Introduction to History Historian

– is an expert or student of history, especially that of a

History: Introduction and Historical Sources particular period, geographical region or social
phenomenon.
Why study History?
An examination of the past can tell us a great deal about DUTIES:
how we came to be who we are. It means looking at the 1. seeks not only historical evidence and facts but also
roots of modern institutions, ideas, values, and problems. interpret facts
2. gives meaning to facts and organizes them
Looking at the past teaches us to see the world through chronologically must be able to recognize the evidence,
different eyes-appreciating the diversity of human decide how useful it
perceptions, beliefs, and cultures. Different and/or new 3. is and come to conclusion based on what he has found
perspectives will enable us to analyze critically the present out. - responsible for reconstructing the past.
contexts of our society and beings.
History and the Historian
-a study of historical perspective
History
- refers to the study and interpretation by a historian on
In reconstructing the past, a historian can be subjective.
the data and other source of the past human activity,
The historian is influenced by his own environment,
people, societies and civilizations leading to the present
ideology, education and influence.
day.
-is defined as a documented record of man and his society
Because certain events happened so long ago and because
sometimes the evidence is incomplete, historians have
THREE IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:
different approaches and views about what happened in
the past.
 “history is based on past events”
 “history is interpreted by someone usually by
How to make history objective?
historian”
Use historiography or what they call history of history –
 “history relies on data and documents which
the study of how history was written, by whom and why it
historian call as historical sources”
was recorded as such. Historian must follow the historical
method.
-As a field of study, it is a study of man and his
achievements from the beginning of written records to the
Importance & Uses of History
present.
A. History provides a source of personal and social identity.
B. History helps us understand the problems of the
-As a literary form of history is an effective presentation of
present.
the unfolding events. But as a type of literature history
C. History – good history – corrects misleading analogies
falls under non-fiction work.
and “lessons” of the past.
D. History can help one develop tolerance and open-
-History comes from social history which defines it as a
mindedness.
record of events showing the evolution of man and his
E. History helps us better understand all human behaviors
society from the earliest and from the age of barbarism to
and all aspects of the human condition.
what he is today.
F. History provides the basic background for many
disciplines.
History’s Subject Matter
G. History can be a source of entertainment.
“the life of people and humanity”
H. History, when studied, can teach many critical skills.
It came from the Greek word “Historia” which means
“knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”.
Sources of History
It denotes asking question or investigation of the past
Historical sources are tangible remains of the past. It is an
done by person trained to do so or by persons who are
object from the past or testimony concerning the past on
interested in human past.
which historians depend in order to create their own
Historical account must be based on all available relevant
depiction of the past.
evidence.
THREE KINDS OF SOURCES: Secondary Sources
Primary interprets and analyzes primary sources prepared by an
Secondary individual who was not direct witness to an event, but not
Tertiary who obtained his or her description of the event from
someone else may have pictures, votes or graphics of
Primary Sources primary sources in them some types are history textbook,
=A primary source is a testimony of an individual who was printed materials (serials or periodicals which interpret
a participant in or a direct witness to the event that is previews research), biographies, nonfiction text such as
being described. newspaper, magazine, journals, works of criticism and
-It is a document or physical object which was written or interpretation
created during the time under a study.
-are characterized by their content, regardless of whether Tertiary Source
they are available in original format, in microfilm, in digital it provides third hand information by reporting ideas and
format or in published format. details from secondary source encyclopedia, almanac,
Wikipedia, YouTube, dictionaries, message boards, social
Five Main Categories of Primary Sources: media sites and other search sites.
Written Sources
Numerical Records
Oral Statements Lesson 2: Historical Criticisms
Relics
Images Historical criticism
is a branch of criticism that investigates the origin of text
1. Written Sources or Documents or source in order to understand the word behind the text.
– most common
– written or printed materials that have been produced in The primary goal of historical criticism is to discover the
one form or another sometime in the past text primitive or original historical context and its literal
– may be published materials such as travelogue, sense.
transcriptionof speech, autobiographies, journals or
newspapers The secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of
– can be also in manuscript form or any handwritten or historical situation of the author and recipients of the text.
type record that has not been printed
– example of these is archival materials, memoirs, diary, Additional Goal of Historical Criticism
Personal letter or correspondence
Historical criticism has also often sought answers to the
2. Numerical Records ever-elusive question of what is called “authorial intent”:
– include any type of numerical data in printed or
handwritten form TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM
external criticism
3. Oral Statements -investigates the documents form
– any form of statement made orally by an eyewitness
– it may be through video recordings, audio recordings, or internal criticism
Transcribed -investigates the content of the documents

4. Relics External Criticism

– any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can
provide some information about the past -This type of criticism looks for the obvious sign of forgery
– artifacts, ruins, and fossils or misrepresentation.
-This type of criticism tests the authenticity of the sources.
5. Images - It is interested in the writing styles of the eyewitness and
– photograph, posters, paintings, drawing cartoons and his ignorance of the facts.
maps
External Criticism Provenance is the place of origin of earliest known history
of documents. It traces the roots of any source. The other
Examples of the things that will be examined when two test of authenticity is the semantics and
conducting external criticism of a document include the: hermeneutics.
quality of the paper
the type of the ink Semantics is the linguistic study of meaning. In this test
the language semantics determine the meaning of the text and words of
words used in the material the source.
among others
Hermeneutics is more than interpretation or method used
Test of authenticity when immediate comprehension fails. In historical
criticism we determine ambiguities which are a word or
1. Determine the date of document to see whether it is expression that can be understood in two or more possible
anachronistic. ways.

Anachronism means out of time or order, something that Internal Criticism

could not have been there at that particular time. It could
be a person, thing or idea placed in a wrong time. This type of criticism looks for deeper or more intense
study of sources. Usually historians first apply external
Being able to spot anachronism is important because it criticism before undergoing the test of credibility because
helps us test the reliability of a source. If a source is of internal criticisms implicit character.
unreliable then we probably should not use it. It refers to the accuracy of the content of a document.
2. Determine the author’s handwriting, signature
Or seal. We can compare the handwriting of particular author of the source
author to his other writings. its context
the agenda behind its creation
3. Look for the anachronistic style. In this test we will the knowledge which informed it
examine idiomatic expression or the orthography used in its intended purpose, among others.
the documents.
Test of Credibility
An idiom is an expression, word or phrase that has a 1. Identify the author.
figurative meaning conventionally understood by native It determines if the witness is reliable or if he is consistent
speakers. by comparing his other works.

Orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language. 2. Determine the approximate date.
It includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, Example of this is again Rizal’s poem “Sa Aking Mga
word breaks, emphasis and punctuation. Kabata.”

When the poem “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” was allegedly 3. Know its ability to tell the truth.
written in 1869, most Philippine language was widely Historians examine how near an eyewitness is to the
written in a variety of ways based on Spanish Orthography: event.

4. Look for the anachronistic reference to events. 4. Know its willingness to tell the truth.
If the eyewitness is coerced, forced or somebody threaten
5. Look for the provenance or custody of the him to tell something then his account is not valid. If the
document. eyewitness wants to hide something for personal reason .

5. Look for corroboration.

This particular step rest upon the independent testimony
of two or more reliable sources.
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED STEPS IN DOING CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
PRIMARY SOURCES
A. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR/CREATOR
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
TEST OF CREDIBILITY
Content Analysis
-a systematic evaluation of the primary source be it a text, 1.Identify the author
painting, caricature and/or speech that in the process -It determines if the witness is reliable or if he is consistent
students could develop and present an argument based on by comparing his other works.
their own understanding of the evidences form their
readings. 2. Determine the approximate date
-the students will identify pertinent information from the -Example of this is again Rizal’s poem “Sa Aking Mga
texts or documents and explain its importance to their Kabata.”
understanding of history in the Philippine setting.
-t is an indispensable approach to strengthen the students 3. Know its ability to tell the truth
critical and analytical thinking skills and their ability to -Historians examine how near an eyewitness is to the
articulate their own ideas, views and perspectives on a event.
certain primary data or source.
4.Know its willingness to tell the truth
AUTHOR’S PERSPECTIVE -If the eyewitness is coerced, forced or somebody threaten
him to tell something then his account is not valid. If the
*The author’s perspective, or viewpoint, is how the author eyewitness wants to hide something for personal reason.
feels about the subject.
5. Look for corroboration
*The author’s background consists of the author’s early -This particular step rest upon the independent testimony
life, his educational attainment, and the kind of of two or more reliable sources.
environment he or she grew up with.
B. BACKGROUND OF THE
*The point-of-view is the way how the author addresses DOCUMENT/PRIMARY SOURCE
the content to the reader. It can be first person, second
person, or third-person. IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
DOCUMENT
*The author also expresses his or her content with an
argument in mind. This is the main theme the author *Look also if your source agrees with information from
intends for the readers to see his or her side of the story. another source.
*Attention also must be given to the intended audience
*The author’s attitude reflects the tone or mood of the and purpose.
material at hand. It reflects the current situation in the
material at the time of its conception, or the current There is a bias when a source’s information is unbalance or
emotions the author was feeling when he made the prejudiced. There are two kinds of bias: either it is strongly
material. positive (strongly in favor of) or strongly negative (strongly
against).
Persuade: To convince the reader of a certain point of
view. Context is the awareness that sources were created at
Inform: To teach or give information to he reader. times which were very different to our own.
Entertain: To hold the attention of the reader through
enjoyment. Historical empathy understands the past without judging
it by modern standards.

P.I.E.
D. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE In 1883, Luna started the painting Blood Compact to fulfill
DOCUMENT IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND his pensionado obligation from the Ayuntamiento (Manila
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY Council).

A cause is a person or thing that makes something He also developed a friendship with the king of Spain so
happens that the Spanish Senate commissioned the painting La
Batalla de Lepanto.
A consequences is a direct result of the cause.
During this period he became part of propaganda
E. RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENTS TO movement and befriended several members of the
THE PRESENT TIME organization like Jose Rizal and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera.

*Look for the historical significance or what modern He married Maria de la Paz Pardo de Tavera. They had one
people consider to be important from the past. son Andres and a daughter, Maria de la Paz who died
*How to determine significance of the event? when she was three year old.

Novelty - when something is new or never been seen After the death of his daughter the couple had marriage
before difficulties. It culminated in the killing of his wife, mother
Applicability - when it is similar to the present in law and wounding of Felix, one of his brothers in law.
Memory - how it has been remembered over time
Effect - how people have been affected On September 16, 1896, he and his brother Antonio were
arrested by Spanish authorities for being involved with the
KKK.
EXAMPLE OF CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
He was pardoned by the Spanish court on May 27, 1897
Type of Primary Source: Images and he travelled back to Spain in July.
Painting - Juan Luna’s The Parisian Life
In 1899 he was appointed by the Malolos Republic as a
A. BACKGROUND OF THE member of Paris delegation which was working for the
AUTHOR/CREATOR diplomatic recognition of the Republic.

He was born on October 23, 1857 in Badoc, Ilocos Norte. He travelled back to the Philippines upon hearing the
He is the third among seven children of a well to do death of his brother, Antonio.
couple Joaquin Luna and Laureana Novicio. He took the
Bachelor of Arts in Ateneo de Municipal and Marine He travelled to Hongkong but died there aged 42 on
Transportation (sailor) from Escuela Nautica de Manila. December 7, 1899 from a heart attack.

He took drawing lesson from Lorenzo Guererro and

Agustin Saez. He went to Europe in 1877 and took painting B. BACKGROUND OF THE PRIMARY
lessons in Escuela de Bellas de San Fernando (Madrid) but SOURCE
dropped out to work with the painter Alejo Vera. The Parisian Life is also known as Inside a Café. It is 1892
oil on canvas painting that measures 22”x31” which was
With the opening of Exposicion National de Ballas Artes made in Paris, France.
1878, his artistic talent was established. Considered to be one of the last major works Luna has
done during his post academic and life in Paris.
From them on, Luna became engrossed in painting and
produced a collection of painting that he exhibited from The painting is housed in the National Museum.
several expositions from 1881. Provenance of Dr. Ariston Bautista Lin, one of the three
audience to the woman pictured in the painting.
He won a gold medal from Madrid Exposition for his
Spoliarium while after his death in 1904, The Parisian Life It is now owned by the GSIS (bought from Christie’s Hong
won the silver medal at the St. Louis (USA) Exposition. Kong in 2002 for Php 46,000,000)
IMPORTANT HISTORICAL INFORMATION FOUND IN THE
PAINTING Lesson 2: CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL
Disturbed state of the motherland in 1892 ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

It is the exact year when La Liga Filipina was (TRAVELOGUE)

formed (July 3);
ANTONIO IGAFETTA’S FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
When the Katipunan was formed (July 7);
And when Jose Rizal was banished to exile in Dapitan (July FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD “PRIMER VIAJE EN
7) TORNO EL GLOBO”
The year 1892 was the eve of the Philippine Revolution.
Who discover the Philippines?
D. CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE Xiao Time: Ang Pagdating ni Magellan
PAINTING IN UNDERSTANDING THE GRAND
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY THE REASONS OF
COLONIZATION
(Juan Luna) was able to convey multitude of message in a
very limited space in an otherwise simple subject. Spain and Portugal – two competing countries

Although his character was not heroic for he has many GOD – they wanted to spread Catholicism in the east
character flaws. But then he used his great talent to
advance the Filipino cause. GLORY – because having a colony give glory to them

This painting and other visual arts can be used as a primary GOLD – because of Mercantilism
source to motivate us to do move for our nation.
It was the principle wherein the basis of the power of a
The message of this painting can be a cause while a simple country was the amount of gold that they have.
compliance of the new normal can be the consequence.
MAGELLAN
E. RELEVANCE OF THE PAINTING TO THE PRESENT TIME Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese who gave his service
to the King of Spain when King Carlos I of Portugal rejected
It is one of the products of the genius, Juan Luna. his suggestion.

He was one of the first international celebrities that In 1518, together with his father-in-law Diego Balbosa, he
highlight Filipino talent. was able to convince King Charles V that they could reach
the East using the route of the west.
He was the Manny Pacquiao and Hidilyn Diaz of the 19th
century. The Spanish expedition could not use the route of the East
since in 1494.
The year of 1892 is one of the turning point in our history.
The two countries agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas which
The failure of the Propaganda Movement and the divided the world into two, the western part was for
establishment of the Katipunan are very important in our Spaniards and the Eastern part was for Portugal.
history.
And this treaty was followed by the Papal Bull of 1493
Many of the propagandists like Juan Luna and Rizal which used the 370 leagues to divide the world for
contributed their talents to advance the Filipino Portugal and Spain.
aspirations.
In September 20, 1519, the troops of Magellan left
The painting causes controversies when it was purchased San Lucas, Spain with five ships Victoria,
by GSIS in 2002. Many members of GSIS accused Winston Santiago, Trinidad, Conception and San
Garcia (then President of GSIS) of corruption. Antonio with 235 men.
Rajah Humabon also accepted the truce with Magellan and In 1529, treaty of Zaragoza gave the right to the Spaniards
in March 31, 1521, mass was first celebrated in Masao or to settle in the Philippines while Brazil was given to
Limasawa with Father Pedro Valderama as the presiding Portugal. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reached the eastern part
priest. of Mindanao. He named the island from north to south as
Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II.
In April 27, 1521, 4 a.m. in the morning according to the
account of Antonio Pigafetta, they reached the island of MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI AS
Mactan. ADELANTADO DE FILIPINAS

THE OTHER EXPEDITIONS AFTER FERDINAND MAGELLAN The most successful expedition after Ferdinand Magellan
was the expedition of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
The expedition of Ferdinand Magellan opened the door for
the Europeans to navigate to Asia using the route of East The King gave him the title as Adelantado de Filipinas and
and West. received the order to establish Spanish government in the
Philippines in a peaceful means.
After his voyage there were numerous navigators who
attempted to establish the Spanish supremacy over the Legazpi had the blood compact with Rajah Sikatuna and
land in the Pacific and among them were Loaisa in 1525, other chieftains.
Cabot in 1526, Saavedra in 1527, Villalobos in 1541 and
Legaspi in 1565. The Spanish government would recognize the power and
status of the Datu, Rajah and Chieftains. In return, the
In 1529, treaty of Zaragoza gave the right to the Spaniards native leaders would also recognize the power of the
to settle in the Philippines while Brazil was given to Spanish government.
Portugal. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reached the eastern part
of Mindanao. He named the island from north to south as The local rulers were exempted from all taxes.
Las Islas Filipinas in honor of King Philip II.
The local rulers would receive a monthly salary from the
Rajah Humabon also accepted the truce with Magellan and Spanish government.
in March 31, 1521, mass was first celebrated in Masao or
Limasawa with Father Pedro Valderama as the presiding In 1565 to 1606, the Spanish government sent different
priest. regular missions in the country.

In April 27, 1521, 4 a.m. in the morning according to the The Dominicans, Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits and
account of Antonio Pigafetta, they reached the island of Recollects friars assisted Legazpi in the permanent
Mactan. colonization in the country.

THE OTHER EXPEDITIONS AFTER FERDINAND MAGELLAN The success of Legazpi in the establishment of the Spanish
government in the Philippines made him as the first
The expedition of Ferdinand Magellan opened the door for Governor General in the country.
the Europeans to navigate to Asia using the route of East
and West.

After his voyage there were numerous navigators who

attempted to establish the Spanish supremacy over the
land in the Pacific and among them were Loaisa in 1525,
Cabot in 1526, Saavedra in 1527, Villalobos in 1541 and
Legaspi in 1565.