NERVOUS SYSTEM

HARISH R M.SC (CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY)​

NERVOUS SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
• A physically connected network of cells,
tissues and organs that allow us to
communicate with and react to the
environment and perform life
activities.Master controlling and
communicating system
• The nervous system is a network of
neurons whose main feature is to
generate, modulate and transmit
information between all the different
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parts of the human body.
 • This property enables many
NERVOUS SYSTEM

important functions of the

nervous system, such as
regulation of vital body
functions (heartbeat, breathing,
digestion), sensation and
body movements. Ultimately,
the nervous system structures
preside over everything that
makes us human; our
consciousness, cognition,
behaviour and memories.

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 TYPES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Central nervous system

(CNS)
• Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)
• Somatic nervous system
(SNS)
• Autonomic nervous system
(ANS)

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 Central nervous system (CNS)
NERVOUS SYSTEM

The central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of

the brain and spinal cord. The three broad
functions of the CNS are to take in sensory
information, process information, and send out
motor signals.

The CNS receives sensory information from the

nervous system and controls the body's
responses. The central nervous system plays a
primary role in receiving information from various
5 areas of the body and then coordinating this
activity to produce the body's responses.
NERVOUS SYSTEM

MIRJAM F LO RA RA J E S H
NILSSON BERGGREN SANTOSHI
Chief Executive Chief Operations VP Marketing
Officer Officer
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 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

STRUCTURE
• The CNS has three main components: the
brain, the spinal cord, and the neurons (or
nerve cells). Each part of the CNS plays an
important role in how the body functions, and
the three components of the CNS work
together to take in information and control
how the body responds.

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM
The three main functions of your central
nervous system are to:
• Receive sensory information.
• Process the information it receives
(integration).
• Respond with motor output.
• After your brain gets and understands the data
collected by your sensory neurons (nerve
cells), it sends an electrical signal through your
8 spinal cord to your muscles and glands to
create a motor output.
 HOW DOES THE CENTRAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM WORK ?

• Your brain regulates your thoughts, feelings and
movements. It manages the things you do, like
bending your fingers, learning and communicating. It
also manages how your organs function by telling
you to breathe and digest food. You likely don’t think
about these things, but your CNS does.
• This process works by sending messages through
your nervous system. Your brain creates a message.
It sends that message (signal) to your spinal cord.
Your spinal cord sends the message to your nerves (
9 peripheral nervous system) to complete an action.
Signals travel to and from your brain and spinal cord
 DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

There are a number of problems and diseases that can affect the CNS.
Damage or disease to the central nervous system can produce a range
of effects. Some of the conditions that can impact the CNS include:
• Degenerative Diseases : Diseases such as Parkinson's disease and
Alzheimer's disease can cause the degeneration of cells in pivotal
areas of the brain, affecting functions such as movement and
memory.
• Infections: Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can invade the central
nervous system, causing symptoms and/or damage.
• Stroke: A blockage of blood flow to the brain prevents oxygen from
reaching the tissues of the brain. This results in damage to the
affected area and can lead to impairment or death.
• Trauma: Injury to the CNS can cause a number of problems ranging
from paralysis to death.
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• Tumors: Cancerous and benign tumors can grow in different areas of
the CNS. The impact of these tumors depends on their location and
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
PRESENTATION TITL

SYSTEM
E

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 • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all
the nerves branching out of the brain and spinal cord
NERVOUS SYSTEM

(the central nervous system, CNS).

• The PNS includes the peripheral nerves,
neuromuscular junctions, cranial nerves, and spinal
nerves. This system also carries information to and
from the central nervous system.
• The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to
the organs, limbs, and skin. The nerves of the PNS
extend from the central nervous system to the
outermost areas of the body. The peripheral system
allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send
information to other areas of the body, which allows
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us to react to stimuli in our environment.
 THE FOUR PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF
NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE PNS ARE TO:

• Control autonomic body functions
• Control motor movements
• Digestion
• Relay sensory information to the central nervous system

Examples of processes controlled by the peripheral

nervous system include dilating or constricting the
pupils in response to light, stimulating digestion,
activating the sweat response, controlling blood flow,
and regulating heart rate.
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 STRUCTURES OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The peripheral nervous system itself is divided into two parts:
the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous
system. Each of these components plays a critical role in how
the peripheral nervous system operates.

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 NERVOUS SYSTEM

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PRESENTATION TITL
DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
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• Diabetes
• Epstein-Barr virus
• Guillain-Barre syndrome
• Lupus
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Peripheral nerve injuries
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Thoracic outlet syndrome
• Tumors
16 • Vitamin deficiency
 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The somatic nervous system is part of the

peripheral nervous system and plays a role in
voluntary movements and sensory processing.
• The somatic nervous system carries motor and
sensory signals to and from the central nervous
system (CNS). Because of this bodily system, we are
able to control our physical movements and process
four of the five senses—smell, sound, taste, and
touch.
• The somatic nervous system includes all of the
nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. It
17 does not include the brain and spinal column
themselves, both of which are part of the
 PRESENTATION TITL

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 SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM

FUNCTION
• Movement control: The somatic nervous system plays a
vital role in initiating and controlling the movements of your
body. This system is responsible for nearly all voluntary
muscle movements.
• Sensory input: The somatic system is also responsible for
processing sensory information that arrives via external
stimuli. It processes the senses of hearing, smell, taste, and
touch.

The somatic nervous system is not involved in the processing of

sight as this sense is controlled directly by the brain.
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 The somatic nervous system contains two
NERVOUS SYSTEM

main types of neurons (nerve cells):

• Sensory neurons, also known
as afferent neurons, are responsible for
carrying information from the body to the
CNS.
• Motor neurons, also known as efferent
neurons, are responsible for carrying
information from the brain and spinal
cord to muscle fibers throughout the
20 body.
 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
NERVOUS SYSTEM

SYSTEM
• The autonomic nervous system is a network of
nerves that regulates unconscious body
processes. The autonomic system is the part of
the peripheral nervous system responsible for
regulating involuntary body functions, such as
heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.
• Because of this, the autonomic nervous system
is also sometimes known by another name: the
involuntary nervous system.
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 PRESENTATION TITL

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PRESENTATION TITL
HOW THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM WORKS?
The autonomic nervous system operates by receiving information from
the environment and from other parts of the body. The sympathetic
and parasympathetic systems tend to have opposing actions in which
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one system will trigger a response whereas the other will inhibit it.
Traditionally, stimulation has been thought to take place through the
sympathetic system, while inhibition was thought to occur via the
parasympathetic system. However many exceptions to this have been
found.
For example, the sympathetic nervous system will act to raise blood
pressure while the parasympathetic nervous system will act to lower it.
The two systems work in conjunction to manage the body’s responses
depending upon the situation and need.
23 If, for example, you are facing a threat and need to flee, the
sympathetic system will quickly mobilize your body to take action.
Once the threat has passed, the parasympathetic system will then
 T H I S S Y S T E M I S F U RT H E R D I V I D E D I N T O T H R E E
B RA N C H E S
NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Parasympathetic nervous system: This part of the

autonomic nervous system helps maintain normal body
functions and conserves physical resources. This division
also performs such tasks as controlling the bladder,
slowing heart rate, and constricting eye pupils.
• Sympathetic nervous system: Ths division regulates
the flight-or-fight responses. The sympathetic system also
performs such tasks as relaxing the bladder, speeding up
heart rate, and dilating eye pupils.
• Enteric nervous system: This is the part of the
autonomic nervous system that controls the
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gastrointestinal tract and the digestion of food.
PRESENTATION TITL
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS
• Blood pressure •Pancreas function
• Body temperature •Liver function
• Breathing (respiratory) rate •Metabolism
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• Circulatory system •Pupillary response

•Production of body fluids,
• Digestion
including sweat and saliva
• Electrolyte balance •Sexual response
• Emotional responses •Skin, including sweating and
• Glands of the mouth, nose, and the muscles that cause hair on
eyes the body to stand up
•Urination and defecation
• Immune system
• Heart rate
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