - 21

= y (y – 7) + 3 (y – 7)

= (y – 7) (y + 3)

Hence, y3-2y2-29y-42 = (y + 2) (y - 7) (y + 3)

13. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

2y3-5y2-19y+42

Answer
Let, f (y) = 2y3-5y2-19y+42

The factors of the constant term + 42 are

Putting y = 2, we have

f (2) = 2 (2)3 – 5 (2)2 – 19 (2) + 42

= 16 – 20 - 38 + 42

=0

So, (y - 2) is a factor of f (y)

Let us now divide

f (y) = 2y3-5y2-19y+42 by (y - 2) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

2y3-5y2-19y+42 = (y - 2) (2y2 – y – 21)

2y2 – y - 21 = (y + 3) (2y – 7)

Hence, 2y3-5y2-19y+42 = (y - 2) (2y - 7) (y + 3)

14. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3+13x2+32x+20

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3+13x2+32x+20

The factors of the constant term + 20 are

Putting x = -1, we have

f (-1) = (-1)3 + 13 (-1)2 + 32 (-1) + 20

= -1 + 13 – 32 + 20

=0

So, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = x3+13x2+32x+20 by (x + 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

x3+13x2+32x+20 = (x + 1) (x2 + 12x + 20)

x2 + 2x + 20 = x2 + 10x + 2x + 20

= x (x + 10) + 2 (x + 10)

= (x + 10) (x + 2)

Hence, x3+13x2+32x+20 = (x + 1) (x + 10) (x + 2)

15. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3-3x2-9x-5

Answer
Let, f (x) = x3-3x2-9x-5

The factors of the constant term - 5 are

Putting x = -1, we have

f (-1) = (-1)3 – 3 (-1)2 – 9 (-1) - 5

= -1 – 3 + 9 - 5

=0

So, (x + 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = x3-3x2-9x-5 by (x + 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

x3-3x2-9x-5 = (x + 1) (x2 - 4x 5)

x2 - 4x - 5 = x2 - 5x + x - 5

= x (x - 5) + 1 (x - 5)

= (x + 1) (x - 5)

Hence, x3+13x2+32x+20 = (x + 1) (x + 1) (x - 5)

= (x + 1)2 (x – 5)

16. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

2y3+y2-2y-1

Answer

Let, f (y) = 2y3+y2-2y-1

The factors of the constant term - 1 are

The factor of the coefficient of y3 is 2. Hence, possible rational roots are

We have

f (1) = 2 (1)3 + (1)2 – 2 (1) - 1

=2+1–2-1

=0

So, (y - 1) is a factor of f (y)

Let us now divide

f (y) = 2y3+y2-2y-1 by (y - 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

2y3+y2-2y-1 = (y - 1) (2y2 + 3y + 1)

2y2 + 3y + 1 = 2y2 + 2y + y + 1

= 2y (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)

= (2y + 1) (y + 1)

Hence, 2y3+y2-2y-1 = (y - 1) (2y + 1) (y + 1)

17. Question

Using factor theorem, factorize each of the following polynomial:

x3-2x2-x+2

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3-2x2-x+2

The factors of the constant term +2 are

Putting x = 1, we have

f (1) = (1) 3 – 2 (1)2 – (1) + 2

=1–2–1+2

=0

So, (x - 1) is a factor of f (x)

Let us now divide

f (x) = x3-2x2-x+2 by (x - 1) to get the other factors of f (x)

Using long division method, we get

x3-2x2-x+2 = (x - 1) (x2 - x - 2)

x2 - x - 2 = x2 - 2x + x - 2

= x (x - 2) + 1 (x - 2)

= (x + 1) (x - 2)

Hence, x3-2x2-x+2 = (x - 1) (x + 1) (x - 2)

= (x - 1) (x + 1) (x – 2)

18. Question

Factorize each of the following polynomials:

(i) x3+13x2+31x-45 given that x+9 is a factor

(ii) 4x3+20x2+33x+18 given that 2x+3 is a factor.

Answer

(i) Let, f (x) = x3+13x2+31x-45

Given that (x + 9) is a factor of f (x)

Let us divide f (x) by (x + 9) to get the other factors

By using long division method, we have

f (x) = x3+13x2+31x-45

= (x + 9) (x2 + 4x – 5)

Now,

x2 + 4x – 5 = x2 + 5x – x – 5

= x (x + 5) – 1 (x + 5)

= (x – 1) (x + 5)

f (x) = (x + 9) (x + 5) (x – 1)
Therefore, x3+13x2+31x-45 = (x + 9) (x + 5) (x – 1)

(ii) Let, f (x) = 4x3+20x2+33x+18

Given that (2x + 3) is a factor of f (x)

Let us divide f (x) by (2x + 3) to get the other factors

By long division method, we have

4x3+20x2+33x+18 = (2x + 3) (2x2 + 7x + 6)

2x2 + 7x + 6 = 2x2 + 4x + 3x + 6

= 2x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 2)

= (2x + 3) (x + 2)

4x3+20x2+33x+18 = (2x + 3) (2x + 3) (x + 2)

= (2x + 3)2 (x + 2)

Hence,

4x3+20x2+33x+18 = (2x + 3)2 (x + 2)

CCE - Formative Assessment

1. Question

Define zero or root of a polynomial.

Answer

The zeros are the roots, or where the polynomial crosses the axis. A polynomial will have 2 roots that mean it
has 2 zeros. To find the roots you can graph and look where it crosses the axis, or you can use the quadratic
equation. This is also known as the solution.

2. Question

If x = is a zero of the polynomial f(x) =8x3+ax2-4x+2, find the value of a.

Answer

If x =

f ( ) = 8( )3 + a ( )2 - 4 ( ) + 2

0=1+ -2+2

a=-4

3. Question

Write the remainder when the polynomial f(x) =x3+x2-3x+2 is divided by x+1.

Answer

f (x) = x3+ x2 -3x +2

Given,

f (x) divided by (x+1), so reminder is equal to f (-1)

f (-1) = (-1)3 + (-1)2 -3(-1) + 2

= -1 +1 +3 +2

=5
Thus, remainder is 5.

4. Question

Find the remainder when x3+4 x2+4 x-3 is divided by x.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + 4x -3

Given f (x) is divided by x so remainder is equal to f (0)

f (0) = 03 + 4 (0)2 + 4 (0) -3

=0-3

=-3

Thus, remainder is - 3

5. Question

If x+1 is a factor of x3+a, then write the value of a.

Answer

Let, f (x) = x3 + a

(x +1) is a factor of f(x), so f (-1) = 0

f (-1) =0

(-1)3 + a = 0

-1 + a = 0

a=1

6. Question

If f(x) =x4-2x3+3 x2-ax-b when divided by x-1, the remainder is 6, then find the value of a + b

Answer

f(x) = x⁴ -2x 2 +3x2 -ax -b

Given f(x) is divided by (x-1), then remainder is 6

f (1) = 6

1⁴ - 2 (1) 3 - 3 (1)2 - a (1) - b = 6

1 -2 +3 -a -b = 6

-a -b = 4

a+b=-4

1. Question

If x-2 is factor of x2-3ax-2a, then a =

A. 2

B. -2

C. 1

D. -1

Answer
Let f(x) = x2 -3ax -2a

Since, x-2 is a factor of f(x) so,

f (2) = 0

22+ 3 a (2) - 2a =0

4 + 6a -2a = 0

a = -1

2. Question

If x3+6 x2+4 x+k is exactly divisible by x+2, then k =

A. -6

B. -7

C. -8

D. -10

Answer

Since, x+2 is exactly divisible by f(x)

Means x+2 is a factor of f (x), so

f (-2) = 0

(-2)3 + 6 (-2)2 +4 (-2) + k = 0

-16 + 24 + k = 0

k= - 8

3. Question

If x-a is a factor of x3-3x2a+2 a2x+b, then the value of b is

A. 0

B. 2

C. 1

D. 3

Answer

Let f (x) = x3 - 3x 2a + 2a2x + b

Since, x - a is a factor of f(x)

So, f (a) = 0

a3- 3 a2 (a) + 2a2 (a) + b = 0

a3 - 3a3 + 2a3 + b= 0

b=0

4. Question

If x140+2 x151 +k is divisible by x+1, then the value of k is

A. 1

B. -3

C. 2
D. -2

Answer

Let f (x) = x140 + 2x151 + k

Since, x+1 is a factor of f (x)

So, f (-1) = 0

(-1)140 + 2(-1)151 +k = 0

1 - 2 + k=0

k=1

5. Question

If x+2and x-1 are the factors of x3+10x2+mx+n, then the value of m and n are respectively

A. 5 and -3

B. 17 and -8

C. 7 and -18

D. 23 and -19

Answer

Let f (x) = x3+10x2 +mx + n

Since, (x + 2) and (x - 1) are factor of f (x)

So, f (-2) = 0

(-2)3 + 10 (-2)2 + m (-2) + n

32 - 2m + n = 0 (i)

f (1) = 0

(1)3 + 10 (1)2 + m (1) + n = 0

11 + m + n = 0 (ii)

(2) - (1)

3m -21 = 0

m = 7 (iii)

Using (iii) and (ii), we get

11 + 7 + n= 0

n = - 18

6. Question

Let f(x) be a polynomial such that f = 0, then a factor of f(x) is

A. 2x -1

B. 2x+1

C. x-1

D. x +1

Answer
Let f(x) be a polynomial and f ( )=0

x+ = 2x + 1 is a factor of f (x)

7. Question

When x3-2x2+ax=b is divided by x2-2x-3, the remainder is x-6. The value of a and b respectively

A. -2, -6

B. 2 and -6

C. -2 and 6

D. 2 and 6

Answer

Let p(x) = x3 -2(x2) + ax - b

q (x) = x2 -2x -3

r (x) = x - 6

Therefore,

f(x) = p (x) – r (x)

f(x) = x3 - 2x 2 + ax - b - x - 6

= x3- 2x 2 + (a - 1) x - (b - 6)

q(x) = x2 - 2x - 3

= (x + 1) (x - 3)

Thus,

(x + 1) and (x - 3) are factor of f (x)

a+b=4

f (3) = 0

33 - 2 (3)2 + (a-1) 3 - b + 6 = 0

12 + 3a - b = 0

a = - 2, b = 6

8. Question

One factor of x4+x2-20 is x2+5. The other factor is

A. x2-4

B. x-4

C. x2-5

D. x+2

Answer

f (x) = x⁴ +x2 -20

(x2 + 5) (x2 - 4)

Therefore​, (x2+5) and (x2-4) are the factors of f(x)

9. Question
If (x-1) is a factor of polynomial f(x) but not of g(x), then it must be a factor of

A. f (x) g(x)

B. -f(x)+g(x)

C. f(x)-g(x)

D. {f(x)+g(x)}g(x)

Answer

Given,

(x-1) is a factor of f (x) but not of g(x).

Therefore, x-1 is also a factor of f(x) g(x).

10. Question

(x+1) is a factor of xn+1 only if

A. n is an odd integer

B. n is an even integer

C. n is a negative integer

D. n is a positive integer

Answer

Let f (x) = xⁿ +1

Since, x+ 1 is a factor of f (x), so

f (-1) = 9

Thus, n is an odd integer.

11. Question

If x+2 is a factor of x2+mx+14, then m =

A. 7

B. 2

C. 9

D. 14

Answer

f (x) = x2 + mx + 14

Since, (x +2) is a factor of f (x), so

f (-2) =0

(-2)2 + m (-2) + 14 = 0

18 - 2m = 0

m=9

12. Question

If x -3 is a factor of x2-ax-15, then a =

A. -2

B. 5
C. -5

D. 3

Answer

Let, f(x) = x2 - ax - 15

Since, (x -3) is a factor of f (x), so

f (3) = 0

32 - a (3) -15 = 0

9 - 3a - 15 = 0

a = -2

13. Question

If x2+x+1 is a factor of the polynomial 3x2+8 x2+8 x+3+5k, then the value of k is

A. 0

B. 2/5

C. 5/2

D. -1

Answer

Let, p (x) = 3x3 + 8 (x)2 + 8x + 3 + 5k

g (x) = x2 + x + 1

Given g (x) is a factor of p (x) so remainder will be 0

Remainder= -2 + 5k

Therefore, -2 + 5k = 0

k = 2/5

14. Question

If (3x-1)7 =a7x7+a6x6+a5x5+….a1x+a0, then a7+a6+a5+….+a1+a0=

A. 0

B. 1

C. 128

D. 64

Answer

We have,

(3x – 1)7 = a7x7+a6x6+a5x5+….a1x+a0

Putting x = 1, we get

(3 * 1 – 1)7 = a7 + a6 + a5 + a4 + a3 + a2 + a1 + a0

(2)7 = a7 + a6 + a5 + a4 + a3 + a2 + a1 + a0

a7+a6+a5+….+a1+a0 = 128

15. Question
If x51 +51 is divide by x+1, the remainder is

A. 0

B. 1

C. 49

D. 50

Answer

Let, f(x) = x51 + 51

Since, x + 1 is divided by f(x) so,

f (-1)= (-1)51 + 51

= - 1 + 51

= 50

Thus, remainder is 50

16. Question

If x+1 is a factor if the polynomial 2x2+kx, then k =

A. -2

B. -3

C. 4

D. 2

Answer

Let, f (x) = 2x2 + kx

Since, x + 1 is divided by f (x) so,

f (-1)=0

2 (-1) + k (-1) = 0

k=2

17. Question

If x + a is a factor of x4-a2x2+3 x-6a, then a =

A. 0

B. -1

C. 1

D. 2

Answer

Let, f (x) = x⁴ -a2x2 + 3x - 6a

Since, x + a is divided by f (x) so,

f (-a) = 0

(-a)⁴ - a2 (-a)2 + 3 (-a) - 6a = 0

- 9a = 0

a=0
18. Question

The value of k for which x-1 is a factor of 4x3+3 x2-4x+k, is

A. 3

B. 1

C. -2

D. -3

Answer

Since, x-1 is a factor of f (x)

Therefore,

f (1) = 0

4 (1)3 + 3 (1)2 - 4 (1) + k = 0

4+3-4+k=0

k=-3

19. Question

If both x-2 and x are factors of px2+5 x+r, then

A. p = r

B. p + r = 0

C. 2p + r = 0

D. p + 2r = 0

Answer

Let f(x)= px2 +5x +r

Since, x-2 and x-1/2 are factors of f (x)

f (2) = 0

4p + 10 + r = 0 (i)

f(1/2) = 0

p + 10 + 4r = 0 (ii)

(i) * (ii), we get,

4p + 40 + 16r = 0 (iii)

Subtracting (i) and (iii)

-30 - 15r = 0

r=-2

Putting value of r in (i),

4p + 10 - 2 = 0

p = -2

Therefore, p = r

20. Question

If x2-1 is a factor of ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e, then

A. a + c + e = b + d

B. a + b + e = c + d

C. a + b + c = d + e

D. b + c + d = a + e

Answer

Let f (x) = ax⁴ + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e

Since, x2- 1 is a factor of f(x)

Therefore,

f (-1) = 0

a (-1) + b (-1)3 + c (-1)2 + d (-1) + e = 0

a+c+e=b+d