Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

CSM_SSR_TG_E_9_11

Introduction

Sensors
What Is a Solid State Relay?
A Solid State Relay (SSR) is a relay that does not have a moving contact. In terms of operation, SSRs are not very different from
mechanical relays that have moving contacts. SSRs, however, employ semiconductor switching elements, such as thyristors,
triacs, diodes, and transistors.

Switches
Mechanical Relays
These relays transfer signals with Features
mechanical motion.
Mechanical relays have contacts
Motion is transferred.

Safety Components
and use electromagnetic force to
mechanically open and close the
Output contacts to turn ON/OFF signals,
Input
currents, or voltages.

Electromagnetic Switch
Relays

section section

Relays
Solid State Relays (SSRs)
These relays transfer signals with Features
electronic circuits.
Signal is transferred (operation is transferred). SSRs do not have the mechanical

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* Photocoupler or other device moving parts that mechanical
relays with contacts do. Instead
they consist of semiconductors
Output
Input

and electronic parts.

SSRs turn ON/OFF signals,
Electromagnetic Switch section currents, or voltages electronically
section Semiconductor switch
⇒ Input circuit (thyristor or other device) by the operation of these
electronic circuits.

* For details on mechanical relays, refer to the Technical Explanation for General-purpose Relays.

Structure and Operating Principle

SSRs use electronic circuits to transfer a signal.

Motion / Drives
1. The input device (switch) is turned ON.
Isolated input
Illustration of SSR Structure circuits Output circuits 2. Current flows to the input circuits, the
ON
photocoupler operates, and an electric

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Energy Conservation Support /
Isolated input circuits
signal is transferred to the trigger
circuit in the output circuits.
3. The switching element in the output
Electrical isolation

Output circuits
Input circuits

Drive circuit

circuit turns ON.

Input Output
terminals terminals
Power Supplies /

Isolated input
In Addition

circuits Output circuits

ON

4. When the switching element turns ON,

load current flows and the lamp turns
SSR Components (Example) ON.
Resistor LED Photocoupler Capacitor
Others

Isolated input 5. The input device (switch) is turned OFF.

Power transistor (for DC loads) circuits Output circuits
Power MOS FET (for AC or DC loads) OFF
Thyristor (for AC loads)
6. When the photocoupler turns OFF, the
Triac (for AC loads) trigger circuit in the output circuits
turns OFF, which turns OFF the
switching element.
Common

7. When the switching element turns

OFF, the lamp turns OFF.

1
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Features

Sensors
SSRs are relays that use semiconductor switching elements. They use optical semiconductors called photocouplers to isolate input
and output signals.
The photocouplers change electric signals into optical signals and relay the signals through space, thus fully isolating the input and
output sections while relaying the signals at high speed.
Also, SSRs consist of electronic components with no mechanical contacts. Therefore, SSRs have a variety of features that
mechanical relays do not incorporate.

Switches
The greatest feature of SSRs is that SSRs do not use switching contacts that will physically wear out.
Mechanical Relays (General-purpose Relays) Solid State Relays (SSRs)
Example of an Electromagnetic Relay (EMR) Representative Example of Switching for AC Loads
An EMR generates electromagnetic force when the input

Safety Components
Triac
voltage is applied to the coil. The electromagnetic force
moves the armature. The armature switches the contacts in
synchronization.
Input Output
Light

Phototriac coupler
Input Output
Contact

Relays
Isolated input circuits
Electro- Coil
magnetic
force

Electrical isolation

Output circuit
Drive circuit
Input circuit
Input Output

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Armature terminals terminals
Release spring

Moving
Coil contact
SSR Components (Example)
Resistor LED Photocoupler Capacitor
Core

Power transistor (for DC loads)

Coil terminals Fixed NO Fixed NC Power MOS FET (for AC or DC loads)
Thyristor (for AC loads)
contact contact Triac (for AC loads)

Motion / Drives
Input Terminals Output Terminals

General-purpose Relay Solid State Relay (SSR)

Enable high-speed and high-frequency switching.

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Energy Conservation Support /
Compact
Unlimited number of switching operations.
More compact than an SSR when the same load capacity is
Consist of semiconductors, so there is no contact erosion
controlled.
caused by switching.
Features
Enable downsizing of multi-pole relays.
Zero cross function.
No operation noise.
Etc.
Etc.
Power Supplies /

Limited number of switching operations. Heat dissipation measures are necessary.

In Addition

This is because mechanical switching results in contact This is due to the greater self heat generation that results
Precautions erosion. from semiconductor loss compared with electromagnetic
relays (General-purpose Relays).
Etc. Etc.
Electrical Durability Curves Derating Curves
Example: MY2 (Reference Information)
Example: G3PE Example: G3NA
Resistive Load Inductive load (Reference Information) (Reference Information)
Others

30 6
Load current (A)
Number of operations (×104)

Load current (A)

Number of operations (×104)

25 5
500 500 G3PE-225B (L) With the standard heat sink
G3PE-525B (L) (Y92B-A100 or Y92B-N50)
110-VAC resistive load 110-VAC inductive load 20 4 or an aluminum plate measuring
Selection points 220-VAC resistive load
cosφ = 0.4
75 × 75 × 3.2 mm (W×H×t)
100 100 15 3
220-VAC inductive load
G3PE-215B (L) No heat sink
cosφ = 0.4
50 50 G3PE-515B (L)
10 2
24-VDC inductive load
Common

24-VDC resistive load L/R = 7 ms 7 1.5

1
10 10
0 0
−30 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100 −30 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 Ambient temperature (°C) Ambient temperature (°C)
Contact current (A) Contact current (A)

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 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Types of SSRs

Sensors
OMRON classifies the SSRs according to type, as shown in the following table.
Load
Type Points Typical Relays
current

The integrated heat sink enables a slim

Switches
SSRs integrated 150 A or
design. These relays are mainly installed G3PJ, G3PA, G3PE, G3PH etc.
with heat sinks lower
in control panels.

Safety Components
Separate installation of heat sinks allows
SSRs with the customers to select heat sinks to
separate heat 90 A or lower match the housings of the devices they G3NA, G3NE, etc.
sinks use. These relays are mainly built into the
devices.

These relays have the same shape as

plug-in relays and the same sockets can

Relays
Relays with the be used. They are usually built into G3F(D), G3H(D), G3R-I/O, G3RZ,
3 A or lower
same shapes control panels and used for I/O G3TA, G3RV-ST
applications for programmable
controllers and other devices.

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SSRs with terminal structure for
mounting to PCBs.
PCB-mounted
3 A or lower The product lineup also includes power G3S, G3DZ, etc.
SSRs
MOS FET relays, which are mainly used
for signal switching and connections.

Motion / Drives
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 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Control Methods

Sensors
ON/OFF Control Optimum Cycle Control
ON/OFF control is a form of control in which a heater is turned The basic principle used for optimum cycle control is zero
ON and OFF by turning an SSR ON and OFF in response to cross control, which determines the ON/OFF status each half
voltage output signals from a temperature controller. The cycle. A waveform that accurately matches the average
same kind of control is also possible with an electromagnetic output time is output.

Switches
relay, but an SSR must be used to control the heater if it is The accuracy of the zero cross function is the same as for
turned ON and OFF at intervals of a few seconds over a conventionally zero cross control. With conventional zero
period of several years. cross control, however, the output remains ON continuously
for a specific period of time, whereas with optimum cycle

Safety Components
control, the ON/OFF status is determined each cycle to
improve output accuracy.

ON/OFF status determined each half cycle.

ON OFF
2s

Relays
SSR +
Temperature Voltage output EJ1 RS-485 G3ZA
SSR Power
Controller (PLC) communications
Controller

Low-cost, noiseless operation Many heaters can be control using communications.

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without maintenance is possible. Noise-less operation with high-speed response is possible.

Phase Control (Single Phase) Cycle Control

With phase control, the output is changed every half-cycle in With cycle control (with the G32A-EA), output voltage is
response to the current output signals in the range 4 to 20 mA turned ON/OFF at a fixed interval of 0.2s. Control is performed
from a temperature controller. Using this form of control, high- in response to current output from a temperature controller in
precision temperature control is possible, and is used widely the range 4 to 20 mA.
with semiconductor equipment.

Motion / Drives
OFF ON ON OFF

Half a cycle 0.2 s

Temperature Current output Power Temperature Current output

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
SSR + Cycle
Controller Controller Controller Control Unit

Precise temperature control is possible. Noiseless operation with

The heater’s service life is increased. high-speed response is possible. Power Supplies /

Precautions for Cycle Control

In Addition

With cycle control, an inrush current flows five times every second (because the control cycle is 0.2 s).
With a transformer load, the following problems may occur due to the large inrush current (approximately 10 times the rated
current), and controlling the power at the transformer primary side may not be possible.
(1) The SSR may be destroyed if there is not sufficient leeway in the SSR rating.
(2) The breaker on the load circuit may be tripped.
Others
Common

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 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Explanation of Terms
Circuit functions

Sensors
Photocoupler
Snubber circuit
Phototriac coupler
A circuit that consists of a resistor R and capacitor C , and is
An element that transfers the input signal while isolating the
used to prevent faulty ignition of an SSR triac by suppressing
input and output.
a sudden rise in the voltage applied to the triac.
Trigger circuit

Switches
A circuit that controls a triac trigger signal, which turns the
load current ON and OFF.
Zero Cross Circuit or Zero Cross Function
A circuit which starts operation with the AC load voltage at close to zero-phase.

Safety Components
Output
(load voltage)

ON
Input

Relays
OFF

The zero cross function turns ON the SSR when the AC load voltage is close to 0 V, thereby suppressing the noise generated by
the load current when the load current rises quickly.

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The generated noise will be partly imposed on the power line and the rest will be released in the air. The zero cross function
effectively suppresses both noise paths.

Without the zero cross function With the zero cross function
Voltage drops due to sudden change in
current and noise is generated.
Power Power
supply supply
voltage Radiated noise voltage

Load Load
current current

ON ON
SSR SSR
input input

Motion / Drives
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Power Supplies /
In Addition
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Common

5
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Input

Sensors
Rated voltage Input impedance
The voltage that serves as the standard value for an input The impedance of the input circuit and the resistance of
signal voltage. current-limiting resistors used.
In SSRs, which have a wide range of input voltages, the input
Operating voltage impedance varies with the input voltage, and that causes the

Switches
The permissible voltage range within which an input signal input current to change.
voltage may fluctuate. Applicable Input Impedance (Typical Examples)
G3F and G3H (without Indicators)
Must Operate Voltage 100

Input impedance (kΩ)

The minimum input voltage when the output status changes

Safety Components
70

Input current (mA)

from OFF to ON. 50

Must Release Voltage 30

Input current
The maximum input voltage when the output status changes
from ON to OFF. 10

Input current 7
5
The current that flows through the SSR when the rated

Relays
voltage is applied. 3

Input impedance

1 3 5 7 10 30 50 70 100

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Input voltage (V)

Output

Load voltage Output ON voltage drop

The effective power supply voltage at which the load can be The effective value of the AC voltage across the output
switched and the SSR can be continuously used when the terminals when the maximum load current flows through the
SSR is OFF. SSR under specified cooling conditions (such as the size,
materials, and thickness of heat sink, and the ambient
Maximum load current temperature radiation conditions).
The effective value of the maximum current that can

Motion / Drives
continuously flow into the output terminals under specified Minimum load current
cooling conditions (such as the size, materials, and thickness The minimum load current at which the SSR can operate
of the heat sink, and the ambient temperature radiating normally.
conditions).

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Leakage current
The effective value of the current that flows across the output
terminals when a specified load voltage is applied to the SSR
with output turned OFF.
Switching element Snubber circuit
Power Supplies /
In Addition
Trigger circuit
Input circuit

Varistor

Leakage
OFF
current 200 VAC
Others
Common

6
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Characteristics

Sensors
Operate time Dielectric strength
A time lag between the moment a specified signal voltage is The effective AC voltage that the SSR can withstand when it
applied to the input terminals and the output is turned ON. is applied between the input terminals and output terminals or
between the I/O terminals and metal housing (heat sink) for
Release time more than 1 minute.

Switches
A time lag between the moment the applied signal voltage is
turned OFF and the output is turned OFF. Ambient operating temperature and humidity
The ranges of temperature and humidity in which the SSR can
Insulation resistance operate normally under specified cooling, input/output
The resistance between the input and output terminals or

Safety Components
voltage, and current conditions.
between the I/O terminals and metal housing (heat sink) when
a DC voltage is applied. Storage temperature
The temperature range in which the SSR can be stored
without voltage imposition.

Others

Relays
Surge withstand current Bleeder resistance
The maximum non-repeat current (approx. 1 or 2 repetitions The resistance connected in parallel to the load in order to
per day) that can flow in the SSR. Expressed using the peak increase apparently small load currents, so that the ON/OFF

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value at the commercial frequency in one cycle. of minute currents functions normally.
* This value was conventianally expressed as the "withstand inrush current",
but has been changed to "surge withstand current" because the former term Bleeder resistance
was easily mistaken for inrush current of loads.

Counter-electromotive Force
A voltage that rises very steeply when the load is turned ON Load
or OFF.

Motion / Drives
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Power Supplies /
In Addition
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Common

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 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Further Information
SSR Internal Circuit Configuration Examples

Sensors
Load Zero cross
Isolation Circuit configuration Models
specifications function

Photocoupler

Zero cross

Trigger
Input Triac

circuit
Yes Photocoupler Input Snubber Output G3NA (AC input)

circuit
terminals circuit circuit terminals

Switches
Phototriac coupler

Trigger
circuit
No Phototriac Input Input Triac Snubber Output G3TA-OA
terminals circuit circuit terminals

Safety Components
G3PA-VD(-X)
Phototriac coupler G3PE-2@@B (single phase)

Zero cross
G3NA (DC input)

Trigger
Triac

circuit
Yes Phototriac Input Input Snubber Output
G3NE

circuit
terminals circuit circuit terminals
G3F
G3H

Phototriac coupler Triac/Thyristor module

Zero cross

Trigger
circuit
Snubber Output

circuit

Relays
circuit terminals
Input circuit

Yes Phototriac Input G3PE-2(N) (three phases)

terminals
Phototriac coupler Triac/Thyristor module
Zero cross

Trigger
AC load
circuit
Snubber Output
circuit

circuit terminals

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Triac/
Phototriac coupler Thyristor module
Zero cross

Trigger
circuit

Snubber Output
circuit

circuit terminals

Triac/
Thyristor module
Input circuit

Phototriac coupler
Zero cross

Trigger

Yes Phototriac Input G3PE-3(N) (three phases)

circuit

Snubber Output
terminals
circuit

circuit terminals

Triac/
Phototriac coupler Thyristor module
Zero cross

Trigger
circuit

Snubber Output
circuit

circuit terminals

Motion / Drives
Thyristor
Photocoupler module G3PE-5@@@B (single phase)
G3NA-4@@B-UTU
Zero cross

Trigger

Yes Photocoupler
circuit

Input Input Snubber Output G3PH

circuit

terminals circuit circuit terminals

G3PA-4@@B

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Photocoupler
Counter
G3FD, G3HD-X03
circuit

Photocoupler Input Output G3TA-OD

Drive

Input Output electromotive

force
terminals circuit transistor terminals
protective
diode G3NA-D

DC load --- Photovoltaic coupler

Photovoltaic
circuit

Output G3HD-202SN
Drive

Input Input
coupler terminals circuit Varistor terminals
Power Supplies /
In Addition

Photovoltaic coupler

Photovoltaic
Output
circuit

Output
circuit

AC/DC load No G3FM

Drive

Input Input Varistor terminals

coupler terminals circuit
Others
Common

8
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Internal Circuit Configuration Examples of SSRs for PCBs

Sensors
Load Zero cross
Isolation Circuit configuration Models
specifications function

Photocoupler

Zero cross

Trigger
Triac
Yes Photocoupler G3CN, G3TB-OA

circuit
Input Input Snubber Output

circuit
terminals circuit circuit terminals

Switches
AC load
Phototriac coupler

Trigger
No Phototriac Triac G3R, G3S, G3M, and G3CN

circuit
Input Input Snubber Output
terminals circuit circuit terminals

Safety Components
Phototriac coupler
Counter
G3SD, G3CN-D, G3RD, G3TB-OD,

circuit
DC load --- Photocoupler

Drive
Input Input Output electromotive Output
terminals circuit transistor
force
protective terminals G3R-ID, and G3R-OD
diode

MOS FET
Photovoltaic coupler
AC/DC Photovoltaic
No G3DZ, G3RZ

circuit
Drive
load coupler Input Input Output
terminals circuit terminals

Relays
Note: The above circuit configurations are examples. Circuit configurations will vary depending on the model of the SSR.

SSRs for PCBs Classified by Application and Applicable Loads

Control Components Automation Systems

1. Classification by Application
Application Recommended SSRs (Examples)

Interface
These SSRs are suitable for applications in which control outputs
from programmable controllers, positioning controllers, and other
devices are transferred to actuators while providing isolation.
In particular, the G3DZ uses a MOS FET as the output element,
which means it has a low leakage current and it can be used in
either an AC or DC circuit. G3DZ G3S

Office Automation, Home Automation, and Entertainment

These SSRs are suitable for applications that require frequent
switching, noiseless operation, and greater resistance to vibration,
shock, dust, or gas than the resistance provided by mechanical
relays.

Motion / Drives
G3CN G3DZ

2. Applicable Load Examples

Maximum Load types
Load
Models load Single-phase Three-phase Remarks
voltage Heater Lamp load Valve Transformer *
current motor motor

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
110 VAC G3CN-202@ 2A 1.6 A --- --- 1A 1A 100 W
G3S-201@ 1A 0.8 A 15 W 50 W 0.5 A 0.5 A 100 W
220 VAC
G3CN-202@ 2A 1.6 A 35 W 100 W 1A 1A 200 W
24 VDC G3SD-Z01@ 1A 0.8 A --- --- 0.5 A 0.5 A ---
G3CN-DX02@ 2A 1.6 A --- --- 1A 1A ---
48 VDC
G3CN-DX03@ 3A 2.4 A --- --- 1.5 A 1.5 A ---
Power Supplies /

5 to 240 VAC
In Addition

G3DZ-2R6PL 0.6 A --- --- --- 0.5 A 0.5 A 60 W

5 to 110 VDC
* If the load is a transformer, do not exceed half of the normal startup power.
Note: The maximum load current of an SSR is determined by assuming that a single SSR is mounted alone and connected to a resistive load.
In actual application conditions, power supply voltage fluctuations, control panel space, and other factors can produce conditions that are
more severe than those used for the testing levels.
To allow sufficient leeway for this, using values that are 20% to 30% less than the rated values is recommended.
For inductive loads, such as transformers and motors, even greater leeway is required since inrush currents occur.
Others
Common

9
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Application Circuit Examples

Sensors
1. Connection to Sensor 5. ON/OFF Control of Three-phase Inductive Motor
The SSR can be connected directly to a proximity sensor or Motor
photoelectric sensor.

Load power supply

(Brown)
Load Input signal
Three-
source

Switches
phase
power
Sensor (Black) supply
(Blue)

2. Switching Control of Incandescent Lamp

Safety Components
Load power supply
Incandescent 6. Forward and Reverse Operation of Three-phase Motor
Input lamp
signal Make sure that signals input into the SSR Units are proper if
source the SSR Units are applied to the forward and reverse
operation of a threephase motor. If SW1 and SW2 as shown
in the following circuit diagram are switched over
3. Temperature Control of Electric Furnace simultaneously, a phase short-circuit will result on the load

Relays
side, which may damage the output elements of the SSR
Load power supply

Units. This is because the SSR has a triac as the output

Input signal Load
heater element and the triac is ON until the load current becomes
source and
Temperature zero regardless of the absence of input signals into the SSR.
Therefore, make sure that there is a time lag of 30 ms or more

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Controller
to switch SW1 and SW2.
4. Forward and Reverse Operation of Single-phase Motor The SSR may be damaged due to phase short-circuiting if the
SSR malfunctions with noise in the input circuit of the SSR. To
*
Motor protect the SSR from phase short-circuiting damage, the
protective resistance R may be inserted into the circuit.
The value of the protective resistance R must be determined
Load power supply

according to the surge withstand current of the SSR.

For example, the G3NA-220B-UTU withstands an surge
current of 220 A. The value of the protective resistance R is
obtained from the following formula:
R > 220 V x 2 /200 A = 1.4 Ω
Considering the circuit current and ON time, insert the

Motion / Drives
Note: 1. The voltage between the load terminals of either SSR 1 protective resistance into the side that reduces the current
or SSR 2 turned OFF is approximately twice as high as
consumption.
the supply voltage due to LC coupling. Be sure to apply
an SSR model with a rated output voltage of at least twice Obtain the consumption power of the resistance from the
the supply voltage. following formula:
For example, if forward/reverse operation is to be
P = I2R x Safety factor

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
performed on a single-phase inductive motor with a
supply voltage of 100 VAC, the SSR must have an output (I = Load current, R = Protective resistance, Safety factor = 3 to 5)
voltage of 200 VAC or higher.
2. Make sure that there is a time lag of 30 ms or more to
switch over SW1 and SW2.
* Resistor to limit advanced phase capacitor discharge current. To
select a suitable resistor, consult with the manufacturer of the
motor.
Power Supplies /
In Addition
Others
Common

10
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

7. Transformer Tap Selection

SSRs can be used to switch between transformer taps. In this

Sensors
case, however, be aware of voltage induced on the OFF-side
SSR.
The induced voltage increases in proportion to the number of
turns of the winding that is almost equivalent to the tap
voltage.

Switches
See the following example. The power supply voltage is at
200 V, N1 is 100, N2 is 100, and SSR2 is ON. Then the
difference in voltage between output terminals of SSR1 is at
400 V (i.e., twice as high as the power supply voltage).

Safety Components
SSR1

N1

SSR2 Load heater

N2

Relays
8. Inrush Currents to Transformer Loads
The inrush current from a transformer load will reach its peak For applicable SSRs based on the DC resistance of the
when the secondary side of the transformer is open, when no primary side of the transformer, refer to the tables below.
mutual reactance will work. It will take half a cycle of the power These tables list SSRs with corresponding surge withstand

Control Components Automation Systems

supply frequency for the inrush current to reach its peak, the current conditions. When you use SSRs in actual applications,
measurement of which without an oscilloscope will be difficult. however, check the steady-state currents of the transformers
The inrush current can be, however, estimated by measuring satisfy the rated current requirement of each SSR.
the DC resistance of primary side of the transformer. Due to
SSR Rated Current
the self-reactance of the transformer in actual operation, the
G3@@-240@
actual inrush current will be less than the calculated value.
The underlined two digits refer to the rated current (i.e., 40A
I peak = V peak/R = ( 2 × V)/R
in the case of the above model).
If the transformer has a DC resistance of 3 . and the load
Three digits may be used for the G3PH only.
power supply voltage is 220 V, the following inrush current will
G3PH: G3PH-@075B = 75 A
flow.
G3PH-@150 = 150 A
I peak = (1.414 × 220)/3 = 103.7 A
Condition 1: The ambient temperature of the SSR (the
The surge withstand current of OMRON's SSRs is specified
temperature inside the panel) is within the rated

Motion / Drives
on condition that the SSRs are used in nonrepetitive operation
value specified.
(approximately one or two operations per day). If your
Condition 2: The right heat sink is provided to the SSR.
application requires repetitive SSR switching, use an SSR
with a withstand surge current twice as high as the rated value
(Ipeak).
In the above case, use the G3@@-220@ with a surge

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
withstand current of 207.4 A or more.
The DC resistance of the primary side of the transformer can
be calculated from the withstand surge current by using the
following formula.
R = V peak/I peak =( 2 ×V)/I peak
Power Supplies /
In Addition

Load Power Supply Voltage of 100 V Load Power Supply Voltage of 110 V
Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR
DC resistance current withstand DC resistance current withstand
(Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH (Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH

4.8 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ --- 5.2 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
-210@ -210@
Others

1.9 to 4.7 75 150 -210@ -210@ --- 2.1 to 5.1 75 150 -210@ -210@ ---
-215@ -215@
-220@ -220@
1.3 to 1.8 110 220 -220@ -220@ --- 1.5 to 2.0 110 220 -220@ -220@ ---
-225@ -225@
-235@ -235@
-240@ -240@
0.65 to 1.2 220 440 -240@ --- --- 0.71 to 1.4 220 440 -240@ --- ---
-245@ -245@
-260@ -260@
Common

0.36 to 0.64 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@ 0.39 to 0.70 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@
0.16 to 0.35 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@ 0.18 to 0.38 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@

11
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Load Power Supply Voltage of 120 V Load Power Supply Voltage of 400 V

Sensors
Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR
DC resistance current withstand DC resistance current withstand
(Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH (Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH

5.7 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ --- 7.6 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- ---
-210@ -420@
2.3 to 5.6 75 150 -210@ -210@ ---
-215@ 5.2 to 7.5 110 220 -430@ -420@ --- ---
-525@
-220@

Switches
1.6 to 2.2 110 220 -220@ -220@ ---
-225@ -435@
-445@
-235@ 2.6 to 5.1 220 440 -440@ --- ---
-535@
-240@
0.78 to 1.5 220 440 -240@ --- --- -545@
-245@
-260@ 1.5 to 2.5 400 800 --- -475@ --- -4075@

Safety Components
0.43 to 0.77 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@ 0.63 to 1.4 900 1,800 --- --- --- -4150@
0.19 to 0.42 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
Load Power Supply Voltage of 440 V
Load Power Supply Voltage of 200 V Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR
DC resistance current withstand
Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH
(Ω) (A) current (A)
DC resistance current withstand
(Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH 8.3 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- ---
9.5 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ --- -420@

Relays
5.7 to 8.2 110 220 -430@ -420@ --- ---
-210@ -525@
3.8 to 9.4 75 150 -210@ -210@ ---
-215@
-435@
-220@ -450@
2.6 to 3.7 110 220 -220@ -220@ ---
-225@ 2.9 to 5.6 220 440 -440@ --- ---
-535@

Control Components Automation Systems

-235@ -545@
-240@ 1.6 to 2.8 400 800 --- -475@ --- -4075@
1.3 to 2.5 220 440 -240@ --- ---
-245@
-260@ 0.70 to 1.5 900 1,800 --- --- --- -4150@
0.71 to 1.2 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@
0.32 to 0.70 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
Load Power Supply Voltage of 480 V
Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR
Load Power Supply Voltage of 220 V DC resistance current withstand
G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH
(Ω) (A) current (A)
Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR 9.1 min. 75 150 --- -410@ --- ---
DC resistance current withstand
(Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH -420@
6.2 to 9.0 110 220 -430@ -420@ --- ---
10.4 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---
-525@
4.2 to -210@
75 150 -210@ -210@ --- -450@
10.3 -215@

Motion / Drives
3.1 to 6.1 220 440 -535@ -440@ --- ---
-220@ -545@
2.9 to 4.1 110 220 -220@ -220@ ---
-225@
-235@
-240@
1.5 to 2.8 220 440 -240@ --- ---
-245@
-260@

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
0.78 to 1.4 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@
0.35 to 0.77 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@

Load Power Supply Voltage of 240 V

Transformer Inrush SSR's surge Applicable SSR
DC resistance current withstand
Power Supplies /

(Ω) (A) current (A) G3P@ G3NA G3NE G3PH

In Addition

11.4 min. 30 60 --- -205@ -205@ ---

-210@
4.6 to 11.3 75 150 -210@ -210@ ---
-215@
-220@
3.1 to 4.5 110 220 -220@ -220@ ---
-225@
-235@
-240@
1.6 to 3.0 220 440 -240@ --- ---
Others

-245@
-260@
0.85 to 1.5 400 800 --- -275@ --- -2075@
0.38 to 0.84 900 1,800 --- --- --- -2150@
Common

12
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Fail-safe Concept Heat Radiation Designing

Sensors
1. Error Mode 1. SSR Heat Radiation
The SSR is an optimum relay for high-frequency switching Triacs, thyristors, and power transistors are
and high-speed switching, but misuse or mishandling of the semiconductors that can be used for an SSR output circuit.
SSR may damage the elements and cause other problems. These semiconductors have a residual voltage internally
The SSR consists of semiconductor elements, and will break when the SSR is turned ON. This is called output-ON
down if these elements are damaged by surge voltage or voltage drop. If the SSR has a load current, the Joule

Switches
overcurrent. Most faults associated with the elements are heating of the SSR will result consequently. The heating
short-circuit malfunctions, whereby the load cannot be turned value P (W) is obtained from the following formula.
OFF. Heating value P (W) = Output-ON voltage drop (V) ×
Therefore, to provide a fail-safe measure for a control circuit Carry current (A)

Safety Components
using an SSR, design a circuit in which a contactor or circuit For example, if a load current of 8 A flows from the G3NA-
breaker on the load power supply side will turn OFF the load 210B-UTU, the following heating value will be obtained:
when the SSR causes an error. Do not design a circuit that P = 1.6 V × 8 A = 12.8 W
turns OFF the load power supply only with the SSR. For If the SSR employs power MOS FET for SSR output, the
example, if the SSR causes a half-wave error in a circuit in heating value is calculated from the ON-state resistance of
which an AC motor is connected as a load, DC energizing the power MOS FET instead.
may cause overcurrent to flow through the motor, thus burning In that case, the heating value P (W) can be calculated with
the motor. To prevent this from occurring, design a circuit in the following formula:

Relays
which a circuit breaker stops overcurrent to the motor. P (W) = Load current2 (A) × ON-state resistance (Ω)
Location Cause Result
If the G3RZ is used with a load current of 0.5 A, the
Input area Overvoltage Input element damage following heating value will be obtained:
P (W) = 0.52 A × 2.4 Ω = 0.6 W

Control Components Automation Systems

Overvoltage
Output area Output element damage The ON-state resistance of a power MOS FET increases
Overcurrent
Ambient temperature
with an increase in the junction temperature of a power
Whole Unit exceeding maximum Output element damage MOS FET.
Poor heat radiation Therefore, the ON-state resistance varies while the SSR is
2. Overcurrent Protection in operation. If the load current is 80% of the load current or
A short-circuit current or an overcurrent flowing through the higher, as a simple method, the ON-state resistance will be
load of the SSR will damage the output element of the SSR. multiplied by 1.5.
Connect a quick-break fuse in series with the load as an P (W) = 12 A × 2.4 Ω × 1.5 = 3.6 W
overcurrent protection measure. The SSR in usual operation switches a current of
Design a circuit so that the protection coordination conditions approximately 5 A with no heat sink used. If the SSR must
for the quick-break fuse satisfy the relationship between the switch a higher current, a heat sink will be required. The
higher the load current is, the larger the heat sink size will

Motion / Drives
SSR surge resistance (IS), quick-break fuse current-limiting
feature (IF), and the load inrush current (IL), shown in the be. If the switching current is 10 A or more, the size of the
following chart. SSR with a heat sink will exceed a single mechanical relay.
This is a disadvantage of SSRs in terms of circuit
Peak current (A)

IS > IF > IL
downsizing.

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
2. Heat Sink Selection
IS
SSR models with no heat sinks (i.e., the G3NA, G3NE, and
three-phase G3PE) need external heat sinks. When using
any of these SSRs, select the ideal combination of the SSR
IF
and heat sink according to the load current.
IL The following combinations are ideal, for example.
Power Supplies /

G3NA-220B-UTU: Y92B-N100,
In Addition

G3NE-210T(L)-US: Y92B-N50,
G3PE-235B-3H: Y92B-P200
Time (unit: s)
A Commercially available heat sink equivalent to an
3. Operation Indicator
OMRON-made one can be used, on conditoin that the
The operation indicator turns ON when current flows through thermal resistance of the heat sink is lower than that of the
the input circuit. It does not indicate that the output element is OMRON-made one.
Others

ON. For example, the Y92B-N100 has a thermal resistance of

1.63°C/W.
If the thermal resistance of the standard heat sink is lower
Output terminal
Input terminal

Output circuit
Input circuit

than this value (i.e., 1.5°C/W, for example), the standard

heat sink can be used for the G3NA-220B-UTU.
Input indicator

Common

Thermal resistance indicates a temperature rise per unit

(W). The smaller the value is, the higher the efficiency of
heat radiation will be.

13
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

3. Calculating Heat Sink Area When this formula is applicable to the heat conductivity of
An SSR with an external heat sink can be directly mounted the control panel under the following conditions, the heat

Sensors
to control panels under the following conditions. conductivity Q will be obtained as shown below.
• If the heat sink is made of steel used for standard panels, Average rate of overall heat transfer of control panel:
do not apply a current as high as or higher than 10 A, k (W/m2°C)
because the heat conductivity of steel is less than that of Internal temperature of control panel: Th (°C)
aluminum. Heat conductivity (in units of W·m·°C) varies with Ambient temperature: Tc (°C)

Switches
the material as described below. Surface area of control panel: S (m2)
Steel: 20 to 50 Q = k × (Th - Tc) × S
Aluminum: 150 to 220 The required cooling capacity is obtained from the following
The use of an aluminum-made heat sink is recommended formula.
if the SSR is directly mounted to control panels. Refer to the Desired internal temperature of control panel: Th (°C)

Safety Components
data sheet of the SSR for the required heat sink area. Total internal heat radiation of control panel: P1 (W)
• Apply heat-dissipation silicone grease (e.g., the YG6260 Required cooling capacity: P2 (W)
from Momentive Performance Materials or the G746 from P2 = P1 - k × (Th - Tc) × S
Shin-Etsu Silicones) or attach a heat conductive sheet The overall heat transfer coefficient k of a standard fixed wall
between the SSR and heat sink. There will be a space in a place with natural air ventilation will be 4 to 12 (W/m2°C).
between the SSR and heat sink attached to the SSR. In the case of a standard control panel with no cooling fan, it is
Therefore, the generated heat of the SSR cannot be an empirically known fact that a coefficient of 4 to 6 (W/m2°C)

Relays
radiated properly without the grease. As a result, the SSR is practically applicable. Based on this, the required cooling
may be overheated and damaged or deteriorated. capacity of the control panel is obtained as shown below.
The heat dissipation capacity of a heat conduction sheet is Example
generally inferior to that of silicone grease. If a heat • Desired internal temperature of control panel: 40°C

Control Components Automation Systems

conduction sheet is used, reduce the load current by • Ambient temperature: 30°C
approximately 10% from the Load Current vs. Ambient • Control panel size 2.5 × 2 × 0.5 m (W × H × D)
Temperature Characteristics graph. Self-sustained control panel (with the bottom area
excluded from the calculation of the surface area)
4. Control Panel Heat Radiation Designing
• SSRs: 20 G3PA-240B Units in continuous operation at 30 A.
Control equipment using semiconductors will generate • Total heat radiation of all control devices except SSRs:
heat, regardless of whether SSRs are used or not. The 500 W
failure rate of semiconductors greatly increases when the Total heat radiation of control panel: P1
ambient temperature rises. It is said that the failure rate of P1 = Output-ON voltage drop 1.6 V × Load current 30 A
semiconductors will be doubled when the temperature rises × 20 SSRs + Total heat radiation of all control
10°C (Arrhenius model). devices except SSRs
Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to suppress the = 960 W + 500 W = 1460 W
interior temperature rise of the control panel in order to

Motion / Drives
Heat radiation from control panel: Q2
ensure the long, reliable operation of the control equipment. Q2 = Rate of overall heat transfer 5 × (40°C − 30°C) ×
Heat-radiating devices in a wide variety exists in the control (2.5 m × 2 m × 2 + 0.5m × 2 m × 2 + 2.5 m × 0.5 m)
panel. As a matter of course, it is necessary to consider the = 662.5 W
total temperature rise as well as local temperature rise of Therefore, the required cooling capacity P2 will be obtained
the control panel. The following description provides from the following formula:

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
information on the total heat radiation designing of the P2 = 1,460 − 663 = 797 W
control panel. Therefore, the heat radiation from the surface of the control
As shown below, the heat conductivity Q will be obtained panel is insufficient. More than a heat quantity of 797 W
from the following formula, provided that th and tc are the needs to be radiated outside the control panel.
temperature of the hot fluid and that of the cool fluid
separated by the fixed wall. Usually, a ventilation fan with a required capacity will be
Power Supplies /

Q = k (th - tc) A installed. If the fan is not sufficient, an air conditioner for the
In Addition

Where, k is an overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2°C). control panel will be installed. The air conditioner is ideal for
This formula is called a formula of overall heat transfer. the long-time operation of the control panel because it will
Temperature Fixed wall effectively dehumidify the interior of the control panel and
th eliminate dust gathering in the control panel.
Hot fluid Cool fluid
Axial-flow fan: OMRON’s R87B, R87F, and R87T Series
tc
Air conditioner for control panel: Apiste’s ENC Series
Others

Distance
Common

14
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

5. Types of Cooling Device Air Conditioners for Control Panels

Axial-flow Fans (for Ventilation) Not only do air conditioners offer the highest cooling capacity,

Sensors
These products are used for normal they also offer resistance to dust and humidity by mutually
types of cooling and ventilation. isolating the inside and outside of the control panel.
OMRON’s Axial-flow Fan lineup Note: OMRON does not produce air conditioners for control panels.
includes the R87F and R87T Series.

Switches
Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers dissipate the heat inside
control panels along heat pipes. Using a

Safety Components
heat exchanger enables the inside and
outside of the control panel to be mutually
isolated, allowing use in locations subject
to dust or oil mist.
Note: OMRON does not produce heat
exchangers.

Relays
Panel Mounting

Control Components Automation Systems

If SSRs are mounted inside an enclosed panel, the radiated heat of the SSR will stay inside, thus not only dropping the carry-
current capacity of the SSRs but also adversely affecting other electronic device mounted inside. Open some ventilation holes on
the upper and lower sides of the control panel before use. The following illustrations provide a recommended mounting example
of G3PA Units. They provide only a rough guide and so be sure to confirm operating conditions using the procedure detailed in
4. Confirmation after Installation on page 18.
1. SSR Mounting Pitch 2. Relationship between SSRs and Ducts
Panel Mounting Duct Depth
50 mm max.
(The recommended
Duct width is half as large
as the depth of G3PA
or less)
Between duct Duct
Duct

Motion / Drives
and G3PA
60 mm min.
10 mm
G3PA
Mounting surface

Mounting surface

G3PA Better G3PA

100 mm

Mounting direction
Vertical direction

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Vertical
direction

30 mm min.

Space between 80 mm min. Duct

Between duct Duct
G3PAs
and G3PA Power Supplies /

Close Mounting
Do not surround the SSR Use a short duct in the
In Addition

with ducts, otherwise the depth direction.

Close Mounting can be performed heat radiation of the SSR
with no more than three SSRs. will be adversely affected. Better
For four or more SSRs leave a gap of
at least 10 mm.
Duct
Others
Mounting surface

Air flow G3PA

Metal
base
Common

If the ducts cannot be shortened,

place the SSRs on a metal base Duct
so that it is not surrounded by the
ducts.

15
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

3. Ventilation

Sensors
Be aware of air flow

Duct Duct Duct

Ventilation
outlet

Switches
G3PA G3PA

G3PA

Safety Components
Duct

Air inlet

Duct Duct

If the air inlet or air outlet has a filter, clean the filter regularly to prevent it from clogging and ensure an efficient flow of air.
Do not locate any objects around the air inlet or air outlet, or otherwise the objects may obstruct the proper ventilation of
the control panel.

Relays
A heat exchanger, if used, should be located in front of the G3PA Units to ensure the efficiency of the heat exchanger.

4. Confirmation after Installation (3) If more than one row of SSRs are mounted in the control
The above conditions are typical examples confirmed by panel, measure the ambient temperature of each row,

Control Components Automation Systems

OMRON. The application environment may affect conditions and use the position with the highest temperature.
and ultimately the ambient temperature must be measured Consult your OMRON dealer, however, if the
under power application to confirm that the load current- measurement conditions are different from those given
ambient temperature ratings are satisfied for each model. above.
Ambient Temperature Measurement Conditions
(1) Measure the ambient temperature under the power Definition of Ambient Temperature
application conditions that will produce the highest SSRs basically dissipate heat by natural convection.
temperature in the control panel and after the ambient Therefore, the ambient temperature is the temperature of
temperature has become saturated. the air that dissipates the heat of the SSR.
(2) Refer to Figure 1 for the measurement position. If there is
a duct or other equipment within the measurement
distance of 100 mm, refer to Figure 2. If the side

Motion / Drives
temperature cannot be measured, refer to Figure 3.

100 mm Ambient
temperature

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
measurement
position

Figure 1: Basic Measurement Position

for Ambient Temperature

L/2
Power Supplies /
In Addition

Ambient Other
temperature Device
measurement
position
L (100 mm or less)
Others

Figure 2: Measurement Position when a

Duct or Other Device is Present

Ambient
temperature
measurement
range
Common

100 mm
Center

Figure 3: Measurement Position when Side

Temperature Cannot be Measured

16
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

FAQs

Sensors
Structures and Functions of SSRs

What is the difference in switching with a

What is silicone grease?
thyristor and a triac?
There is no difference between them as long as Special silicone grease is used to aid heat dissipation.

Switches
resistive loads are switched. For inductive loads, The heat conduction of this special silicone grease is
however, thyristors are superior to triacs due to the five to ten times higher than that of standard silicone
inverse parallel connection of the thyristors. grease.
For the switching element, an SSR uses either a triac This special silicone grease is used to fill the space

Safety Components
or a pair of thyristors connected in an inverse parallel between a heat-radiating part, such as an SSR, and
connection. the heat sink to improve the heat conduction of the
SSR.
Unless special silicone grease is applied, the
generated heat of the SSR will not be radiated
properly. As a result, the SSR may break or
deteriorate due to overheating.

Relays
Available Silicone Grease Products for
Thyristors connected in an Heat Dissipation
Triac
inverse parallel connection Momentive Performance Materials: YG6260
There is a difference between thyristors and triacs in Shin-Etsu Silicones: G746, G747

Control Components Automation Systems

response time to rapid voltage rises or drops.
This difference is expressed by dv/dt (V/μs). This
value of thyristors is larger than that of triacs.
Triacs can switch inductive motor loads that are as
high as 3.7 kW.
Furthermore, a single triac can be the functional
equivalent of a pair of thyristors connected in an
inverse parallel connection and can thus be used to
contribute to downsizing SSRs.
Note: dv/dt = Voltage rise rate.

Motion / Drives
ΔV

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
ΔT
ΔV/ΔT = dv/dt: Voltage rise rate

Resistive load Inductive load

40 A max. Over 40 A 3.7 kW max. Over 3.7 kW
Power Supplies /

Triac OK OK OK Not as good

In Addition

Two
OK OK OK OK
thyristors
Others
Common

17
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

What is the zero cross function? What is the non-repetitive surge current?

Sensors
The zero cross function turns ON the SSR when the The datasheet of an SSR gives the non-repetitive
AC load voltage is close to 0 V, thus suppressing the surge withstand current of the SSR. The concept of
noise generation of the load current when the load the surge withstand current of an SSR is the same as
current rises quickly. the absolute maximum rating of an element. If the
The generated noise will be partly imposed on the surge current exceeds the surge withstand current

Switches
power line and the rest will be released in the air. The even once, the SSR will be destroyed. Therefore,
zero cross function effectively suppresses both noise check that the maximum surge current of the SSR in
paths. normal ON/OFF operation is half of the surge
A high inrush current will flow when the lamp is withstand current. Unlike mechanical relays that may

Safety Components
turned ON, for example. When the zero cross result in contact abrasion, the SSR will provide good
function is used, the load current always starts performance as long as the surge current is no higher
from a point close to 0 V. This will suppress the than half of the surge withstand current. If the SSR is
inrush current more than SSRs without the zero in continuous ON/OFF operation and a current
cross function. exceeding the rated value flows frequently, however,
the SSR may overheat and a malfunction may result.
Without the zero cross function:
Check that the SSR is operated with no overheating.

Relays
Voltage drops due to sudden change Roughly speaking, surge currents that are less than
in current and noise is generated.

Power
the non-repetitive surge current and greater than the
supply repetitive surge current can be withstood once or
voltage Radiated noise
twice a day (e.g., when power is supplied to devices

Control Components Automation Systems

once a day).
Load
current G3NE-220T-US
Surge current (A. peak)

ON
SSR
input Region not
200 allowing
even one
occurrence
With the zero cross function:
150
Non-repetitive
Power
supply 100
voltage
Repetitive Once or
twice a day
50 Region allowing any
Load

Motion / Drives
number of repetitions
current
in one day
ON 0
SSR 10 30 50 100 200 500 1,000 5,000
input Carry current (ms)

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Power Supplies /
In Addition
Others
Common

18
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Connections and Circuits for SSRs

Sensors
Is it possible to connect Solid-state Relays for Is it possible to connect Solid-state Relay for
outputs in parallel (OR circuit)? AC loads in series (AND circuit)?
Yes, it is. SSRs are connected in parallel mainly to Yes, it is. SSRs are connected in series mainly to prevent
prevent open circuit failures. Usually, only one of the short circuit failures. Each SSR connected in series
SSR is turned ON due to the difference in output ON shares the burden of the surge voltage. The

Switches
voltage drop between the SSRs. overvoltage is divided among the SSRs, reducing the
Therefore, it is not possible to increase the load load on each.
current by connecting the SSRs in parallel. If an ON- A high operating voltage, however, cannot be applied
state SSR is open in operation, the other SSR will turn to the SSRs connected in series. The reason is that

Safety Components
ON when the voltage is applied, thus maintaining the the SSRs cannot share the burden of the load voltage
switching operation of the load. due to the difference between the SSRs in operating
• Do not connect two or more SSRs in parallel to time and reset time when the load is switched.
drive a load exceeding the capacity each SSRs. Input Output

The SSRs may fail to operate.

INPUT SSR LOAD

G3PJ
15 A Load

Relays
G3PJ Heater 25 A
15 A INPUT SSR LOAD
Example:
It is not possible to control
a 25 A heater with two

Control Components Automation Systems

SSRs rated at 15 A
connected in parallel.

Is it possible to connect two 200-VAC SSRs in

series to a 400-VAC load?
No, it is not. The two SSRs are slightly different to
each other in operate time. Therefore, 400 VAC will
be applied instantaneously on the SSR with a longer
operate time.

What need to be done for surge absorption elements for SSRs for DC loads?

Motion / Drives
Output Noise Surge Countermeasures for SSRs for Table 1. Absorption Element Example
DC Load Switching
When an inductive load, such as a solenoid or Absorption
element Diode + Zener
electromagnetic valve, is connected, connect a diode Diode Varistor CR

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
diode
that prevents counter-electromotive force. If the Effective Somewhat
Most effective Most effective Ineffective
counter-electromotive force exceeds the withstand ness effective
voltage of the SSR output element, it could result in
+ + + +
damage to the SSR output element. To prevent this,
insert the element parallel to the load, as shown in the
following diagram and table.
Power Supplies /
In Addition

− − − −

Load Reference
INPUT SSR (1) Selecting a Diode
Withstand voltage = VRM ≥ Power supply voltage × 2
Forward current = IF ≥ load current
As an absorption element, the diode is the most
(2) Selecting a Zener Diode
effective element to suppress counter-electromotive
Zener voltage = Vz < (Voltage between SSR’s collector
Others

force. The release time for the solenoid or

and emitter) * − (Power supply voltage + 2 V)
electromagnetic valve will, however, increase. Be sure
Zener surge power = PRSM > VZ × Load current × Safety
you check the circuit before using it. To shorten the
factor (2 to 3)
time, connect a Zener diode and a regular diode in Note: When the Zener voltage is increased (VZ), the Zener diode
series. The release time will be shortened at the same capacity (PRSM) is also increased.
Common

rate that the Zener voltage (Vz) of the Zener diode is

increased.

19
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Mounting Methods for SSRs

Sensors
What precautions are required for close
Does an SSR have a mounting direction? mounting?

An SSR consists of semiconductor elements. In the case of close mounting of SSRs, check the
Therefore, unlike mechanical relays that incorporate relevant data in the SSR datasheet. If there is no data,

Switches
movable parts, gravity changes have no influence on check that the applied load current is 70% of the rated
the characteristics of the SSR. load current. A 100% load current can be applied if
Changes in the heat radiation of an SSR may, groups of three SSRs are mounted in a single row
however, limit the carry current of the SSR. An SSR with a space of 10 mm between adjacent groups. If
should be mounted vertically. If the SSR has to be the SSRs are mounted in two or more rows, it is

Safety Components
mounted horizontally, check with the SSR’s necessary to confirm the temperature rise of the SSR
datasheet. If there is no data available for the SSR, separately. For close mounting of SSRs with heat
use with a load current at least 30% lower than the sinks, reduce the load current to 80% of the rated load
rated load current. current. Refer to the SSR’s datasheet for details.
G3PA

Vertical direction

Relays
Vertical direction

Control Components Automation Systems

G3PA-210B-VD-X DIN track
G3PA-220B-VD-X For close mounting of two or three SSRs,
G3PA-240B-VD limit the load current to 80% or less.
Vertical direction

Vertical mounting G3PE

Mount the SSR vertically. Close Mounting (3 or 8 SSRs)
G3PE-215B
20
Load current (A)

Panel
3
15

13
12
Flat Mounting

Motion / Drives
The SSR may be mounted on a flat 10
surface, provided that the load current 8
applied is 30% lower than the rated
Panel
load current. 5.7
5

Note that the G3PE-2N/-3N (DIN track mounting type) 0

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
will have a low shock resistance when mounted −40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ambient temperature (ºC)
reverse in the following vertical direction.
G3PE-225B
30
Load current (A)

Shock resistance when mounted

25
forward vertically: 294 m/s2 3
Power Supplies /

Shock resistance when mounted 20

In Addition

19
reverse vertically: 98 m/s2
8
15

10
8
7
5
Others

0
−40 −20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Ambient temperature (ºC)

Close Mounting Example

Common

DIN track

20
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Failure Examples and Safety Precautions for SSRs

Sensors
We think an SSR is faulty. Can a voltage tester What precautions are necessary for forward/
be used to check an SSR to see if current is reverse operation of the singlephase motor?
flowing?
Refer the following table for the protection of capacitor
No, that is not possible.
motors driven by SSRs.

Switches
The voltage and current in the tester’s internal circuits
are too low to check the operation of the Single-phase Load current of
Protection of motor in
forward/reverse
semiconductor element in the SSR (a triac or 100 V recommended SSR
operation
thyristor). The SSR can be tested as described below
25 W
if a load is connected. AC 2 to 3 A R = 6 Ω, 10 W

Safety Components
40 W
Testing Method
60 W R = 4 Ω, 20 W
Connect a load and power supply, and check the voltage
AC 5 A R = 3 Ω,
of the load terminals with the input ON and OFF. The 90 W
40 to 50 W
output voltage will be close to the load power supply
voltage with the SSR turned OFF. The voltage will Single-phase Load current of
Protection of motor in
forward/reverse
drop to approximately 1 V with the SSR turned ON. 200 V recommended SSR
operation
This is more clearly checked if the dummy load is a
25 W

Relays
lamp with an output of about 100 W. (However, lamps AC 2 to 3 A R = 12 Ω, 10 W
40 W
that have capacities within the rated ranges of the
60 W R = 12 Ω, 20 W
SSRs must be used.)
AC 5 A R = 8 Ω,
90 W
40 W

Control Components Automation Systems

100 W lamp
Precautions for Forward/Reverse Operation
Load (1) In the following circuit, if SSR1 and SSR2 are
INPUT SSR LOAD
turned ON simultaneously, the discharge
current, i, of the capacitor may damage the
SSRs. Therefore, make sure that there is a time
lag of 30 ms or more to switch SW1 and SW2.
What kind of failure do SSRs have most If malfunction of the SSRs is possible due to
frequently? external noise or the counter-electromotive
force of the motor, connect R to suppress
OMRON's data indicates that most failures are discharge current i in series with either SSR1 or
caused by overvoltage or overcurrent as a result of SSR2, whichever is less frequently used. A CR

Motion / Drives
the shortcircuiting of SSRs. This data is based on absorber (consisting of 0.1-μF capacitor
SSR output conditions, which include those resulting withstanding 630 V and 22-Ω resistor
from the open or short circuit failures on the input side. withstanding 2 W) can be connected in parallel
to each SSR to suppress the malfunctioning of
Failure Load condition
the SSRs.

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Short Does not turn
Input
Open ON. Insert resistance.
SW1
Output triac short circuit Does not turn + Motor
(80% of failures) OFF.
Output INPUT SSR
Output triac open circuit Does not turn SW2
Load power supply

− 1
(20% of failures) ON.
Power Supplies /

+
In Addition

INPUT SSR
− 2

(2) When the motor is in forward/reverse

operation, a voltage that is twice as high as the
power supply voltage may be applied on an
Others

SSR that is OFF due to the LC resonance of the

motor.
When you select an SSR, be careful that this
voltage does not exceed the rated load voltage
of the SSR. (It is necessary to determine
whether use is possible by measuring the
Common

actual voltage applied to the SSR on the OFF

side.)

21
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Power MOS FET Relays

Sensors
What Is a Power MOS FET Relay? Why can MOS FET relays be used for both AC
Power MOS FET relays use power MOS FETs for their output and DC loads?
elements. They are mainly used in signal switching and
With power MOS FET relays, because 2 MOS FET
connection applications.
relays are connected in series in the way shown on
the right, the load power supply can be connected in

Switches
What are the differences between SSRs and
either direction. Also, because power MOS FET
power MOS FET relays?
elements have a high dielectric strength, they can be
(1) There are SSRs for DC loads and SSRs for AC used for AC loads, where the polarity changes every
loads. cycle.

Safety Components
SSR for DC Loads (e.g., G3HD-X03) Photovoltaic coupler
MOS FET

circuit
Drive
Input Input Output
Photocoupler Output terminals circuit terminals
transistor
Drive circuit

L
Input circuit

What kind of applications can power MOS FET

Relays
relays be used for?
SSR for AC Loads (e.g., G3H)
(1)Applications where it is not known whether the load
Photocoupler connected to the relay is AC or DC.
Triac
Trigger circuit
Zero cross

L Example: Alarm output of robot controller.

Control Components Automation Systems

Input circuit
circuit

(2)Applications with high-frequency switching of

loads, such as for solenoid valves with internally,
fully rectified waves, where the relay (e.g., G2R)
has to be replaced frequently.
Power MOS FET relays can be used for both
Power MOS FET relays have a longer lifetime than
DC loads or AC loads.
other relays and so the replacement frequency is
(2) The leakage current for power MOS FET relays is less.
small compared to that for SSRs. The terminal arrangement of the G3RZ is
compatible with that of the G2R-1A-S, so these
SSRs
models can be exchanged.
The lamp (see below) is faintly light by the leakage Note: Confirm the type of input voltage, polarity, and
current. A bleeder resistance is added to prevent this.

Motion / Drives
output capacity before application.
With SSRs, a snubber circuit is required to protect the (3)Applications with high-voltage DC loads. In order to
output element. switch a 100-VDC, 1-A load with a relay, an
Bleeder resistance MM2XP or equivalent is required. With the G3RZ
SSR power MOS FET relay, however, switching at this
size is possible.

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
(4)Applications where SSRs are used with a bleeder
resistance. The leakage current for power MOS
Snubber circuit FET relays is very small (10 μA max.) and so a
Power MOS FET Relays bleeder resistance is not required.
The leakage current is very small (10 μA max.) and so
Power Supplies /

the lamp does not light. This is because a snubber

In Addition

circuit is not required to protect the MOS FET output

element. A varistor is used to protect the MOS FET.
Power MOS FET relay
Others

A bleeder resistance is not required and so circuits

can be simplified and production costs reduced.
Common

22
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Maintenance Guidelines

Sensors
Unlike standard relays, an SSR uses a semiconductor to switch a circuit and do not contain mechanical contacts. Furthermore,
signal transfer is handled by electronic circuits, so there are no moving parts to cause mechanical friction. Therefore, to determine
the life expectancy of an SSR, you must consider not only the life expectancy of the elements used but also the deterioration of
soldered points and the materials of which the SSR is made.
OMRON generally considers the life expectancy of an SSR to be the point on the bathtub curve where the failure rate begins to
rise and enters the wear-out failure period (for an SSR, this is the period when deterioration begins), which is approximately 10

Switches
years, although it will depend on the application environment.

Bathtub Curve for Electronic Components and Devices Bathtub Curve SSR
Electronic components and electronic devices all experience

Failure rate

Safety Components
Life
characteristic changes, such as the deterioration of the
expectancy
materials they are composed of and their joints or reduced
LED light-emitting efficiency due to heat stress caused by
years of temperature changes in the surrounding environment
and heat generated by their components, even if they are Initial failure
period
Random failure
period
Wear-out failure
period
used properly. Time
Therefore, in most cases the failure rate of electronic (1) Initial Failure Period

Relays
components and devices follows a bathtub curve after they This is the period during which the failure rate (due to poor
design, manufacturing defects, or random failure of
are shipped.
components) decreases.
The life expectancy of an SSR can also be represented by a (2) Random Failure Period
bathtub curve. This is the period in which failure rate remains steady.
(3) Wear-out Failure Period

Control Components Automation Systems

This is the period during which the failure rate increases.
Life Expectancies (Expected Value) of SSRs
OMRON designs SSRs to have a life expectancy of at least
10 years if used as rated.

* The life expectancy is calculated based on OMRON’s testing standards. The actual service life will depend on the application environment.
Bathtub
Maintenance period
curve failure Cause Cause of failure Maintenance method Remarks
guideline
pattern
Overvoltage
• Lightning surge or counter-
electromotive force
Etc.
Load Replace the SSR. When failure occurs
Overcurrent

Motion / Drives
• Startup current, load short circuit, or
ground fault
Etc.
Maintenance of heat
First the heat dissipation
dissipation environment
Deterioration of heat dissipation environment of the application
with periodic inspection ---
Deterioration of environment location must be understood.
and cleaning * Determine the

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Initial or operating • Blockage of ventilation holes • Installation conditions,
* If the heat dissipation maintenance period
random environment • Malfunction of ventilation fans, panel ambient temperature, and
environment based on the
failure period (temperature coolers, etc. environment
continues to worsen, it application
conditions) • Dirt on heat sinks (fans) for SSRs • Layout in terms of air
could accelerate environment.
Etc. convection
further deterioration or
Etc.
metal fatigue.
Random failure of electronic components
Random failure of
(semiconductors)
Power Supplies /

electronic Replace the SSR. When failure occurs

• Manufacturing defects or early failure of
In Addition

components
electronic components
Manufacturer-caused defects
Manufacturing • Manufacturing defects during the
Replace the SSR. When failure occurs
defects manufacturing process
• Fault resulting from design errors
Insulation deterioration resulting from dirt Maintenance of ---
Insulation around the SSR terminals insulation performance * Determine based
deterioration High humidity can worsen insulation with periodic inspection on the application
Others

deterioration. and cleaning environment.

Wear-out 10 yr
failure period Materials with different thermal expansion
Metal fatigue or * Periodic inspection Depends on the application
coefficients are bonded. Therefore, the
solder that is appropriate environment, such as the heat
buildup of stress resulting from long-term Replace the SSR.
deterioration of to the application dissipation environment and
temperature fluctuations can result in
joints environment is load ratio.
metal fatigue
recommended.
Common

23
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Troubleshooting
Examples of SSR Failures

Sensors
Problem Isolating the Cause of Failure

Failure of output elements Inrush current

due to overcurrent

Switches
Load short circuit
Even with no input,
load continues to
Failure of output elements Inductive load
operate

Safety Components
(or operates due to overvoltage counter-electromotive force
intermittently).

External surge

Failure to release Residual voltage to input

Relays
Examples of SSR Failure

Insulation breakdown
(leakage breaker operation)
Even with input,

Control Components Automation Systems

load does not
Failure of output elements Inrush current
operate
due to overcurrent
(or stops
intermittently).
Load short circuit

Failure of output elements Inductive load

due to overvoltage counter-electromotive force

External surge
Zero cross function not

Motion / Drives
performed (for half-wave
rectified inductive load)

Overheating and Overheating SSR installation

burning

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Control panel heat dissipation design

Burning
Power Supplies /
In Addition

Precautions
Depending on the type of fault, SSR analysis may be necessary.
Others
Common

24
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Flow Chart to Investigate SSR Faults

YES NO
The SSR may be adversely AC SSRs use triac output
affected by residual voltage elements. SSRs with triac Add bleeder resistance in
from the previous stage output elements will fail to parallel with the load or select
(PLC, input power supply, release during rapid ON-to-OFF a power MOS FET relay.
etc.), leakage current, or or OFF-to-ON transitions G3HD-202SN(-VD),

Correction

Correction
inductive noise that enters (dv/dt), such as those for a G3DZ, G3RZ, or G3FM
through the input line. rectangular waveform.
Rectangular waveform

Does the load turn OFF Is the load power supply Is the load a full-wave
AC
Is the operation indicator when input line is AC, DC, or rectangular rectified inductive load
lit? disconnected? waveform current? with a built-in diode?
START
DC

Problem
Is the SSR for AC output? Is the polarity of the
Is there an operation
output incorrect?
indicator for the input?

The SSR may be broken.

Use an SSR for DC load. Replace the SSR and
connect it correctly.
Forward/reverse operation switching time lag
The SSR stays ON for the motor is insufficient.
(short circuit) * Refer to the precautions in the datasheet.

Use a multimeter and Is 90 VDC (200-VAC

The SSR does not Is there an operation check the voltage on half-wave rectified load) or
turn ON indicator for the input on Is the operation indicator
output terminals. Has the phase control power
(open circuit error). the SSR? for the input OFF? rated load voltage been supply used while the SSR
applied to the terminals? has a zero cross function?

Use a multimeter and check the

Is th e p o l a r i ty o f th e Is a DC-input SSR
input terminal voltage while the input
wi r i n g co r r e ct? operating on AC?
is connected. Has the must-operate
voltage been applied?

Reconnect the output line.

SSRs that are not SSRs for
Is the polarity of the input PCBs have reverse connection Change to an AC-input
incorrect? prevention diodes built into SSR.
them and should not be broken.

Reconnect the input line.

SSRs that are not for An SSR LED failure or
PCBs have reverse SSR problem, e.g., in the
connection prevention SSR input circuit due to
diodes built into them and
should not be broken. external surge, is possible.

An unusual smell is An unusual smell is Is the screw tightening

An unusual smell is
detected from the SSR. detected from the SSR. torque insufficient or is
Bu rn i n g detected from the SSR.
The exterior of the SSR The exterior of the SSR the socket mated
The exterior is not burnt.
is burnt badly. is burnt lightly. improperly?

Due to a motor forward/reverse Abnormal heat generation

Abnormal heat generation
operation switching time lag, may have occurred due to
may have occurred due to an
the SSR may have been contact resistance.
incorrect mounting direction or
subject to a surge that greatly Correct the wiring and
mounting interval.
exceeds the SSR’s rating. installation.

Precautions
Depending on the type of malfunction, an SSR analysis may be necessary.

25
 Technical Explanation for Solid-state Relays

Sensors
Triac and thyristor output

Switches
Vibration, shock, load short
elements have a 0.1-A circuit, external surge,
holding current. The holding condensation, insulation
current has been affected by deterioration, or other
a leakage current which may factor may have caused an
have caused a release failure. unexpected failure or
internal SSR fault.

Safety Components
Has an inrush current or a discharge current that
Does the load have high
Is load minute was caused by simultaneously activating the
inrush current (motor,
Is the load minute (0.1 A reverse and forward operations of a capacitor
lamp, power transformer,
or less)? motor exceeded the non-repetitive surge
etc.)?
withstand current of the SSR (solid line)?

Have you used the SSR in high-frequency

output PWM control, for 90 VDC Is the polarity of the
Are diodes for absorbing
(200-VAC half-wave rectification), a diode for absorbing

Relays
Is an inductive load counter-electromotive
generator, or other application to (valve, solenoid, relay, counter-electromotive
force connected on both
intentionally distort the DC waveform or etc.) connected? force correct?
sides of the load?
carry noise?

Control Components Automation Systems

Does an inrush current Install a diode for absorbing counter-electromotive force in parallel with the load
For OMRON’s DC-output (from lamp loads, using the correct polarity.
SSRs, it is assumed that the pure-metal heater etc.)
(The cathode side of the diode attaches to the positive side of the power supply.)
DC waveforms are undistorted exceed the non-repetitive
and have a frequency of 0 Hz. surge withstand current of
If there is distortion in the DC the SSR?
waveform, a transistor output
cannot be used.
A load short circuit, external surge, or other factor may
have caused an unexpected failure or SSR fault. Does
the load operate properly when the SSR is replaced?

The load is operating normally.

Use an SSR that does The output element of the SSR may have been
not have the zero cross destroyed by an inrush current or external surge.
function. Consider using an SSR with a higher capacity.

Motion / Drives
Is the wiring loose (e.g., improper Does the load have a high inrush
Does the load have a high Is the current equal to or
crimping of crimp terminals, current, such as a transformer,
motor, lamp, power transformer, counter-electromotive force, greater than the minimum
insufficient screw tightening
torque, or faulty soldering of a solenoid, or capacitor such as an load current of the SSR?
PCB-mounted relay)? charge/discharge load? electromagnetic valve?

Environment Measure Equipment

Energy Conservation Support /
Wiring may have come H ave m e a s u r e s a g a i n s t Have measures against Triac and thyristor output
loose as a result of i n r u s h c u r r e n t s ( i . e. , counter-electromotive elements have a 0.1-A
vibration, shock, or other c o n n e c t i n g a va r i s t o r ) force (i.e., connecting a holding current.
factor. Reconnect the SSR been implemented? diode) been The SSR may not operate at
correctly. implemented? less than this holding current.
Power Supplies /
In Addition

The SSR may have an The SSR may have an

open circuit error due to open circuit error due to
an inrush current. an external surge.

Are the electric specifications Has the wrong heat sink been There may be internal SSR
and load specifications of the Are the mounting Is the interior of the selected, is silicone grease problems
SSR incorrect direction and mounting control panel (such as foreign matter attached
missing anywhere, or is there a to internal components, faulty
(load current, load voltage interval incorrect? insufficiently ventilated?
Others

warp in the heat sink? soldering, or faulty components).

fluctuations, etc.)?

Internal components may have Internal components may have experienced Internal components may
Select an SSR that have experienced burning due
experienced burning due to burning due to abnormal heat generation.
satisfies the load to abnormal heat generation.
abnormal heat generation. Re-evaluate periodic cleaning inside the control
specifications and Use a suitable heat
Mount the SSR correctly, with an panel as well as its heat dissipation design, and
characteristics. dissipation design.
appropriate mounting interval. check for obstructions of ventilation holes.
Common

26