NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 2.1 Question 1. Which of the following expressions are polynomials in one variable and which are not? State reasons for your answer, (i) 42° -3x+7 (i) Y +N2 (il) see (iv) p+ y (v) x? 43 Solution: (i) 4:9 -3x47 We can observe that in the polynomial 4x2 3x+7 , we have x as the only variable and the powers of x in each term are a whole number. Therefore, we conclude that 4? —3x+7 is a polynomial in one variable. (ii) y +2 We can observe that in the polynomial in each term are a whole number. 2, we have y as the only variable and the powers of y Therefore, we conclude that 17 +./2is a polynomial in one variable. (ii) 347 +: We can observe that in the polynomial3,/f + in each term are not a whole number. , we have tas the only variable and the powers of t Therefore, we conclude that3,/f+:/7is not a polynomial in one variable. (iy+ We can observe that in the polynomialy+—, we have y as the only variable and the powers of y in each term are not a whole number. Therefore, we conclude thaty’+—is not a polynomial in one variable. (v)x"We can observe that in the polynomial x’ +)° +7, we have x, y and tas the variables and the powers of x, y and t in each term is a whole number. ¢® is a polynomial but not a polynomial in one variable. Therefore, we conclude that:"° + y* Question 2. Write the coefficients of :? in each of the following : Solution: (2+2+x The coefficient of ;2in the polynomial 2 +2 + xis 1. (2-248 The coefficient of .2in the polynomial 2 — 2 +33is—1 The coefficient of xin the polynomial /7,—1is 0. Question 3. Give one example each of a binomial of degree 35, and of a monomial of degree 100. Solution: The binomial of degree 35 can be x +9. The binomial of degree 100 can be;?. Question 4. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials : (i) p@) = 5x5 +427 +7 (ii)pQ) =4- —7 Wi) (iv) f(x) =3Solution: (i) 323 +422 47x We know that the degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial We can observe that in the polynomial 3 +432 47x , the highest power of the variable x is 3. Therefore, we conclude that the degree of the polynomial 5.3 +47 +7x is 3. We know that the degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial We can observe that in the polynomial4 — 7, the highest power of the variable y is 2. Therefore, we conclude that the degree of the polynomial 4 — y7is 2 (il)5¢—J7 We know that the degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial. We observe that in the polynomial, the highest power of the variable tis 1. Therefore, we conclude that the degree §;—./7 of the polynomial s;—./7is 1. (iv) We know that the degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the polynomial We can observe that in the polynomial 3, the highest power of the assumed variable x is 0. Therefore, we conclude that the degree of the polynomial 3 is 0. Question 5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials. (i) x2 x, (li) x8 (ill) y + y?+4 (iv) 1 +x (v) 3t (vi) r? (vii) 7x3 Solution : (i) The degree of x? + x is 2. So, itis a quadratic polynomial (ii) The degree of x — x’ is 3. So, itis a cubic polynomial. (ili) The degree of y + y? + 4 is 2. So, itis a quadratic polynomial. (iv) The degree of 1 + xis 1. So, itis a linear polynomial. (v) The degree of 3tis 1. So, itis a linear polynomial (vi) The degree of r? is 2. So, it is a quadratic polynomial (vii) The degree of 7x° is 3. So, it is a cubic polynomial. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 2.2Question 1. Find the value of the polynomial 5x — 4x? + 3 at ) = Bx - 4x2 +3, (i) p(0) = 5(0) - 4(0)? +3 =0-0+3=3 Thus, the value of 5x — 4x? + 3 atx = Ois 3 (il) BOA) = 8-1) — 4¢ (AP +3 =~ $x—4x2+3=-9+3=-6 Thus, the value of 5x — 4x? + 3 at x = -1 is -6. (ii) p(2) = (2) - 4(2)2 + 3 = 10-4(4) +3 =10-16+3=-3 Thus, the value of 5x — 4x? + 3 atx = 2is—3. Question 2. Find p (0), p (1) and p (2) for each of the following polynomials. (i) ply) -yt+ (ii) p () 21 oe 8 (ii) P 0 (iv) P &) 1) (x+1) Solution: (0) Given that ply) = y2—y + 1. 2 P(0) = (07-0 +1 ott p(2) = (2-24 (ii) Given that p(t) = 2 + t+ 217-13 sp(0) = 2 + 0 + 2(0)- (0)? +0+0-0=2 P(1)=2+1+.2(1)?-(1)3 =2+1+2-1=4 p( 2)=2+2+2(2)?-(2)3 =2+2+8-8=4 (ii) Given that p(x) = x* 2 )3 = 0, p(1) = (1)3 = 4 =8 n that p(x) = (x— 1)(x + 1) (O=1)(0 + 1) = (-1)(1) 41 —1)(1 #1) = (0)¢ 2 = 12 + 1) = (1)(3) =3 S Question 3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of the polynomial, indicated against them. (i) P(x) =Solution: (i) We have , p(x) = 3x +1 1 + ~1)23(-1 )a12-1412 of 4 { 3)" +0 Since, r(-+)=0. 80, xo-4 isa zero of 3 3x41. (i We have, p(x) = Sx — + p(-4) 3(—4) 1 = -l+ 1 = ai We have, p( ep(t)= (12-1 = is a zero of x?-1 -1=0 is also a zero of x? - 1. Since, p(1) = 0, s0 Also, pet) = (A Since p(-1) = 0, so, x (iv) We have, p(x) = (x + 1)(x-2) # p(-1) = (-1 #1) (-1 = 2) = (0)(- 3) =0 Since, p(-1) = 0, so, x = -1 is a zero of (x + 1)(x - 2) Also, p( 2) = (2 + 1)(2- 2) = (3)(0) = 0 Since, p(2) = 0, so, x = 2s also a zero of (x + 1)(x - 2). (v) We have, p(x) = x? = plo) = (0° = Since, p(0) = 0, so, x = 0 is a zero of x2. (vi) We have, p(x) = Ix +m 7 o-t)=1(— + =-m+m=0. Since, o(-)=0. s0,1=~" is a zero of lxe+m. (vii) We have, p(x) = 3x2-1 SR oko Since, 1 -Jp) 0.50.22 is a zero 3 of 3x? -1. 2 ’ 4 Also, p| EB =3 -1-3(4 1 =4-1=3 . «2 2 x Since, p| B 10:90 is not a zero of 3x?-1. cw i) We have, Pr? axel= dis not a zero of 2x +1 Question 4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases i) p(x)=x+5 li) B (x) Solution: (i) We have, p(x) = x + 5. Since, p(x) = >x+5=0 a xK=-5. Thus, zero of x + 5 is -5, (ii) We have, p(x) = x- 5. Since, p(x) = 0 > x-5=03x Thus, zero of x 5is 5. (ii) We have, p(x) = 2x + 5. Since, p(x) = 0 > Ox+5 Thus, zero of 2x + 5 is (iv) We have, p(x) = 3x ~ 2. Since, p(x) = 0 > 3x-2=0 = 3x=2 =>x=2 Thus, Zero of 3x — 2 is (v) We have, p(x) = 3x. Since, p(x) = = 3x=05x=0 Thus, zero of 3x is 0. (vi) We have, p(x) = ax, a #0. Since, p(x) = 0 => ax = 0 => x0 Thus, zero of ax is 0. (ui) We have, p(x) = ex +d. Since, p(x) = 3 OK+d= 05 oK=-d => Thus, zero of ex + dis —4 NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 2.3 Question 1. Find the remainder when 3° + 3x7 +3x+1is divided by (i) x=1(ii) xi (iil) x (iv) x4 (v) 5+2x Solution: (i) x=1 We need to find the zero of the polynomial ~1. x+1=0 >x=-1 While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial x ~1in the polynomial? + 3x2 +3x+1, to get p(xjax +37 43x41 P(0) =-143-3+1 -1)°+3(-1)° +3(-1)+1 0 Therefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial x? + 3x? +3x+1byx=1, we will get the remainder as 0. (ii)x 7 We need to find the zero of the polynomial x While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial x——in the polynomial 3 + 3x? +3x+1, to getTherefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial ;3 = 3x? + 3x-+1byx—~, we will get the remainder ory (iii) We need to find the zero of the polynomial. x=0 While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial.xin the polynomial x* + 3x7 +3x+1, to get p(x)=x0+30 43x41 ‘p(0)=(0) +3(0)° +3(0)+1 =0+0+0+1 = Therefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial x? + 3x? +3x+1by x, we will get the remainder as 1. (v)xtt We need to find the zero of the polynomialx+ z. xe Sx- While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial x+ zin the polynomial x* + 3x7 +3x+1, to get p(x)=x° +3x°+3x+1 p(-2) =(-2)' +3(-a) +3(-a)+1 =-0 430° 3041 Therefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial ,3 = 3x + 3x-+1by.x+ 7, we will get the remainder as—7° +37? -37+1. (v)s+2x We need to find the zero of the polynomials + 2x. While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomials + 2x in the polynomial? + 3x +3x+1, to getTherefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial x? + 3x? +33 A remainder as-—~. 1by5+2x, we will get the Question 2. Find the remainder when 3? — a +6x-— ais divided by x-a. Solution: We need to find the zero of the polynomial a. x-a=0 0 Sx=a While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial.x— ain the polynomial? — ax? +6x—a, to get -ax’ +6x-a P(a)=(a) ~a(a) +6(a)-a =a@-a@+6a-a =6a Therefore, we conclude that on dividing the polynomial x? — remainder asSa. * +6x-abyx—a, we will get the Question 3. Check whether 7 +3xis a factor of 3x7 Solution: We know that if the polynomial 7 +3.xis a factor of 3x? +7, then on dividing the polynomial3x? +7 by7 +3x, we must get the remainder as 0. We need to find the zero of the polynomial7 +3x.While applying the remainder theorem, we need to put the zero of the polynomial? +3.xinthe polynomial3, +7, to get —490 We conclude that on dividing the polynomial 31° +7:xby7 +3x, we will get the remainder as——, which is not 0. Therefore, we conclude that7 +3.is not a factor of 3.7 NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 2.4 Question 1. Determine which of the following polynomials has (x +1) a factor. (i) x8-4x24x 41 (ii) x4 4x8 44x 41 (ili) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 +x +1 (iv) x9 — x? — (2 +V2 )x + V2 Solution : The zero of x +1 is 1 (i) Let p (x) =x + x2 4x41 Ep (I=(1P+ Ce (1) +1. =-141-141 =>p(-1)=0 So, (x+ 1) is a factor of x9 +x? +x +4 (ii) Let p (x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x41 2 P(A) = (1) + (-1)8 + 1)? + (11 =1-14+1-14+1 =P (-1)41 So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x* + x9 + x2 + x# 1. (iil) Let p (x) = x4 + 3x9 + 3x2 4x +1, 2p (A= (A +3 (1843 (4h +61) 41 =1-343-141=1= p(-1)#0 So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x* + 3x3 + 3x? + x+ 1 (iv) Let p (x) = x3 = x2 = (2 + V2) x + V2 =p (1) =C 1)%- (1)? = (2 + V2)(-1) +2 -1+24+\2+2 = 2\2 = p(-1)#0 So, (x + 1) is not a factor of x? 2 — (2 + V2) x + V2. Question 2. Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether g (x) is a factor of p (x) in each of the following cases (i) p (x)= 2x3 + x? — 2x - 1, g (x) (ii) pQx)= x? + 3x? + 3x + 1,.g (x) (ill) p 00) = 8 - 4x2 + x +6, g (x) =x-3 Solution : (i) We have, p (x)= 2x3 + x? — 2x1 and g (x)=x+1 2 (1) = 2¢-1)° + (1)? 2¢1) -1 =2(-1)+142-1 =-2+1+2-1=0 = p(-1) = 0, so g(x) is a factor of p(x) (i) We have, p(x) x° + 3x? + 3x +1 and g(x) =x +2 2 p(-2) = (-2)° + 3(-2)?+ 3(-2) + 1 =-8+12-6+1 =-14 +13 =-1 = p(-2) # 0, so g(x) is not a factor of p(x). (iii) We have, = x3 — 4x2 + x + 6 and g (x) =x-3 = p(3) = (3) = 4(3)2 +3 +6 =27-4(9)+3+6 =27-36+3+6=0 = p(3) = 0, so g(x) is a factor of p(x). Question 3, Find the value of k, if x — 1 is a factor of p (x) in each of the following cases ()p@)=x2+x+k (ii) p (%) = 2x2 + kx + V2 (ili) p (x) = kx? -V2x41 (iv) p (x) = kx?- 3x +k Solution : For (x= 1) to be a factor of p(x), p(1) should be equal to 0. (i) Here, p(x) = x2 +x +k Since, p(1) = (1)? +1 +k > p(t)=k+2=0 =>k= (ii) Here, p (x) = 2x? + kx + V2 Since, p(1 (1)? + k(1) + V2 =2+k+\2=0 k =-2-2=~(2 + v2)(iil) Here, p (x) = kx? — 2x +1 pty=k(1)—(1) +4 1=0 {iv) Here, p(x) = kx? — 3x +k p(1) = (1)? — 3(1) + k =k-3+k =2k— Question 4, Factorise (i) 12x? — 7x +4 (li) 2x2 + 7x +3, (iii) 6x2 + 5x -—6 (iv) 8x2 =x = 4 Solution : (i) We have, 12x? — 7x +1 = 12x?—4x- 3x +41 = 4x (3x1) -1 (3x-1) = (3x +1) (4x -1) Thus, 12x? -7x + 3 = (2x — 1) (x + 3) (ii) We have, 2x? + 7x + 3 = 2x? +x + 6x +3 = x(2x + 1) + 3(2x +1) = (2x + 1)(x +3) Thus, 2x2 + 7x +3 = (2x + 1)(x +3) (il) We have, 6x2 + 5x — 6 = 6x2 + 9x—- 4x-6 = 3x(2x + 3) — 2(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)(3x—2) Thus, 6x? + 5x — 6 = (2x + 3)(3x- 2) {iv) We have, 3x?—x - 4 = 3x? - 4x + 3x-4 = x(3x— 4) + (3x — 4) = (3x — 4)(x #1) Thus, 3x? — x —4 = (3x—4)(x + 1) Question 5. Factorise (i) B-2x2-x +2 (ii) x3 — 3x? - 9x — 5 (ii) x° + 13x? + 32x + 20 (iv) 2y3 + y?- 2y—4 Solution: (i) We have, x? - 2x2 -x +2 Rearranging the terms, we have x3 — x — 2x2 +2 = x(x? = 1) — 2(x? -1) = (x2— 1)(x — 2) = [)?- ("Ix - 2) x= A) + 1)(x— 2) [+ (a? —b?) = (a + b)(a-b)] Thus, x3 - 2x? — x + 2 = (x— 1)(x + 1)(x- 2) (ii) We have, x? — 3x? - 9x - 5 = x3 + x? — 4x? — dx — 5x—5, = x2 (x + 1) —4x(x + 1) = 5(x + 1)= (x + 1)(x?— 4x —5) + 1)(x2 — 5x +x - 5) + 1)Px(x — 5) + 1(x—5)] = (4+ 1) = SK + 1) Thus, x°— 3x? — 9x — 5 = (x + 1)(x— 5)(x #1) (ili) We have, x3 + 13x? + 32x + 20 = x3 + x? + 12x? + 12x + 20x + 20 A(x +1) + 12x(x +1) + 20(x + 1) + 1)(x2 + 12x + 20) + 1)(x2 + 2x + 10x + 20) + 1) + 2) + 10(x + 2)] = (c+ 1)Oc+ 2)(x + 10) Thus, x° + 13x? + 32x + 20 = (K+ 1)(x + 2)(x + 10) (iv) We have, 2y3 + y2-2y-1 = 2y3 - 2y? + 3y?- 3y +y—1 y*(y — 1) * 3yly— 1) + 1y— 1) =1)(2y2 + 3y +1) —1)(2y? + 2y +y +1) —Nyty + 1) + 1y + 1] = Dy * Ney +1) Thus, 2y? + y2— 2y-1 = (y— ly + 1)(2y +1) NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Maths Exercise 2.5 Question 1. Use suitable identities to find the following products : (i)(x+4)(x+10) (ii) (x+8)(x-10) (ii) (3x+4)(3x-5) (v)(3-2x)(3+ 2x) Solution: ()(x+a)(x+d) We know that(x+a)(x+5)=x +(a+b)x+ab. We need to apply the above identity to find the product (x+4)(x+10)*+(4+10)x+(4x10) (x+4)(x+10) =x +14x+40 Therefore, we conclude that the product (x+4)(x+10)isx? +14x+40- (ii) (x+8)(x-10) We know that(x+a)(x+5)=27 +(a+b)x+ab. We need to apply the above identity to find the product (x+8)/x-10) (x+8)(x-10)=x7 +[8+(-10)]x+/8x(-10)] 2x-80. Therefore, we conclude that the product(x+8)(x—10)is x? 2-80 (ili) (3x+4)(3x-5) +(a+b)x+ab. We know that(x+a)(x+8) We need to apply the above identity to find the product (3x-+4)(3x-5) (3x44)(3x- x) +[4+(-8)]3x+[ =9x7 -3x-20. Therefore, we conclude that the product(3x+4)(3x-5)isox? —3r-20- We know that (x+ y)(x- We need to apply the above identity to find the product (v) (3+2x)(3-2x) We know that (x+ y)(x-We need to apply the above identity to find the product (3+2x)(3-2x) (3+2x)(3-2x =9-40 Therefore, we conclude that the product (3+ 2:)(3—-2x)is(9-4x° Question 2. Evaluate the following products without multiplying directly : (i)103x107 (i) 98x96 i)104%96 Solution: (103107 103%107 can also be written as(100+3)(100+7) We can observe that, we can apply the identity (xt+a)(x+b)=x' +(a+b)xt+ab (100+3)(100+7)=(100)' +(3+7)(100)+3x7 =10000+1000+21 =11021 Therefore, we conclude that the value of the producti 03 «107is11021- (ii)95x96 95%96 can also be written as(100—5)(100-4) We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+a)(x+5)=x +(a+b)x+ab (100-8) (100-4) = (100)° +[(-8) +(-4)](100) +( =10000-900+20 =9120 Therefore, we conclude that the value of the product95x 96is 9120 (ill) 10396 104 96 can also be written as(100+4)(100-4).We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+»)(x-») *with respect to the expression (100+4) (100-4), to get ay (100+4) (100-4) =(100) =10000-16 =9984 Therefore, we conclude that the value of the producti04x 96is 9984 Question 3. Factorize the following using appropriate identities : (i) 937 + 6x9 (ii)4y° -4y+1 (iii) fog Solution: (i) 9x7 +629 9x2 + 629+ y2=(3x) $2x3xxy+(y)° We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+y)? =27 +2x+y? 33x) +2x3xxy+(y)' =(3x+9)° (ii)4y° -4y+1 4y?—4y+1=(2y) -22yx1+(1)° We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+)) 33x) +2x3xxy+(y)' =(3x+9)° (iit) 100 We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x)" -(») Question 4, Expand each of the following, using suitable identities : ((xt2yt42)(ii)(2x-y+2)° (ii) 2439422) (v)(3a-75-c)* (W)(2x+5y-32) 1, 4/ 3e4)] Solution: ()(x+2y+42)° We know that(x+y+z)° <2? +y* +2? +2 +2\2422x We need to apply the above identity to expand the expression (x+2y+4z)"- (x+2y+4z) +(2p)' +(4z) 42x xx2y42x2px4z42x4zxx =x? +4y? +1627 +4ay +16p2 +82x (i)(2x-y+2)) We know that(x+y+z)° =x7 +)? +27 +2xy+2)z+2zw. We need to apply the above identity to expand the expression (2x— +z)" (2v-y+2)' =[2x+(-y)+2] +(z) +2 ay) +2x(-p)xz42x2%2x (ili) 2x4+3y+22)) We know that(x+y+z)° =27+y? +2? +2. +2)2+2ew. We need to apply the above identity to expand the expression (3a—75—c)" (3a-78-cf =[3a+(-78)+(-c)] 3a)’ +(—75)' +(-c)" +2x3ax =9a° +496? +c? -42ab +14be -6ac. 1b) + 2x(-78)x(-c)+2x(-c)x3a (v)(3a-75-c)?We know that(x+y+z)° 2yz+2zx: We need to apply the above identity to expand the expression (3a—75—c (a- -c)' =[3a+(-75)+(-c)] 3a)’ +(-75)* +(-c)* +2 x3ax(-76) +2x(-78) x(-c)+2x(-e)x3a = 9a? +49b* +c* -42ab +14bc -6ac. (v)(2x+5y-32) We know that(x+y+z)' <2? +y* +27 +2ay+2\2422x We need to apply the above identity to expand the expression (—2x+5y—3z)° =(-2x)" + (Sy) +(—32)' +2x(—2x)x Sp +2x5yx(—3z) +2*(-3z)x(-2x) = 4x7 +28y? +92? - 20309 -30)2 +1 22x, Question 5. Factorize : (4x? +9 y? +1627 + 4 y2- 1622 sy + 422 -Bz (i237 +7 +827 Solution: (i)4x? +9y? +1627 = 4 y2- 1622 The expression 4x? +9 ( We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+ y +2) xi ty? +z? +2xy +2)2 +2zxwith respect 162' 12xy -24y2-16xz¢an also be written as +(3y)' +(dz) +222 y+ 2x3px(—dz)+2x(4z)x2x. to the expression( 2x)" +(3p)' +(—4z) +2x2xx3p+2x3yx(—4z)+2x(—4z)x2x, to get(2x+3y-42) Therefore, we conclude that after factorizing the expression 4x° -9} xy -24y2-16x2, we get(2x+3y—4, ny + 422-82 We need to factorize the expression 2x? + y7+82?— +42; (ii) 232 + 37 +82 sy + 4y2yz-8xe- ~8:z can also be written as The expression 2x? +)? +82?- x (fx) y+ 2p x( 2W3z)+2» )x(-V2x). (-V3xJ' + (9)? +(2V22)° We can observe that, we can apply the identity (x+y+2)° 2 +2zxwith respect to the expression(—J/x)° (-V2x+y+2V22) Therefore, we conclude that after factorizing the expression 2x7 +37 +82? — Question 6. Write the following cubes in expanded form : ()(2x+1)) (ii)(2a-38)° Gi{ Scot) We know that(x+ ») +5 +30(xty)- (2x+1) =(2x) +(1) + 2x41) =8x' +1+6x(2x+1) =8x +127 +6x+1. Therefore, the expansion of the expression (2x+1) 18 &x° +12x7+6x+1-(ii)(2a-3Y We know that(x+y)°=29 +)? +3m(x+y)- ~.(2a-36)' =(2a)' -(38)° -3x2ax36(2a-36) 276? -18ab(2a-35) —36a°b+ 54. * Therefore, the expansion of the expression Gif Ze) We know that (+ x1) jax? -2¢y thoy" Therefore, the expansion of the expression| x3 y) Question 7. Evaluate the following using suitable identities (i) (99) (ii) (102) (iit) (998)? Solution:() We have, 99 = (100 -1 2.993 = (100 - = (100)? - 13 B(190K1) 10 - 1) [Using (a - b)? = a? - b? - 3ab (a - b)] = 1000000 — 1 — 300(100 - 1) = 1000000 -1 - 30000 + 300 = 1000300 - 30001 = 970299 (i) We have, 102 =100 +2 + 1023 = (100 + 2)° = (100)? + (2)3 + 3(100)(2)(100 + 2) [Using (a +b) = a° + b® + 3ab (a + b)] = 1000000 + 8 + 600(100 + 2) = 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200 = 1061208 (ii) We have, 998 = 1000 - 2 = (998)? = (1000-2)? = (1000)°— (2) — 3(1000)(2)(1000 — 2) [Using (a - b)> = a? — b?- 3ab (a - b)] = 1000000000 — 8 — 6000(1000 - 2) = 1000000000 — 8 — 6000000 +12000 = 994011992 Question 8. Factorise each of the following (i) 8a3 +b? + 12a2b+6ab? (ii) 8a° -b*-12a2b+6ab? (iil) 27-125a° -135a+225a2 {iv) 64a3 21h “tar + 108ab? ty 27p? -—-= (v) 27p ag ort TB Solution: (i) 8a3 +b? +12a?b+6ab? = (2a)? + (b)® + 6ab(2a + b) = (2a)3 + (b)° + 3(2a)(b)(2a + b) =(2a+b)? [Using a3 + b? + 3 ab(a + b) = (a + b)] = (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b) (li) 8a3 - b% - 12a%b + 6ab? = (2a)3 ~ (b)3~ 3(2a)(b)(2a — b) = (2a—b) [Using a + b? + 3 ab(a + b) = (a + b)9] = (2a=b) (2a—b) (2a-b) (ili) 27 - 125a3 — 135a + 225a2 = (3) = (6a)? - 3(3)(5a)(3 — 5a) =(3- 5a)? [Using a° + b° + 3 ab(a + b) = (a + b)°) = (3 - $a) (3 - 5a) (3 - 5a) (iv) 64a -27b9 -144a2b + 108ab? = (4a)3 — (3b)* - 3(4a)(3b)(4a — 3b) = (4a—3b)? [Using a? - b? - 3 ab(a — b) = (a—b)’] = (4a — 3b)(4a - 3b)(4a — 3b)Vv) o7ps-t 9241 (¥) 279 oie nary =(3py-(1) - 1 Pp (3) sxen(§)(% 1? -(o-5) [Using a9 — 63 — 3ab(a - b) = (a ~)9] Question 9. Verify (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) re ) (ii) x= y? = (xy) (x? + xy + Solution: (i) ¥ (+ y)> = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y) > (K+) 3(x + y)(xy) = x9 + y? > (x + YI + y)P-Sxy] = 38 + y® = (K+ y)(X? + y? = xy) = x8 + y8 Hence, verified. (li) = = ye? =xS—ys— ear » = (x=y)® + 3xy(x-y) = = X-ylx-y)? + By) = = (= y)(x2 + y? + xy) = Hence, verified, Question 10. Factorise each of the following (i) 27y3 + 12523 (ii) 64m3 = 343n3 [Hint See question 9] Solution: (i) We know that Bry? = (C+ Y)2— Hy + 2 We have, 27y’ + 12523 = bys + (52)? = (3y + 52z)[(3y)? — (3y)(5z) + (5z)?] = (3y + 52)(9y* - 15yz + 252”) (ii) We know that x8 ys = (x= yy? * xy * y2) We have, 64m* — 343n? = (4m)? — (7n)? = (4m = 7n)[(4m)2 + (4m)(7n) + (7n)°] = (4m - 7n)(16m2 + 28mn + 49n2) Question 11. Factorise 27x° +y? +z° -9xyz. Solution: We have, 27x3 + y° + 29 — Oxyz = (3x)° + (y) + (Z)° — 3(3x)(y)(Z) Using the identity,x9 + y9 + 23— 3xyz = (x + y + 2)(x? + y? + 2? — xy — yz —2x) We have, (3x)® + (y)® + (z)°— 3(3x)(y)(2) = (3x + y + z){(3x)5 + y® + 28 — (3x x y) — (y * 2) — (2 * 3x)] = (3x + y + z)(9x? + y2 + z?— 3xy — yz — 3zx) Question 12. Verify that x8 ty? +29 — Bxyz = (x + yz)O-y)? + (y —2)? +(Z-x)] Solution: RHS = HK HY + ZY —y)PHly — ZZ —x)9] = Ux ty + 2)[(x2 + y? — 2xy) + (y? + 22 - 2yz) + (22 + x? — 2zx)] = Ux ty + 2)(x2 + y? + y? + 2? + 22 + x? — 2xy — 2yz— 22x) =x ty + z)[2(x2 + y? + 22— xy —yz—zx)] 2x 4x (x+y + 2)(x2 + y? + 22 — xy - yz—zx) = Oty s 2)(e? + y? + 22 — xy ye 2x) = xi + y3 +23 — 3xyz = LHS. Hence, verified, Question 13. If x + y +z = 0, show that x? + y® +z? = 3 xyz, Solution: Since, x+y +z=0 =xty=-z(x+y)=(z)s = x8 + y3 + Bxy(x + y) =-23 3x8 + y3 + 3xy(-z} Sfex+y=-z] = x3 + y9— 3xyz = 23 2x8 + y+ 29 = Sxyz Hence, ifx + y +z=0, then x8 + 8 + 29 = Bxyz Question 14. Without actually calculating the cubes, find the value of each of the following (iC 12)° + (7) + (5) (li) (28)° + (15)? + (- 13) Solution: (i) We have, (-12)3 + (7)3 + (5)? Let x = 12, y=7 andz=5. Then, x+y +z=-12+7+5=0 We know that if x + y + z = 0, then, x? + y3+ 29 = 3xyz. + (12)8 + (7)8 + (6)? = 3[(-12)(7)(5)] = 3[-420] = -1260 (ii) We have, (28)? + (-15)3 + (-13)3 Let x = 28, y = -15 and z= -13, Then, x+y +z=28-15-13=0 We know that ifx + y #2 =0, then x? + y? + 23 = 3xyz + (28)8 + (-15)8 + (-43)° = 3(28)(-15)(-13) = 3(5460) = 16380 Question 15, Give possible expressions for the length and breadth of each of the following rectangles, in which their areas are given(i) Area 25a? - 35a + 12 (ii) Area 35y? + 13y - 12 Solution: Area of a rectangle = (Length) x (Breadth) (i) 25a? — 35a + 12 = 25a? — 20a — 15a + 12 = Sa(5a — 4) ~ 3(5a - 4) = (Sa—4)(5a— 3) Thus, the possible length and breadth are (Sa - 3) and (5a - 4). (ii) 35y** 13y -12 = 35y? + 28y — 15y -12 = Ty(5y + 4) - 3(5y + 4) = (5 y + 4)(7y — 3) Thus, the possible length and breadth are (7y - 3) and (Sy + 4), Question 16. What are the possible expressions for the dimensions of the cuboids whose volumes are given below? (i) Volume 3x? — 12x (ii) Volume 12ky? + 8ky — 20k Solution: Volume of a cuboid = (Length) x (Breadth) x (Height) (i) We have, 3x?— 12x = 3(x? — 4x) =3x(x-4) =. The possible dimensions of the cuboid are 3, x and (x — 4). (ii) We have, 12ky? + 8ky — 20k = A[Sky? + ky — 5k] = 4{k(3y? + 2y - 5)] =4xkx (3y?+ 2y—5) = 4k[3y? — 3y + 5y— 5] = Ak[3y(y — 1) + S(y~ 1)] = 4k[(3y + 5) x (y— 1)] = 4k x (By +5) x (y—1) Thus, the possible dimensions of the cuboid are 4k, (3y + 5) and (y -1).