Pag-intindi sa

KASAYSAYAN
Leo Angelo M. de Castro
Instructor
Lesson Objectives
Magkaroon ng ebalwasyon sa kredibilidad,
1 awtensidad, at pinanggalingan ng mga
primaryang batis.
 History is not there for
you to like or dislike. It is
there for you to learn
from it. And if it offends
you, even better. Because
then you are less likely to
repeat it. It’s not yours to
erase or destroy.

Lt. Col. Allen West

Meaning of
History
History is the study of things from the past. History
serves as lenses through which we gain insight into
the intricacies of human life and experiences.

It is not just a static record of what happened; rather it

is a continuous dialogue with the past that allows us
to comprehend the forces that have shaped our
society.
Meaning of
History
It is a field of study that examines the historical
occurrences in people’s nations, and the world’s life.

The word “historia” is a translation from Greek

which denotes a throughout study.

It also means “knowledge acquired through inquiry

and investigation”.
Meaning of
History
Moreover, it became known as the account of the
past of the person or of a group of people through
written documents and historical evidences.

Traditional historians will often tell us “no

document, no history”. However, for the Filipino
context, this is different.
Kahulugan ng
Kasaysayan
For us Filipinos, the concept of history is different.
We use the word “kasaysayan”; which has another
meaning on its own.

Ang Kasaysayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay sa

taong nagsasaysay.

saysay - retelling / pagkukuwento

saysay - worth / importance
Pantayong Pananaw
Isang pagtingin sa kasaysayan sa pamamagitan ng punto-
de-bista natin at isinasalaysay natin para sa atin.

Ang ibang pananaw ay ang mga sumusunod:

a) Pang-kaming pananaw - kuwento mo na sinasabi mo
sa iba. (Kami ang bida, kayo ang tagapakinig)
b) Pang-silang pananaw - kuwento natin tungkol sa iba na
ikinukuwento sa ating kasama (Sila ang bida, tayo ang
tagapakinig)
c) Pang-kayong pananaw - kuwento natin tungkol sa iba,
para sa iba. (Kami ang magkukuwento tungkol sa inyo,
ikekwento sa inyo)
History as a Social Science
 Father of History
Herodotus of
Halicarnassus is regarded
as the Father of History;
he was a compelling
narrator who had a keen
interest in local traditions.
He wrote the book “The
Histories”.
 Historians
Historians are those who have studied history and
typically decide on a specific time frame of their
study.

When writing history, historians cite all their sources

properly so that researchers will be able to locate
such sources.
 Historians
Historians are those who have studied history and
typically decide on a specific time frame of their study.

When writing history, historians cite all their sources

properly so that researchers will be able to locate such
sources.

Some Filipino historians include Gregorio Zaide, Teodoro

Agoncillo, Renato Constantino, and many more.
 Historians
Facts cannot speak for themselves.

Historians interpret the historical sources available. They

give meaning to it.
Importance
of History
1. History helps us develop a better understanding of
the world.
2. History helps us to understand ourselves.
3. History helps us learn to understand other people.
4. History teaches a working understanding of
change.
5. History gives us tools we needed to be decent
citizens.
6. History makes us better decision-makers
7. History helps us develope a new level of
appreciation for just about everything
Historiography
study of how historians construct
history as a field of study, and thus,
it includes all historical writings on a
given topic.

it is also the study of the way history

has been and is written - the history
of historical writing.
 types of sources

PRIMARY
SECONDARY
SOURCES
SOURCES
 Primary Sources
firsthand, contemporaneous
descriptions of events that were
written by people who lived during the
time period or years later.

Firsthand testimonies, eyewitness

accounts
Examples of Primary Sources
Scholarly works (i.e. Original documents
Creative works
research articles, (i.e. diaries,
Autobiography (i.e. songs,
dissertations, etc.) manuscripts,
poetry, video)
letters, etc)

Reports,
Artifacts, Letters and
eyewitness
relics, vintage other
items
accounts,
documents
records
Secondary Sources
they frequently interpret the main
materials and are intimately tied to
them.

These sources are records that

relate to data that came from
somewhere else.

Produced by authors who used and

interpreted primary sources.
Examples of Secondary Sources
Textbooks, Newspaper editorial
Political
dictionaries, pieces
Journal commentary
encyclopedia
Articles

Reports,
Biographies Letters and
eyewitness
other
accounts,
documents
records
May Tertiary
Sources po ba?
Well, yes. A source that offers
neither original information nor
interpret it is a tertiary source.
These are often summaries or
compilations / lists directing
readers to primary or secondary
sources.
Importance
of Sources
We need sources in order to have a first-
hand account of history and a thorough
comprehension of it from the viewpoint of
the individuals who lived through it.

Sources allows us to:

a) make new discoveries
b) expose students to multiple
perspectives on great issues of the past
and present
Historical
Sources
they are authentic source
that has a significant
historical information; it may
be an artifact or testimony
about the past, and
historians rely on it to paint a
picture of the past.
 Sources of History

1. Non-Written Sources
2. Written sources
3. Archeology
4. Linguistic
5. Etnography
Non-Written Sources
Also called as oral sources, these are sources
that are passed down from generation to
generation through oral communication but
are not recorded in writing.

These include oral traditions and oral

testimonies.

Oral traditions - poetry, ballads, dirges,

hunting chants, songs. Traditions are
passed down verbally.
Oral testimonies - dissemination of
knowledge about about a historical event
by those who were present when it
happened.
Non-Written Sources
However, non-written sources are often
subject to falsification, distortion, owing
to the person’s own self interest,
addition and deletion of material,
memory loss, lack of chronology and the
usage of phrases like “once upon a time”
and “in the beginning” among others.
Written Sources
Written sources are historical events that have
been documented and passed down from one
generation to another. One crucial method for
preserving history is thru writing and recording
them.

Written materials are essential parts in

reconstructing colonial and contemporary history
because they outlive their authors.

However, they may be lost, destroyed by water,

war, insects, rodents, fire, or disasters. It may be
altered according to the author’s wants, and may
contain prejudice based on race or religion.
Archaeology
The study of historical artifacts that have
been preserved. It reveals the tools people
used in the past.

It is also called dug-history. While mostly it

cannot provide exact dates, a reasonable
estimate may be done through Carbon-14
Dating.

They might include skeletal fragments,

pottery, cave writings, rock arts, ancient
tools.
Linguistic
Study of language
similarities, how various
languages of various
civilizations are studied; it
helps us understand
where we came from and
how we spread.
Ethnography
study of an ethnic group
or people’s way of life. It
involves participant
observation for learning.
An ethnographer
examines ethnic groups
generates ethnographic
findings.
Reasons to use Historical
Sources
1. You can support your claims about what life is like in the past
using info from historical sources.
2. People can use them to see how bias might affect a source.
3. Compare various primary historical sources to learn opinions
from individuals at the time.
4. sources can verify the accuracy of someone’s historical
statements.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Historical Sources
Advantages Disadvantages
Historical sources Older historical sources
cannot be changed. can be fragile, and have to
altered, or be kept in museums,
archives, or special
paraphrased by
collections. This means
anyone else easily. It is that they are difficult to
“straight from the access for ordinary people.
horse’s mouth”.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Historical Sources
Advantages Disadvantages
It provides evidences that It is difficult to identify if
can be linked back to an the source is telling the
original source or author - truth or not. It could be
someone who was alive at true or untrue - leaving out
the time of the event. This
key pieces of information
is more convincing rather
to create a biased account,
than guessing or making
or may be based on
unconfirmed claims.
prejudice.
Historical
Criticism
looks at the beginning if works to
comprehend the “world behind the
text”. Sources from the same era
and event are frequently compared
with a help from other sources to
gain a deeper knowledge of how a
particular piece is interacted with
its surroundings when it was
created.
External
Criticism
process of assessing the
physical qualities of an item
of evidence, determining the
materials it was made from
in order to confirm its
validity.

it is also called heuristics.

External
Criticism
External factors are examined such as:
a) paper quality;
b) ink composition;
c) language and vocabulary used;
How to test authenticity

1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are

anachronistic.
2. Determine the author (handwriting, signature, seal, etc)
3. Anachronistic style and references.
How to test authenticity
Internal
Criticism
examination of the truthfulness of the
evidence; it analyzes the source’s
content and considers the
circumstances surrounding its creation.
Critiquing common historical “facts”

Sa aking mga Kabata

attributed to J. Rizal
Sa aking mga Kabata
“Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita
mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda
kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala.”

Common sources tells us that Rizal wrote the

poem “Sa aking mga kabata” when he was eight
years old.
Sa aking mga Kabata
However, in a letter to Paciano, (12 October 1886),
Rizal wrote the following

Dear brother, I am sending you at last the

translation of Wilhelm Tell ... I’m forgetting
Tagalog a little, as I don’t speak it with anyone... I
lacked many words, for example, for the word
Freiheir or liberty. The Tagalog word kaligtasan
cannot be used, because this means that
formerly he was in some prison...
Sa aking mga Kabata
In a letter to Paciano, (12 October 1886), Rizal
wrote the following:

“I found in the translation of Amor Patrio the

noun ‘malaya’, ‘kalayahan’, that Marcelo del Pilar
uses. In the only Tagalog book I have - Florante at
Laura - I don’t find an equivalent noun.”
Sa aking mga Kabata
Examine the poem supposedly written by the
young Rizal:
Sa aking mga Kabata
If Rizal wrote the poem at 8 years old, how
come that when he was 25 years old, he did
not know the word “malaya” or “kalayaan”?

Did Rizal really write the “Sa aking mga

kabata”?
Probably not.
Sa aking mga Kabata
under Criticism
We used internal criticism to make a
statement disproving the usual claim; we
examined other letters of Rizal in contrast to
the poem and found out that due to the
circumstances already mentioned, he might
not have written the said poem.
Hermeneutics
“art of interpretation” or “study of
interpretation”.

It came from the Greek word

hermeneuein meaning “to interpret”.

Two types of hermeneutics:

a) Hermeneutics of continuity
b) Hermeneutics of rupture
 REFERENCES
Baes, A., Francisco, J. (2023). Revisiting Readings in
Philippine History. Mindshapers: Intramuros, Manila

Hipolito, Y.E. (2021). Meaning and Relevance of History.

Retrieved from www.slideshare.net

Candelaria, J.L., Alporha, V. (2018). Readings in Philippine

History. Rex Book Store: Manila