DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL&CLINICAL TECHNOLOGY

NERVOUS SYSTEM
13-16 /02/2024

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 OBJECTIVES
Discuss the Overview & background of nervous
system
Describe the Classification of the Nervous
System:
i. The peripheral nervous system
ii. The central nervous system

Discuss the histological characteristics and

functions of the Nervous tissue
CLASS ACTIVITY- TRY TO THINK ABOUT
THE BELOW QUESTIONS AS WE REVIEW
OUR OBJECTIVES IN THE UPCOMING
SLIDES

1.Describe the characteristic nature of the

motor neurons in paralysis. (4)

2.What happens to the nervous system in the

presence of uncontrolled bacterial infection
such as syphillis. (4)
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edu%2Facademics%2Fdivisions%2Fscipe%2Fbiology%2Ffaculty%2Fharnden%2F2121%2Fnotes%2Fnervous.htm&psig=AOvVaw3po2nqbIczp0aZtviZT_ae&ust=1519123777444787
 • Regulates activities
internal & external
environments
• Enables >>detection
• Respond to stimuli.
• Works with>>
endocrine system
The nervous >>homeostasis.
system: • The two main
divisions>> central
nervous & peripheral
nervous system.
COMMON TERMS>>

Neurology: Deals with

normal functioning &
disorders OF NS

Neurologist: Diagnosis &

treatment of NM disorders
OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CNS-BRAIN&SPINAL CORD
IMPULSES FROM SENORY RECEPTORS
CNS&PNS
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system%2F&psig=AOvVaw3po2nqbIczp0aZtviZT_ae&ust=1519123777444787
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF THE >>>
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD
ROLE>>
Serve as a control center of the body.
Receive & integrate incoming information determining appropriate responses.
BRAIN
part of the CNS >>located in the skull
BRAIN>>100 billion neurons.
SPINAL CORD
Connected to the
brain >>foramen
magnum of the
occipital bone
Encircled by bones
of the vertebrae
column.
•Contains about 100
million neurons.
A.THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

•Processes many incoming sensory

info.>> (thoughts, emotions, memories).
Most signals that stimulate muscles
to contract +>>
glands to secrete>> originate in CNS.
B. THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(PNS)
12 pairs of cranial nerves>> link the brain
31 one pairs of the spinal nerves>> link the
spinal cord with the sensory receptors & parts
of the brain.
Nerves continually inform >>CNS of changing
conditions.
The nerves then transmit CNS “descisions” to
appropriate muscles and glands >>maintain
homeostasis.
The Peripheral nervous system may be subdivided
into :
I.SOMATIC (SNS)
II.AUTONOMIC (ANS)
III. ENTERIC DIVISIONS (ENS).

SOMATIC >>The sensory receptors & nerves within

the PNS
concerned with the changes >>outside environment
AUTONOMIC>>regulate the internal environment
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wid58rl87HZAhWJthQKHQCKBugQjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fantranik.org%2Fthe-autonomic-nervous-
system%2F&psig=AOvVaw0dx9Flo0MHR45VkWXY-LAd&ust=1519127152987702
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nervoussystems&psig=AOvVaw011EpniCaaBY_QWd7hbea-&ust=1519212158128695
Both systems have:
AFFERENT NERVES>>(sensory nerves) >>transmit messages from receptors to the
CNS .
EFFERENT NERVES (motor nerves) >>transmit from CNS >>skeletal muscle only.

A.Somatic Nervous System

sensory neurons convey messages from >>
somatic receptors in the head , body wall, and
limbs and from receptors for special senses
vision, hearing, taste and smell to the CNS.
The motor neurons >> conduct impulses to
skeletal muscle only.
The motor neurons >> conduct impulses to skeletal muscle only.

When somatic neurons cease to stimulate a muscle >>results in paralyzed

limp muscle that has no muscle tone.
B.THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM(ANS)

THE SENSORY NEURONS

From autonomic sensory receptors
located in the visceral organs such as the stomach, lungs to CNS.

THE MOTOR NEURONS

Conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
motor responses are not normally under conscious control the action of the ANS is
involuntary.
TWO PATHWAYS OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

The autonomic division (motor part) >> two kinds of

efferent pathways:
Sympathetic + Parasympathetic
Some effectors receive nerves >> frm both
divisions>> opposing actions.
Eg: sympathetic neurons increase heart rate and
parasympathetic neurons slow down heart rate.
SYMPATHETIC division helps support the exercise of
emergency actions>>the fight or flight off responses
PARASYMPATHETIC takes care of “ rest and digest
C. THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain of the gut” is involuntary.
“

100 million neurons in enteric plexuses

extend over most of the git.
Function independently >>ans& cns to an extent
They communicate with the cns via the sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurons..

Sensory neurons of the ENS monitor chemical changes GIT

>>stretching of its walls.

Motor neurons >>contraction of the GIT tract smooth muscle

>>propel food
The secretions >>acid ; >>secretes hormones.
 OVERVIEW

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4f43e80bd38b%401%2Fou-human-physiology-basic-structure-and-function-of-the-nervous-
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 OVERVIEW PNS >THE PERIPHERAL NERVES
&NERVE PLEXUS

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wjH-Z2_vubZAhUQrRQKHcTPBDQQjhwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepinsta.com%2Fnumber-of-spinal-
nerves_okPJFVvxUgepU8jfBc471e%257CqnSUAFOg76ifVPW4PUEo%2F&psig=AOvVaw2ozxkyOZ5HBQs
2_hVsiMQx&ust=1520933857601852
STRUCTURAL & FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES OF
AUTONOMIC & SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMS

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%2F&psig=AOvVaw011EpniCaaBY_QWd7hbea-&ust=1519212158128695
 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYSTEM(ANS)
Sensory neurons>>>
Sensory neurons>> convey messages >> visceral organs ,stomach
head , body wall, and limbs and from
to CNS
receptors for special senses vision,
hearing, taste and smell (associated with interoceptors
to the CNS. (chemoreceptors&Mechanoreceptors)
Motor neurons>> regulate visceral
activities
Motor neurons >> impulses from CNS to
skeletal muscle only. ↑/↓ongoing activities in their effector
When somatic neurons cease to stimulate a tissues>>the cardiac muscle, smooth
muscle >>results in paralysis muscle, and glands.
Two divisions >
Sympathetic-↑HR/Nerve impulses
Parasympathetic-inhibition-rest, digestion
after a meal etc.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NOTE>>
Main input to ANS >>frm visceral sensory
neurons
Associated>> interoceptors.
Interoceptors are >>sensory receptors >>
Located >>blood vessels; visceral organs,
muscles &nervous system
>>monitor internal environment
 CONTIN..
Interoceptors >>: chemoreceptors >>
monitor blood CO2 level>> conscious sensations.
Mechanoreceptors >>detect degree of
stretch>> wall of organs/ blood vessels.
2 examples from perceived visceral
sensations>> pain sensation, damaged viscera,
angina pectorius from inadequate blood flow to
the heart.
 INTERORECEPTORS

http://slideplayer.com/slide/8955892/
 IMPORTANT ROLES OF ANS

Without the ANS a simple nights sleep

would be life threatening.
Both the somatic & autonomic nervous
systems carry commands>>
to peripheral effectors.
 SOMATIC STRUCTURE VERSES AUTONOMIC
SOMATIC AUTONOMIC

Cell bodies reside inside in CNS Chains of two motor neurons

Axons myelinated in spinal cord extends to 1st>>preganglionic neuron>>(in
skeletal muscles brain/spinal cord)
2nd>>post ganglionic neuron>> cell body
in ganglion outside CNS
THE FIRST NEURON (PREGANGLIONIC NEURON)
Has its cell body in the CNS
its myelinated axon extends from the CNS to collection
of neuronal bodies in the PNS.(Autonomic ganglion)
The axon is a small diameter.
The myelinated fiber extends to >>autonomic ganglion
where it synapses with a postganglionic neuron.
These convey impulses from cns to autonomic ganglia.
Cell body in the CNS
its myelinated axon extends from the CNS to collection of
neuronal bodies in the pns(autonomic ganglion)
 THE SECOND NEURON (POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON)>>

Neuron lies entirely outside the CNS in the PNS

(same collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS).
It has its cell body and dendrites are located in
an autonomic ganglion>>
Where it forms synapses with one or more
preganglionic axons.
Its unmyelinated axon extends directly from the
ganglion to the effector >>smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, or gland.
The axon is a small diameter >>unmyelinated
fiber that extends to the visceral effector.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi_nK389-
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HHvkbwM17P&ust=1520949281995201
STRUCTURAL ANATOMY OF AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Ganglion>>

Is a collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS.

Autonomic pathways consists of two motor
neurons in series >>one following the other
A single myelinated somatic motor neuron>>
Extends from CNS to skeletal muscle fibres in its
motor unit.
 Each division of
the ANS has two
motor neurons:

>>postganglioni >>
c neuron preganglionic
neuron
PREGANGLIONIC NEURON
Axons called preganglionic fibres
outside the CNS
These ganglia axons >>synapse on ganglionic
neurons
Cell body is in the brain / spinal cord.
Axon exits as a cranial or spinal nerve.
The axon is a small diameter
Myelinated >> usually extends to second
neuron in the ans pathway.
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CONTIN ..PREGANGLIONIC NEURON
Sympathetic division>> The preganglionic
fibers from the thoracic & lumbar spinal
segments synapse in ganglia near spinal
cord.
They have their cell bodies in the lateral
horns of the gray matter in the 12 thoracic
segments & the first two lumber segments of
the spinal cord.
Due to this sympathetic division>>called
thoracolumber region.
CONTIN ..PREGANGLIONIC NEURON

Parasympathetic division >>

located in the nuclei of four cranial
nerves in the brain stem(III, VII, IX, X)
and the lateral gray matter of the
second fourth sacral segments of the
spinal cord.
Hence parasympathetic is known as
craniosacral division
 AUTONOMIC GANGLIA

Two major groups of autonomic ganglia>

1. Sympathetic >> These are sites of synapse
between pre ganglionic & postganglionic neurons.
2. Parasympathetic ganglia >> preganglionic axons of
the parasympathetic division synapse with
postganglionic neurons in close
(Ganglion>>collection of neuronal cell bodies)
 POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON
. The axons /postganglionic fibers of these
neurons>>
leave ganglia and innervate cardiac
muscle.
The axons of sympathetic preganglionic
neurons pass to sympathetic trunk ganglia.
They connect with the postganglionic
neurons in one of the following ways:
PREGANGLIOINIC CONNECT WITH THE POSTGANGLIONIC
NEURONS IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS :
Axon may:
1. synapse with postganglion neurons in ganglion it first reaches.
2. ascend or descend to a higher or lower ganglion before synapsing with post
ganglionic neurons.
3. continue without synapsing through the sympathetic trunk ganglion(both
sides of the vertebrae column) to a prevertebrae ganglion where it
synapses with the post ganglionic neuron.
4. pass without synapsing, through the sympathetic trunk ganglion.
 PRE AND POST GANGLIONIC

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DIFFERENCES OF PRE &POST GANGLIONIC
NEURONS

All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic >they have

acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter, and are myelinated for faster
transmission
ACTION OF NEURONS ON CARDIAC MUSCLE

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 OVERVIEW STRUCTURES OF THE SYMPATHETIC
&PARASYMPATHETIC
DIVISIONS
A. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons >>of all thoracic segments of the
first two lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
The preganglionic axons leave spinal cord along with somatic motor neurons at same
segmental levels.
The sympathetic trunk ganglia are arranged anterior and lateral to vertebral column.
Superior cervical ganglion >>serves head &heart;
 OVERVIEW PNS >THE PERIPHERAL NERVES
&NERVE PLEXUS

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nerves_okPJFVvxUgepU8jfBc471e%257CqnSUAFOg76ifVPW4PUEo%2F&psig=AOvVaw2ozxkyOZ5HBQs
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http://antranik.org/the-autonomic-nervous-system/
 CONTIN …
SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Middle & inferior cervical ganglion >> innervate the heart

Post ganglionic from thoracic sympathetic trunk>>innervate heart, lungs, bronchi
and other viscera.
These axons in this division leave the sympathetic trunk in four ways:
1. They enter spinal nerves
2. Can form cephalic periarterial nerves
3. Can form sympathetic nerves
4. Can form splanchic nerves
STRUCTURES OF THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF
ANS
 FUNCTIONS>> FIGHT/FLIGHT) (

http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Sympathetic_division.html
B. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Cell bodies >>found in the brain stem and

lateral grey matter
of the second through the fourth sacral
segments of the spinal cord.
axons emerge as part of a cranial nerve or as
apart of the anterior root of a spinal nerve.

The cranial outflow has 4 pairs of ganglia

associated with the vagus nerves.
CONTIN.. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
The four pairs of cranial parasympathetic ganglia innervate structures in the
head
close to >>organs they innervate>>>>>
1. Ciliary>> near optic nerve
2. Pterygopalatine ganglia>> located lateral to the sphenopalatine
foremen
3. Submandibular ganglia>> near the ducts of submandibular
salivary glands
4. Otis ganglia>> just inferior to each foremen ovale.
CONTIN..PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
The vagal axons extend to many terminals ganglia
in the thorax, abdomen.
As the vagus nerve passes through the thorax it
send axons to the heart, airways.
In the abdomen it supplies the liver , gallbladder,
stomach, pancreas, intestine.
postganlionic axons innervate smooth muscle and
glands in the walls of the colon, ureters, urinary
bladder and reproductive organs.
STRUCTURES OF THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF ANS
Video Links-
a.https://youtu.be/fdCx6SQ3cjU?list=TLPQMDYwNDIwM
jFtXmVwHqh8RA- pt discussing her response to senses..
b.https://youtu.be/lEXBxijQREo?list=TLPQMDYwNDIwMjF
tXmVwHqh8RA- Receptors ..only focus on the first 2 min of
the video.
c. https://youtu.be/3Ct5Tgg9Imc- all receptors.
 Next lecture…overview of

CLASS ACTIVITY autonomic

neurotransmitters and
receptors
 KEY POINTS
All preganglionic fibers of the ANS are cholinergic —meaning they have
acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.
Differences between sympathetic and parasympatheic preganglionic fibers include
that sympathetic preganglionic fibers tend to be shorter than parasympathetic fibers
and sympathetic fibers tend to form more synapses than parasympathetic fibers.

The post-ganglionic neurons are directly responsible for changes in the activity of the
target organ via biochemical modulation and neurotransmitter release.

The neurotransmitters used by postganglionic fibers differ.

In the parasympathetic division, they are cholinergic and use acetylcholine as their
neurotransmitter. In the sympathetic division, most are adrenergic, meaning they use
norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter.
THESE ARE THE PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS THAT SYNAPSE WITH
THE POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS IN THESE LOCATIONS:
KEY TERMS
Cholinergic: pertaining to, activated by, producing, or
having the same function as acetylcholine.
Postsynaptic neuron: the nerve cell that bears receptors
for neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft by the
presynaptic neuron.
Preganglionic fiber: in the autonomic nervous system,
fibers from the cns to the ganglion are known as
preganglionic fibers.
Ganglion: a cluster of interconnecting nerve cells outside
the brain.
Preganglionic neuron: the nerve fibers that supply a
ganglion.
Adrenergic neurons release norephinehrine
( most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RECEPTORS
Objectives
• Description of the different neurotransmitters and receptors
involved in autonomic responses.
Neurotransmitters are classified as cholinergic and or adrenergic.
Cholinergic receptors release acetylcholine. In the ANS the cholinergic includes:
1. All sympathetic& parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
2. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands
3. All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
 CHOLINERGIC

Acetylcholine binds to cholinergic receptors.

The two types of cholinergic receptors both of which

binds acetylcholine are:
1. Nicotine
2. Muscarine receptors
 TWO TYPES OF CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS BOTH OF WHICH BINDS
ACETYLCHOLINE
Nicotine receptors • Muscarine

>> present in the plasma are present in the plasma

membranes of dendrites membranes of all effectors
and cell bodies innervated by all
of both sympathetic& parasympathetic post
parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons
ganglionic neurons and in most sweat glands
innervated by cholinergic
sympathetic post ganglionic
neurons
ADRENERGIC
In the ANS >>adrenergic neurons release norephinehrine
( most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic.
Epinephrine & norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors>>
found on viceral effectors>>innervated most by sympathetic postganglionic
neurons..
Two main types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and beta receptors.
NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS

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NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS

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AN AGONIST
ANTAGONIST

is a substance this mimicks the preventing a

that binds to and effect of a >>binds to & neurotransmitter
activates a natural blocks a or hormone
receptor>> neurotransmitter receptor >> from exerting its
or hormone. effect.
http://membranereceptors.com/membrane-receptors/agonists-and-antagonists/
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 TRANSMISSION

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 TRANSMISSION

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wiho8WC-ubZAhWBVxQKHQJtCGIQjhwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffblt.cz%2Fen%2Fskripta%2Fregulacni-
mechanismy-2-nervova-regulace%2F6-autonomni-nervovy-
NERVE IMPULSES
 END

References- Prescribed text Book

Neurotransmitters Overview -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FHNP4oPiAPE
Acetylcholine – (Cholinergic neuron)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwsVmTOBZrc
Adrenergic –https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCOJq_G-1TE