INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS  Archaeological

- Records Preserved remains of human beings, their activities, and the

environment where they lived.
History- was derived from the Greek word historia which means "knowledge
acquired through inquiry and investigation " Example:

Callao Man and Tabon Man

Fossils: remains of animals, plants, and other organisms from the distant past
“NO DOCUMENTS, NO HISTORY” Artifacts: remnants of material culture developed by human beings.
 study of the past events
 everything that has been recorded or occurred from the beginning of time to  Oral and video accounts
the last instant - Audio-visual documentation of people, events, and places.
 documents record of man and his society. - Usually recorded on video and audio cassettes, and compact discs.

Kind of Historical Sources

HISTORY VS. HISTORIOGRAPHY
What is Primary Sources?
is the past, the events that • provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include
is the history of history
happened in the past, and the interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. Primary gives
cause of such events. you direct access to the subject of your research.

• Documents, physical objects, and oral/video accounts made by an

individual or a group present at the time and place being described.
Sources of History
Function: To give facts.
 Documents
- Handwritten, printed, drawn, designed, and other composed material. Examples of Primary Source
- Books, newspapers, magazines, journals, maps, architectural
perspectives, paintings, advertisements, and photographs. - Novel
- Painting
- Letters and diaries written by a historical figure
Example: - Essay by a philosopher
- Photographs of a historical event
Colonial records such as government reports and legal documents form a significant - Government documents about a new policy
part of our collection of documents here and abroad, particularly in Spain and the - Music recordings
United States. - Results of an opinion poll
- Empirical study
What is Secondary Sources? Level of Historical Criticism

• provide second-hand information and commentary from other External Criticisms

researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and
academic books. Thus, secondary research describes, interprets, or - Answers concerns and questions pertinent to the authenticity of a
synthesizes, primary sources. historical source by identifying who composed the historical material,
locating when and where the historical material was produced, and
• Materials made by people long after the events being described had establishing the material's evidential value.
taken place
Internal criticisms
Function: Provide valuable interpretations of historical events.
- Deals with the credibility and reliability of the content of a given
Examples of Secondary Source historical source.
- Article analyzing the novel
- Exhibition catalog explaining the painting Repositories of Primary Sources
- Biography of the historical figure
- Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s ideas National Library of the Philippines
- Documentary about the historical event
- Newspaper article about the new policy - Complete microfilm copies of the Philippine Revolutionary Records
- Academic book about the musical style (1896-1901)
- Blog post interpreting the results of the poll - A compilation of captured documents of Emilio Aguinaldo's
- Literature review that cites the study revolutionary government
 Documentaries - Historical Data Papers (1952-1953)
- If you are researching the causes of World War II, a recent documentary - The presidential papers of different administrations from Manuel
about the war is a secondary source. But if you are researching the Quezon to Joseph Estrada
filmmaking techniques used in historical documentaries, the
documentary is a primary source. National Archives of the Philippines

 Reviews and essays  Holds a substantial collection of catalogued and uncatalogued Spanish
- If your paper is about the novels of Toni Morrison, a magazine review of documents about the Philippines composed from 1552 to 1900.
one of her novels is a secondary source. But if your paper is about the  20th-century documents such as civil records, notarial documents, and
critical reception of Toni Morrison’s work, the review is a primary source. Japanese wartime crime.
 Some sources written in Tagalog such as the documents pertinent to
 Newspaper articles
Apolinario de la Cruz, the leader of the Confradia de San Jose in the 19th
- If your aim is to analyze the government’s economic policy, a newspaper century.
article about a new policy is a secondary source. But if your aim is to
analyze media coverage of economic issues, the newspaper article is a Academic Institution: University of the Philippines
primary source. Ateneo de Manila University
University of Santo Tomas
Siliman University
University of San Carlos City
 MAGELLAN’S EXPIDITION hands of Lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan and in the departure of
what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the islands.
WHO IS MAGELLAN?
The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan
 Portuguese Explorer who organized the Spanish Expeditions to the East
Indies from 1519-1522 to search for western route to the Maluku Islands (the  The document reveals several insights not just in the character of the
Spice Island ) resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed Philippines during pre-colonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the
by Juan Sebastian Elcano. Born on February 3, 1480, and died on April 27,
European regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people and
1521
culture.
Magellan's proposal was then accepted by King Charles of Spain and helped him  Published after Pigafetta returned to Italy.
assemble an expedition with 235 crew members and five ships, namely Trinidad, San  Antonio Pigafetta wrote his firsthand observation and general impression of
Antonio, Conception, Victoria, and Santiago. the Far East including their Experiences in the Visayas.
 In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called the Ladrones
THE CAPTIANS OF EACH SHIP: Islands or the “Islands of the Thieves”. These people have no arms, but use
sticks, which have a fishbone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and
 Trinidad - Ferdinand Magellan great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these three islands the
 San Antonio - Juan De Cartagena Ladrones Islands”.
 Conception - Gaspar de Quesada
 Victoria - Juan Sebastian Elcano LADRONAS ISLANDS
 Santiago - Joᾶo Serrᾶo
 Presently known as Marianas Islands.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA 1491-1531  It is located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of
New Guinea, and east of Philippines
 Italian scholar and explorer from the republic of Venice.
 He traveled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew Sept. 20, 1519
by order of the King Charles 1 of Spain on their Voyage around the world. - The voyage begins. Magellan and his crew depart from Sanlúcar de
 His work became a classic that prominent literary men in the West like Barrameda, Spain or the San Lucas, Spain, and cross the Atlantic to
William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne and Giambattista Vico referred to reach Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. When they Rio de Janeiro the troops
the book in their interpretation of the New World. in one ship had rebellion and choose to return to Spain. travelling in
 His travelogue is one of the most important primary sources in the study of the southern part of Latin America to the Pacific Ocean they
precolonial Philippines. experience storm which destroyed another ship.
 His account was also a major referent to the events leading to Magellan’s
arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with local leaders, his death in the Sept. 26, 1519
 - Magellan and his crew sail southwestward and reach the Canary
Islands to take in provisions. A fast-sailing ship overtakes him, Nov. 28, 1520
bringing a message from his father-in-law who warns him of  Magellan begins his trans-pacific voyage with only three ships.
treachery among his men. During the expedition, Magellan and his crew are lost in the Pacific
for more than three months.
 The crew members go mad due to sickness and hunger that forces
Dec. 13, 1519 them to eat worms, rats, sawdust, and water-soaked leather.
- Magellan and his men enter Rio de Janeiro. Magellan names the  They suffer scurvy. Nineteen of his men die and 30 of them become
place "Santa Lucia" because upon reaching the island it is Santa very ill.
Lucia's Day. Here they trade with the local tribes. They exchange  Still, Magellan continues his voyage and finds two barren and
their stuff for food and water. uninhabited islets, which he calls the "Unfortunate Island."

March 31, 1520 March 01, 1521

- Magellan continues his expedition going south until winter storms - With three (3) ships they finally reached Guam.
came and force him to stay in Puerto San Julian in Argentina.
March 16, 1521
April 1, 1520 - After being lost in the Pacific for more than three months, Magellan
- A mutiny breaks out. This is led by Quesada, the captain of sights an island in Samar at the dawn of March 16, 1521. Some call
Conception; Mendoza, captain of Victoria; and Cartagena, captain of this event the “discovery of the Philippines."
San Antonio. Juan Sebastian de Elcano also participated.
Note: "Discovery of the Philippines" is a term used by foreigners. Our ancestors have
- Magellan handles the situation and serves justice to the guilty. long been in the Philippines and already had a connection with different people and
Quesada is executed, Cartagena and Father Sanchez de la Reyna countries.
are marooned on the coast. The 40 men who joined the mutiny,
including Elcano, are pardoned. March 17, 1521
- Magellan lands in Homonhon.
End of the April
- The ship Santiago is sent on another mission to find a passage. The March 18, 1521
ship is caught in a storm and is wrecked. - Magellan and his hungry crew are welcomed by our ancestors from
the neighboring island of Saluan. Nine men came to them and show
Oct. 21, 1520 joy and eagerness in seeing them and welcomed them with food,
- Magellan arrives at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, known drinks, and gifts. They feed the foreigners bananas, fish coconuts,
today as the Strait of Magellan. and palm wine.
-
March 25, 1521
 - They saw two ballangai (balangay). BALANGAII (Balangay)-A long  Before her baptism, Queen Juana is presented with a small
boat full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaua sculpture, the image of the Santo Niño. This event marks the
foundation of the Sinulog dances wherein Queen Juana holds the
- Magellan leaves Homonhon. During his expedition, Magellan is Sto. Niño in her arms and blesses her people.
caught in a storm, forcing him to sail south. He seeks shelter from April 27, 1521
the typhoon at the northeast tip of Mindanao toward Butuan Bay. - According to the account of Antonio Pigafetta they reached island of
Mactan in 4:00 a.m., when they reached the shore it was quite after
March 28, 1521 the shout, the troops of Lapu-Lapu attacked them.
- Magellan lands in Masao, Butuan, Agusan Del Norte, which is ruled
by King Raha Kolambu. Upon Magellan's arrival, Kolambu and his - Magellan invades Mactan with his army of 60 Spaniards from the
brother are hunting. Kolambu welcomes Magellan. three vessels and 1,000 Cebuano warriors.
-
March 29, 1521  His goal is to defeat Datu Lapu-Lapu. On this day, the battle of Mactan
- A blood compact is made between Magellan and King Kolambu to happens.
seal their newfound friendship and brotherhood. This is the first blood
compact recorded in the country.  Though Magellan and his men are armed, they are greatly outnumbered.

March 31, 1521  Magellan is wounded in his right leg by a poison arrow and a bamboo spear
- The first Catholic mass is held on Masao orLimasawa island. The is pierced to his face. Falling on his face, Magellan is killed by Lapu-Lapu and
mass is officiated by Rev. Pedro de Valderama, the fleet chaplain. his men. so, his troops retreated and went back to he Rajah Humabon
The mass is attended by Magellan, King Kolambu, Siagu, Spanish however the Rajah poisoned the remaining soldiers of Magellan.
voyagers, and fellow Filipinos.
 Sebastian del Cano and 18 more Europeans survived and then they
April 7, 1521 burned the two ships and they used the ship Victoria to go back to Spain.
- After he is directed by King Kolambu, Magellan lands in Cebu that is
ruled under Raha Humabon. On the same day, Magellan and  In 1522, they arrived at Seville Spain and gave the title to Ferdinand
Humabon make blood compact. Magellan as the first person who was able to circumnavigate the world.

April 14, 1521

 A mass is held in Cebu. After the mass, Magellan plants a wooden
cross that still exists today and is now known as the Magellan's
Cross.
 Hara Amihan, the wife of Raha Humabon, was baptized along with
800 natives. Hara Amihan is then named Queen Juana in honor of
King Charles I’s mother, Juana.
 The Katipunan was formally founded on the year 1892 by Andres Bonifacio,
Theodoro Plata, Losido Diwa, Deodato Arellano, Valentine Diaz, and Others, in
response to the news of Rizal’s deputation.

THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN During that time, the aim of the Kartilya of Katipunan is to fight for the Philippine
Independence from Spain and to unite the Filipinos into one.
 Katipunan was the successor organization of La Liga Filipina by Jose
Rizal. During this period the reform movement or the propaganda movement had an impact
to build a new organization which is the katipunan.
 Andres Bonifacio and prominent members of the Katipunan were members
of the La Liga Filipina. In 1896 there is what we called ”Duties of the sons of the Fliipino” that was written
by Andres Bonifacio that strictly followed by the members of the organization. This
 KKK ( Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng dialogue embodied that Bonifacio’s belief. Bonifacio would then later adopt Jacinto’s
Bayan) has a valuable connect to what we call “ Kartilya ng Katipunan”. Kartilya ng Katipunan as the official teaching of Katipunan.

 Kartilya is the secret organization while Kartilya hold the name as the
“Katipunan Code of Conduct”.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT HISTORICAL INFORMATION
 Kartilya originates from the word “Cartilla” which means the paper given to
a new student in learning specific subject. Kartilya is consist of 14 moral and ethical values that directly emphasized this
valuable concepts; Freedom, Brotherhood, Righteousness, Excellence,
EMILIO JACINTO Enlightenment, Liberty and Equality.

 He was the author of the document “KARTILYA” Two major rules and values stated inside the Kartilya:
 BRAIN OF THE KATIPUNAN
 He was born on December 15, 1875, in Trozo, Manila. 1. Rule that will make the member upright individual.
 His parents were Mariano Jacinto and Josefina Dizon.
 He studied in San Juan De Letran and later moved to University of Sto. 2. Rules that will guide the way he traits his fellow men.
Tomas taking the course of Bachelor of Law.
 He also served as the editor of “Kalayaan” the official newspaper of  It is served as a direct response to certain value system that has
Katipunan. been found noticeably unfair during their recent times.
 He was also known by the group PINGKIAN.  The Kartilya encompasses its “INTRUSIVE TRAITS” as member
 He died on April 16, 1899, due to malaria in Majajay, Laguna. of development as individuals in their own right has been
validated.
HISTORY OF KARTILYA  The Kartilya pertains to focus “What Katipuneros would do?”
rather than starting Do’s and Dont’s of a certain individual.
  The analyzation of the values upholds in the document as Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng
consistent with the burgeoning rational and liberal in the eighteen mga Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga Street (now
and nineteenth century. Claro M. Recto), in Tondo Manila. As a symbol of the member’s loyalty, they
performed the solemn rite of Sanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed
THE KKK his name with his own blood.

The “Katastaasang kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” Founders Of the Katipunan
(KKK) was a revolutionary society that espoused independence and freedom for the
Philipppines through force of arms.

- Valentin Diaz
- Andres Bonifacio - Deodato Arellano
- Teodoro Plata - Jose Dizon
- Teodoro Plata

The duties of women members were taken in new members, see to it that the
OBJECTIVES OF THE KATIPUNAN meetings of the male members were not disturbed by raids of the authorities. They
acted as a front, and they were the ones that kept the important documents of the
Political goal- was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring society.
the country’s independence.
Promonient Katipuneras
Moral goal- was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine
morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism. Gregoria Alvarez de Jesus- also known as Ka Oriang (May 9, 1875-March
15, 1943) was the founder and vice president of the Katipunan’s Women’s chapter.
Civil goal- was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend and poor She also served as the custodian of the Katipunan as almost all belongings of the
oppressed. Katipunan seal, revolver, documents were under her care.

Women also joined the Katipunan Josefa Rizal - full name is Josefa Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, born
on August 9, 1865, in Calamba, Laguna, Philippines. was known as Panggoy. Joined
A section of women was established in the society: To be admitted, one must the Katipunan after Jose Rizal's martyrdom, and was elected as the president of
be a wife, daughter or sister of a male katipunero. It was estimated that from 20-50 women in the Katipunan .
women had become members of the society. Prominent women were Josefa Rizal
(President), Gregoria de Jesus (Vice-President), Marina Dizon (Secretary) and
Angelica Rizal Lopez (Fiscal).
 Marina Dizon - was one of the first women to join the Katipunan in July Roman Basa- became the Supremo because Bonifacio was disgusted over the
1893. Marina presided over initiation rites, kept records, and taught new members performance of Arellano.
the constitution Fiscal - Andres Bonifacio

Secretary- Jose Turiano Santiago

Angelica Lopez- was a member of Semilla. She's the niece of Jose Rizal to
his elder sister, Narcisa, and was one of Rizal's relatives who traveled with Pio Treasurer- Vicento Molina
Valenzuela to Dapitan. She joined the Katipunan, with her aunts Josefa and Trinidad,
and became fiscal of the women's branch. Third Election Dec 1895

President (Supremo)- Andres Bonifacio Secretary of Justice- Briccio Pantas

Melchora Ramos y Aquino- popularly known as Tandang Sora (January 6,
1812 — March 2, 1919), was known as the “Mother of the Revolution.” During her Secretary of State- Emilio Jacinto Secretary of Interior – Aguedo del Rosario
time as a supporter of the revolution, she would feed the Katipuneros, provide them
shelter and other necessary provisions, and tend to their wounds. Secretary of War- Teodoro Plata Secretary of Finance – Enrique Pacheo
THREE GRADES OF KATIPUNAN MEMBERS
KATIPUNAN ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
Katipon (Member)
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Court) – for the whole country consisted of a
Outfit:
President, Fiscal, Secretary, Treasurer, and Comptroller.
- Black hood with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters
Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council) – for every province.
Z.LI.B.
Sangguniang Balangay (Municipal Council) – for every town.
Password: Anak ng Bayan

Monthly Dues: One real fuerte (old money), or 12.5 centimos, or cuatros.
OFFICERS OF KKK

The first Supreme Council of Katipunan was organized on August 1, 1892. It was
composed of the following: Kawal (Soldier)
Fiscal - Ladislao Diwa
President (Supremo) - Deodato Arellano Outfit:
Secretary- Teodoro Plata
Comptroller (Intervenor)- Andres Bonifacio - Green hood, with a triangle of white lines. At the three angles were the
Treasurer- Valentin Diaz letters. Z.LI.B
- Suspended from the neck was a green ribbond with the medal with the letter
Officers (Second election) February 1983 K in the ancient tagalog script inscribed in the middle

Password: Gom-Bur-Za
 Monthly Dues: Twenty centavos member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan.
Patiño was a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living
Bayani (Patriot) with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage. The information upset Honoria so much that
she told the orphanage’s Mother Superior, Sor Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had
Outfit: revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the
parish priest of Tondo.
- Red mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the following:
B.
- Red sash with green borders After hearing Patiño’s revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by
several Guardias Civiles immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and
Password: Rizal found evidence of the Katipunan’s existence. The governor general was quickly
informed. The printing press was padlocked and hundreds of suspected KKK
Monthly Dues: Two real Fuertes (old money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuatros
members were arrested.

KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP

 It was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase its membership by employing

the Sistemang Patatsulok or Triangle system.
 Bonifacio formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and
Ladislao Diwa.
 The members agreed to recruit more people using the “triangle system” of
enlistment. An original member would recruit two members who did not know
each other.
 But the triangle method provided for slow growth so around October 1892, it
was decided that members would be allowed to recruit as many persons as
they could.
 Over the next four years, the Katipunan founders would recruit new
members. By the time the society was uncovered, historian, Teodoro
Agoncillo estimated the members to have increased to around 30,000 in
1896, the Ilocano writer, Isabelo Delos Reyes estimated membership from
15,000 to 50,000.

THE KATIPUNAN IS DISCOVERED

Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation,

although no solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as
the Spanish authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK