NCERT Basics : Class 9

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE : 2.1 2. Write the coefficients of x2 in each of the
1. Which of the following expressions are following :
polynomials in one variable and which (i) 2 + x2 + x (ii) 2 – x2 + x3
are not? State reasons for your answer.  2
(iii) x +x (iv) 2x – 1
(i) 4x2 – 3x + 7 (ii) y2 + 2 2
2 Sol. (i) 2 + x2 + x
(iii) 3 t + t 2 (iv) y +
y Coefficient of x2 = 1

(v) x10 + y3 + t50 (ii) 2 – x2 + x3

Coefficient of x2 = –1
Sol. (i) 4x2 – 3x + 7
 2
This expression is a polynomial in one (iii) x +x
2
variable x because there is only one
Coefficient of x2 = /2
variable (x) in the expression.
(iv) 2x – 1
(ii) y2 + 2
Coefficient of x2 = 0
This expression is a polynomial in one
3. Give one example each of a binomial of
variable y because there is only one
degree 35, and of a monomial of degree
variable (y) in the expression.

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100.
(iii) 3 t + t 2 Sol. One example of a binomial of degree 35 is
The expression is not a polynomial 3x35 – 4.
because in the term 3 t , the exponent of One example of monomial of degree 100
1 is 5x100.
t is , which is not a whole number.
2 4. Write the degree of each of the following
2 polynomials :
(iv) y + = y + 2y–1
y (i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x (ii) 4 – y2
The expression is not a polynomial (iii) 5t – 7 (iv) 3
2 Sol. (i) 5x3 + 4x2 + 7x
because exponent of y is (–1) in term
y Term with the highest power of x = 5x3
which in not a whole number. Exponent of x in this term = 3
(v) x10 + y3 + t50  Degree of this polynomial = 3.
The expression is not a polynomial in one (ii) 4 – y2
variable, it is a polynomial in 3 variables Term with the highest power of y = –y2
x, y and t. Exponent of y in this term = 2
 Degree of this polynomial = 2

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(iii) 5t – 7 Sol. (i) p(y) = y2 – y + 1
Term with highest power of t = 5t.  p(0) = (0)2 – (0) + 1 = 1,
Exponent of t in this term = 1 p(1) = (1)2 – (1) + 1 = 1,
 Degree of this polynomial = 1 p(2) = (2)2 – (2) + 1 = 4 – 2 + 1 = 3.
(iv) 3 (ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 – t3
This is a constant which is non-zero p(0) = 2 + 0 + 2(0)2 – (0)3 = 2
 Degree of this polynomial = 0 p(1) = 2 + 1 + 2(1)2 – (1)3 = 2 + 1 + 2 – 1 = 4
5. Classify the following as linear, quadratic p(2) = 2 + 2 + 2(2)2 – (2)3 = 2 + 2 + 8 – 8 = 4
and cubic polynomials : (iii) p(x) = x3
(i) x2 + x (ii) x – x3 p(0) = (0)3 = 0
(iii) y + y2 + 4 (iv) 1 + x p(1) = (1)3 = 1
(v) 3t (vi) r2 p(2) = (2)3 = 8
(vii) 7x3 (iv) p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 1)
Sol. (i) Quadratic (ii) Cubic p(0) = (0 – 1) (0 + 1) = (–1)(1) = –1
(iii) Quadratic (iv) Linear p(1) = (1 – 1) (1 + 1) = 0(2) = 0
(v) Linear (vi) Quadratic p(2) = (2 – 1) (2 + 1) = (1)(3) = 3
(vii) Cubic 3. Verify whether the following are zeroes of
EXERCISE : 2.2 the polynomial, indicated against them.
1. Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 1
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
3
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+ 3 at
4
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 (ii) p(x) = 5x – , x =
5
(iii) x = 2
(iii) p(x) = x2 –1, x = 1, –1
Sol. Let f(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
(i) Value of f(x) at x = 0 = f(0)
(v) p(x) = x2, x = 0
= 5(0) – 4(0)2 + 3 = 3
m
(ii) Value of f(x) at x = –1 = f(–1) (vi) p(x) = x + m, x = –
= 5(–1) – 4(–1)2 + 3 = – 5 – 4 + 3 = – 6
1 2
(iii) Value of f(x) at x = 2 = f(2) (vii) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x = – ,
3 3
= 5(2) – 4(2)2 + 3
1
= 10 – 16 + 3 = –3 (viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2
2. Find p(0), p(1) and p(2) for each of the
1
following polynomials : Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
3
(i) p(y) = y2 – y + 1
 1  1
(ii) p(t) = 2 + t + 2t2 – t3 p  −  = 3 −  + 1 = −1 + 1 = 0
 3  3
(iii) p(x) = x3
1
(iv) p(x) = (x – 1) (x + 1) – is a zero of p(x).
3

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NCERT Basics : Class 9
4 1
(ii) p(x) = 5x – , x = (viii) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
5 2
4 4 1 1
p  = 5  –  = 4 –   0 p  = 2  + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2  0
5 5 2 2
4 1
 is not a zero of p(x)  is not a zero of p(x).
5 2
(iii) p(x) = x2 – 1, x = 1, –1 4. Find the zero of the polynomial in each of
p(1) = (1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 the following cases :
p(–1) = (–1)2 – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0 (i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = x – 5
 1, –1 are zeroes of p(x) (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5 (iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
(iv) p(x) = (x + 1)(x – 2), x = –1, 2 (v) p(x) = 3x (vi) p(x) = ax, a  0
p(–1) = (–1 + 1)(–1 – 2) = (0)(–3) = 0
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c  0, c, d are real
p(2) = (2 + 1)(2 – 2) = (3)(0) = 0
numbers.
 –1, 2 are zeroes of p(x)
Sol. (i) p(x) = x + 5
(v) p(x) = x2, x = 0
p(x) = 0
p(0) = 0
 x+5=0x=–5
 0 is a zero of p(x)
 –5 is zero of the polynomial p(x).
−m
(vi) p(x) = x = m, x = (ii) p(x) = x – 5

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p(x) = 0
 −m   −m 
p =   + m = –m + m = 0
    x–5=0

−m or x = 5
 is a zero of p(x).
 5 is zero of polynomial p(x).
1 2 (iii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(vii) p(x) = 3x2 – 1, x = − ,
3 3 p(x) = 0
 1   1  1
2
2x + 5 = 0
p−  = 3−  –1 = 3   –1
 3  3 3 5
2x = –5  x = –
2
= 1–1 = 0
5
 2   2 
2
4  – is zero of polynomial p(x).
p  = 3  – 1 = 3  – 1 2
 3  3 3
(iv) p(x) = 3x – 2
=4–1=30
p(x) = 0  3x – 2 = 0
1 2
So, – is a zero of p(x) and is not a 2
3 3 or x =
3
zero of p(x).
2
 is zero of polynomial p(x).
3

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(v) p(x) = 3x (iii) x
p(x) = 0  3x = 0 x=0
or x = 0 Remainder = p(0)
 0 is zero of polynomial p(x). = (0)3 + 3(0)2 + 3(0) + 1 = 1
(vi) p(x) = ax, a  0 (iv) x + 
 ax = 0 or x = 0 x+=0x=–
 0 is zero of p(x)  Remainder = p(–)
(vii) p(x) = cx + d, c  0, c, d are real numbers = (–)3 + 3 (–)2 + 3(–) + 1
cx + d = 0  cx = –d = –3 + 32 – 3 + 1
−d (v) 5 + 2x
x=
c
5 + 2x = 0  x = –5/2
−d
 is zero of polynomial p(x).  Remainder = p(–5/2)
c
3 2
EXERCISE : 2.3  −5   −5   −5 
=   + 3  + 3   + 1
1. Find the remainder when x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1  2   2   2 
is divided by : −125 75 15 27
= + − +1 = −
1 8 4 2 8
(i) x + 1 (ii) x –
2 2. Find the remainder when x3 – ax2 + 6x – a
(iii) x (iv) x +  is divided by x – a.
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(v) 5 + 2x Sol. Let p(x) = x3 – ax2 + 6x – a

Sol. (i) x + 1 x–a=0x=a
x+1=0  Remainder = (a)3 – a(a)2 + 6(a) – a
 x = –1 = a3 – a3 + 6a – a = 5a
 Remainder = p(–1) = (–1)3 + 3(–1)2 + 3(– 3. Check whether 7 + 3x is a factor of 3x3 +
1) + 1 = –1 + 3 – 3 + 1 = 0 7x.
1 Sol. 7 + 3x will be a factor of 3x3 + 7x only if 7
(ii) x–
2 + 3x divides 3x3 + 7x leaving 0 as
1 1 remainder.
x– =0x=
2 2
Let p(x) = 3x3 + 7x
1
 Remainder = p   7 + 3x = 0  3x = –7  x = –7/3
2
3 2
 Remainder
1 1 1 1 3 3
=   + 3   + 3  + 1 = + + + 1  7
3
 7  −343 49 −490
 2  2  2 8 4 2 3  −  + 7 −  = − = 0
 3  3 9 3 9
27
= so, 7 + 3x is not a factor of 3x3 + 7x.
8

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EXERCISE : 2.4 Sol. (i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 2x – 1, g(x) = x + 1.
1. Determine which of the following g(x) = 0  x + 1 = 0  x = –1
polynomials has (x + 1) a factor :
 Zero of g(x) is –1
(i) x3 + x2 + x + 1
Now, p(–1) = 2(–1)3 + (–1)2 – 2(–1) – 1
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1 = –2 + 1 + 2 – 1 = 0

(iv) x3 – x2 – (2 + 2 ) x + 2  By Factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x).

Sol. (i) x3 + x2 + x + 1 (ii) Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1,
Let p(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1 g(x) = x + 2
The zero of x + 1 is – 1 g(x) = 0  x + 2 = 0  x = –2
p(–1) = (–1)3 + (–1)2 + (–1) + 1
 Zero of g(x) is –2
= –1 + 1 – 1 + 1 = 0
Now, p(–2) = (–2)3 + 3(–2)2 + 3(–2) + 1
By Factor theorem x + 1 is a factor of p(x).
(ii) x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = – 8 + 12 – 6 + 1 = –1
Let p(x) = x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1  By Factor theorem, g(x) is not a factor of
The zero of x + 1 is –1 p(x)
p(–1) = (–1)4 + (–1)3 + (–1)2 + (–1) + 1 = 1  0 (iii) p(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6, g(x) = x – 3
By Factor theorem x + 1 is not a factor of g(x) = 0
p(x)
x–3=0x=3
(iii) x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
 Zero of g(x) = 3

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Let p(x) = x4 + 3x3 + 3x2 + x + 1
Zero of x + 1 is –1 Now p(3) = 33 – 4(3)2 + 3 + 6
p(–1) = (–1)4 + 3 (–1)3 + 3(–1)2 + (–1) + 1 = 27 – 36 + 3 + 6 = 0
=1–3+3–1+1=10  By Factor theorem, g(x) is a factor of p(x).
By Factor theorem x + 1 is not a factor of 3. Find the value of k, if x – 1 is a factor of
p(x)
p(x) in each of the following cases :
(iv) Let p(x) = x3– x2
– (2 + 2 )x + 2
(i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
zero of x + 1 is –1
(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + 2
p(–1) = (–1)3 – (–1)2 – (2 + 2 )(–1) + 2
= –1 –1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 2  0 (iii) p(x) = kx2 – 2 x + 1
By Factor theorem, x + 1 is not a factor of (iv) p(x) = kx2 – 3x + k
p(x). Sol. (i) p(x) = x2 + x + k
2. Use the factor theorem to determine If x – 1 is a factor of p(x), then p(1) = 0
whether g(x) is a factor of p(x) in each of  (1)2 + (1) + k = 0
the following cases :
 1+1+k=0
(i) p(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 2x – 1, g(x) = x + 1.
(ii) p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1, g(x) = x + 2.  2+k=0
(iii) p(x) = x3 – 4x2 + x + 6; g(x) = x – 3  k = –2

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(ii) p(x) = 2x2 + kx + 2 Sol. (i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
If (x – 1) is a factor of p(x) then p(1) = 0 Let p(x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
By trial, we find that
 2(1)2 + k(1) + 2 =0
p(1) = (1)3 – 2(1)2 – (1) + 2
 2+k+ 2 =0
=1–2–1+2=0
 k = – (2 + 2)  By Factor Theorem, (x – 1) is a factor of
(iii) p(x) = kx2 – 2 x + 1 p(x).
If (x – 1) is a factor of p(x) then p(1) = 0 Now, x3 – 2x2 – x + 2
k(1)2 – 2 (1) + 1 = 0 = x2(x – 1) – x (x – 1) – 2(x – 1)
= (x – 1) (x2 – x – 2)
 k– 2 +1=0
= (x – 1) (x2 – 2x + x – 2)
k= 2 –1 = (x – 1) {x (x – 2) + 1 (x – 2)}
(iv) p(x) = kx2 – 3x + k = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 1)
If (x–1) is a factor of p(x) then p(1) = 0 (ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
 k(1)2 – 3(1) + k = 0 Let p(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
2k = 3 By trial, we find that
k = 3/2 p(–1) = (–1)3 –3 (–1)2 –9(–1) – 5
4. Factorise : = –1 – 3 + 9 – 5 = 0
(i) 12x2 – 7x + 1 (ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3  By Factor Theorem, x = –1 or x + 1 is factor
(iii)6x2 + 5x – 6 (iv) 3x2 – x – 4 of p(x).
Sol. (i) 12x2 – 7x + 1 Now, x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5
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= 12x2 – 4x – 3x + 1 = x2 (x + 1) – 4x (x + 1) – 5 (x + 1)
= 4x(3x – 1) – 1(3x – 1) = (x + 1) (x2 – 4x – 5)
= (3x – 1) (4x – 1) = (x + 1) (x2 – 5x + x – 5)
(ii) 2x2 + 7x + 3 = (x + 1) {x (x – 5) + 1 (x – 5)}
= 2x2 + 6x + x + 3 = (x + 1)2 (x – 5)
= 2x (x + 3) + 1 (x + 3) (iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
= (x + 3) (2x + 1) Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
(iii) 6x2 + 5x – 6 = 6x2 + 9x – 4x –6 By trial, we find that
= 3x (2x + 3) –2(2x +3) p(–1) = (–1)3 + 13(–1)2 + 32 (–1) + 20
= (3x –2) (2x + 3) = –1 + 13 – 32 + 20 = 0
(iv) 3x2 – x – 4 = 3x2 – 4x + 3x – 4  By Factor Theorem, x = –1 or x + 1 is a
= x (3x – 4) + 1 (3x – 4) factor of p(x)
= (x + 1) (3x – 4) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
5. Factorise : = x2(x + 1) +12(x) (x +1) + 20 (x + 1)
(i) x3 – 2x2 – x + 2 = (x + 1) (x2 + 12x + 20)
(ii) x3 – 3x2 – 9x – 5 = (x + 1) (x2 + 2x + 10x + 20)
(iii) x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = (x + 1) {x (x + 2) + 10 (x + 2)}
(iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1 = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 10)

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(iv) 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1  2 3  2 3   3  3
  y + 2  y − 2  =  x + 2  x − 2 
p(y) = 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1      
By trial, we find that 9
= x2 –
p(1) = 2 (1)3 + (1)2 – 2(1) – 1 = 0 4
 By Factor Theorem, (y – 1) is a factor of [using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
p(y) = 2y3 + y2 – 2y – 1 Substituting x = y2, we get

= 2y2 (y – 1) + 3y (y – 1) + 1(y – 1) 9
= (y2)2 –
4
= (y – 1) (2y2 + 3y + 1)
9
= (y – 1) (2y2 + 2y + y + 1) = y4 –
4
= (y – 1) {2y (y + 1) + 1 (y + 1)}
(v) (3 – 2x) (3 + 2x)
= (y – 1) (2y + 1) (y + 1)
(3)2 – (2x)2 = 9 – 4x2
EXERCISE : 2.5
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
1. Use suitable identities to find the
2. Evaluate the following products without
following products :
multiplying directly:
(i) (x + 4) (x + 10)
(i) 103 × 107 (ii) 95 × 96
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
(iii) 104 × 96
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
Sol. (i) 103 × 107 = (100 + 3) × (100 + 7)
 3  3
(iv)  y 2 +  y 2 −  = (100)2 + (3 + 7) (100) + (3) (7)
2  2

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
= 10000 + 1000 + 21 = 11021
(v) (3 – 2x) (3 + 2x)
Alternate solution:
Sol. (i) (x + 4) (x + 10)
103 × 107 = (105 – 2) × (105 + 2)
= x2 + (4 + 10) x + (4) (10)
= (105)2 – (2)2 = (100 + 5)2 – 4
= x2 + 14x + 40
= (100)2 + 2(100) (5) + (5)2 – 4
(ii) (x + 8) (x – 10)
= 10000 + 1000 + 25 – 4
= (x + 8) {x + (–10)}
= 11021.
= x2 + {8 + (–10)}x + 8(–10)
(ii) 95 × 96
= x2 – 2x – 80
= (90 + 5) × (90 + 6)
(iii) (3x + 4) (3x – 5)
= (90)2 + (5 + 6) 90 + (5) (6)
= (3x + 4) (3x – 5) = (3x + 4) (3x + (–5))
= 8100 + 990 + 30 = 9120
= (3x)2 + {4 + (–5)} (3x) + 4 (–5)
(iii) 104 × 96
= 9x2 – 3x – 20
= (100 + 4) × (100 – 4)
 3  3 [using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
(iv)  y 2 +  y 2 − 
 2  2
= (100)2 – (4)2 = 10000 – 16
Let, y2 = x
= 9984

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3. Factorise the following using appropriate (iv) (3a – 7b – c)2 = (3a – 7b – c)(3a – 7b – c)
identities : = (3a)2 + (–7b)2 + (–c)2 + 2(3a)(–7b) +
(i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2 2(3a)(–c) +2(–7b)(–c)
(ii) 4y2 – 4y + 1
= 9a2 + 49b2 + c2 – 42ab – 6ac + 14bc
2
y
(iii) x2 – (v) (–2x + 5y – 3z)2
100
= (–2x + 5y – 3z)(–2x + 5y – 3z)
Sol. (i) 9x2 + 6xy + y2
= (3x)2 + 2(3x)(y) + (y)2 = (–2x)2 + (5y)2 + (–3z)2 + 2(–2x)(5y) +
= (3x + y)2 2(–2x)(–3z) + 2(–3z)(5y)
= (3x + y) (3x + y) = 4x2 + 25y2 + 9z2 – 20xy + 12xz – 30yz
(ii) 4y2 – 4y + 1 2
1 1 
= (2y)2 – 2 (2y)(1) + (1)2 (vi)  4 a − 2 b + 1
 
= (2y – 1)2 = (2y – 1)(2y – 1)
1 1  1 1 
y2 =  a − b + 1  a − b + 1 
(iii) x –
2 4 2  4 2 
100
2 2
[using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2] 1   1   1  1 
=  a  +  − b  + (1)2 + 2 a  − b 
2 4   2   4  2 
 y   y  y 
x2 – 10  =  x + 10  x − 10  1   1 
     + 2  a (1)2 + 2 − b (1)
4. Expand each of the following using 4   2 
suitable identities : 1 2 1 2 1 1
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= a + b + 1 − ab − b + a
(i) (x + 2y + 4z)2 (ii) (2x – y + z)2 16 4 4 2
(iii)(– 2x + 3y + 2z)2 (iv) (3a – 7b – c)2 5. Factorise :
(v) (– 2x + 5y – 3z)2 (i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz
2
1 1  (ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 – 2 2 xy + 4 2 yz – 8xz
(vi)  a − b + 1 
4 2  Sol. (i) 4x2 + 9y2 + 16z2 + 12xy – 24yz – 16xz
Sol. (i) (x + 2y + =4z)2 + (x)2
+ (2y)2 (4z)2 +
= (2x)2 + (3y)2 + (–4z)2 + 2(2x)(3y) +
2(x)(2y) + 2(2y)(4z) + 2(4z)(x)
2(3y)(–4z) + 2(–4z)(2x)
= x2 + 4y2 + 16z2 + 4xy + 16yz + 8zx
(ii) (2x – y + z)2 = {2x + 3y + (–4z)}2 = (2x + 3y – 4z)2
= (2x – y + z)(2x – y + z) = (2x + 3y –4z) (2x + 3y – 4z)
= (2x)2 + (–y)2 + (z)2 + 2 (2x)(–y) + 2(– (ii) 2x2 + y2 + 8z2 –2 2 xy + 4 2 yz – 8xz
y)(z) + 2(z)(2x)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
= − 2x + y 2 + 2 2z + 2 − 2x y +
= 4x2 + y2 + z2 – 4xy – 2yz + 4zx
(iii) (–2x + 3y + 2z)2 2y ( 2 2z ) +2 ( 2 2z )( − 2x )
= (–2x)2 + (3y)2 + (2z)2 + 2(–2x)(3y) +
( )
2
2(–2x)(2z) + 2(3y)(2z) = − 2x + y + 2 2z
= 4x2 + 9y2 + 4z2 –12xy – 8xz + 12yz

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NCERT Basics : Class 9
6. Write the following cubes in expanded (ii) (102)3 = (100 + 2)3
form : = (100)3 + (2)3 + 3(100) (2) (100 + 2)
(i) (2x + 1)3 (ii) (2a – 3b)3 = 1000000 + 8 + 600 (100 + 2)
3 3 = 1000000 + 8 + 60000 + 1200
3   2 
(iii)  x + 1  (iv)  x − y  = 1061208
2   3 
(iii) (998)3 = (1000–2)3
Sol. (i) (2x + 1)3 = (2x)3 + (1)3 + 3(2x)(1)(2x + 1)
= (1000)3 – (2)3 – 3 (1000)(2)(1000–2)
= 8x3 + 1 + 6x(2x + 1)
= 1000000000 – 8 – 6000 (1000–2)
= 8x3 + 1 + 12x2 + 6x
= 994011992
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1
8. Factorise each of the following :
(ii) (2a – 3b)3 = (2a)3 – (3b)3 – 3(2a)(3b) (2a–3b) (i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 18ab (2a – 3b) (ii) 8a3 – b3 – 12a2b + 6ab2
= 8a3 – 27b3 – 36a2b + 54ab2 (iii) 27 – 125a3 – 135 a + 225 a2
3 3
(iv) 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 108ab2
(iii)  3 x + 1  =  3 x  + (1)3 + 3 3 x (1) 3 x + 1 
2  2  2  2  1 9 2 1
(v) 27p3 – – p + p
27 3 27 9 216 2 4
= x + 1 + x2 + x
8 4 2 Sol. (i) 8a3 + b3 + 12a2b + 6ab2
27 3 27 2 9 = (2a)3 + (b)3 + 3(2a)(b)(2a + b)
= x + x + x +1

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8 4 2 = (2a + b)3 = (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b)
3 3
(ii) 8a3 – b3 –12a2b + 6ab2
(iv)  x − 2 y  = x3 −  2 y  − 3x  2 y  2 
 x − y 
 3  3   3  3  = (2a)3 + (–b)3 + 3(2a)2 (–b) + 3(2a)(–b)2
8 3  2  = (2a – b)3
= x3 – y − 2xy  x − y 
27  3  (iii) 27 – 125a3 – 135a + 225a2
8 3 4 = 33 – (5a)3 – 3 (3)(5a)(3–5a)
= x3 – y − 2x2y + xy 2
27 3 = (3 – 5a)3
7. Evaluate the following using suitable (iv) 64a3 – 27b3 – 144a2b + 180ab2
identities : = (4a)3 – (3b)3 – 3(4a) (3b)(4a – 3b)
(i) (99)3 (ii) (102)3 = (4a – 3b)3

(iii) (998)3 1 9 2 1
(v) 27p3 – – p +
216 2 4p
Sol. (i) (99)3 = (100 – 1)3
3
= (100)3 – (1)3 – 3(100)(1)(100 – 1) 1  1  1
= (3p)3 –   − 3(3p)  3p − 
6  6  6
= 1000000 – 1 – 300(100 – 1)
3
= 1000000 – 1 – 30000 + 300  1  1  1  1
=  3p −  =  3p −  3p −  3p − 
 6  6  6  6
= 970299

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 Mathematics
9. Verify : 1
Sol. (x + y + z) [(x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2]
(i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) 2

(ii) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2) 1

= (x + y + z) [(x2 – 2xy + y2) + (y2 – 2yz
2
Sol. (i) (x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
+ z2) + (z2 – 2zx + x2)]
 x3 + y3 = (x + y)3 – 3xy(x + y)
1
x3 + y3 = (x + y) {(x + y)2 – 3xy} = (x + y + z) (2x2 + 2y2 + 2z2 – 2xy – 2yz – 2zx)
2
 x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 + 2xy + y2 – 3xy) 1
= (x + y + z) 2(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
 x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) 2

(ii) (x – y)3 = x3 – y3 – 3xy (x – y) 1

= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
2
 x3 – y3 = (x – y)3 + 3xy (x – y)
= x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
 x3 – y3 = (x – y) [(x – y)2 + 3xy]
13. If x + y + z = 0, show that x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
 x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 – 2xy + 3xy)
Sol. We know
 x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + y2 + xy) x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
10. Factorise each of the following : = (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
(i) 27y3 + 125z3 Given : x + y + z = 0
(ii) 64m3 – 343n3 = (0) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx) = 0
Sol. (i) 27y3 + 125 z3 = (3y)3 + (5z)3 or x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
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= (3y + 5z) {(3y)2 – (3y)(5z) + (5z)2} 14. Without actually calculating the cubes,
= (3y + 5z) (9y2 – 15yz + 25z2) find the value of each of the following :
(ii) 64m3 – 343n3 (i) (–12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3

= (4m)3 – (7n)3 (ii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (–13)3

Sol. (i) (–12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
= (4m – 7n) {16m2 + 4m.7n + (7n)2}
–12 + 7 + 5 = 0
= (4m – 7n) (16m2 + 28mn + 49n2)
(–12)3 + (7)3 + (5)3
11. Factorise : 27x3 + y3 + z3 – 9xyz
= 3(–12) (7) (5) = –1260
Sol. 27x3 + y3 + z3 – 9xyz
[using identity]
= (3x)3 + (y)3 + (z)3 – 3(3x) (y)(z)
if a + b + c = 0  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
= (3x + y + z) ((3x)2 + (y)2 + (z)2 – (3x) –
(ii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (–13)3
(y) (z) – (z)(3x))
28 – 15 – 13 = 0
= (3x + y + z)(9x2 + y2 + z2 – 3xy – yz – 3zx)
(28)3 + (–15)3 + (–13)3
1 = 3(28) (–15)(–13) = 16380
12. Verify that x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)
2
[using identity]
[(x – y)2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2]
if a + b + c = 0  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

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NCERT Basics : Class 9
15. Give possible expressions for the length 16. What are the possible expressions for the
and breadth of each of the following dimensions of the cuboids whose
rectangles, in which their areas are given : volumes are given below?
(i) Area = 25a2 – 35a + 12 (i) Volume:3x2 − 12x
(ii) Area = 35y2 + 13y − 12 (ii) Volume:12ky2 + 8xy − 20k
Sol. (i) Area = 25a2 – 35a + 12 Sol. (i) Volume = 3x2 – 12x
= 25a2 – 20a – 15a + 12 = 3x(x – 4) = 3 × x × (x – 4)
= 5a(5a – 4) – 3(5a – 4)  Dimensions are 3 units, x-units and
 = (5a – 3)(5a – 4) (x – 4) units
Here, Length = 5a – 3, Breadth = 5a – 4
(ii) 12ky2 + 8ky – 20k
(ii) 35y2 + 13y – 12
= 4k(3y2 + 2y – 5) = 4k(3y2 + 5y – 3y – 5)
= 35y2 + 28y – 15y – 12
= 4k{y(3y + 5) –1(3y + 5)}
= 7y(5y + 4) – 3(5y + 4)
= 4k(3y + 5)(y – 1)
= (5y + 4)(7y – 3)
Here, Length = 5y + 4, Breadth = 7y – 3.  Dimensions of cuboid are 4k, 3y + 5, y –1

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