Notes

PARALLEL SAILING

Green is the key

Solution:

Example 1

1.“Solving for Dlo”

ʎ2 = 100° 00.0’ W

- ʎ1 = 070° 00.0’ W

Dlo = 030° 00.0’ W

x 60_________

Dlo = 1,800 n.m W

2. “solving for Course”

True Course = 270° (name of Dlo is West)

3. “Solving for Distance”

Dep = Dlo x Cos Lat

= 1800’ x Cos 20° 00’ S Distance = 1711.9 n.m

Example 2

1.“Solving for Dlo”

ʎ2 = 120° 00.0’ E

- ʎ1 = 080° 00.0’ E

Dlo = 040° 00.0’ E

x 60_________

Dlo = 2,400 n.m E

2. “solving for Course”

True Course =090° T (name of Dlo is East)

3. “Solving for Distance”

Dep = Dlo x Cos Lat

= 2400’ x Cos 20° 00’ Distance = 2282.5 n.m

Example 1 Solution:

1. “Solving for Dlat” 2. “Solving for Mean Latitude” 3. “Solving for Dlo”

L1 = 60° 11.0’ S L1 = 60° 11.0’ S ʎ2 = 080° 16.0’ E

- L2 = 55° 10.0’ S + L2 = 55° 10.0’ S - ʎ1 = 076° 44.0’ E

= 05° 01.0’ N Sum = 115° 21.0’ S Dlo = 003° 32.0’E

x 60 ÷2 x 60_________

Dlat = 301n.m. N Lm = 57° 40.5’ S Dlo = 212 n.m E

4. “Solving for Departure” 5. “Solving for True Course” 6. “Solving for Distance”

Dep = Dlo x Cos Lm Tan Co = Dep ÷ Dlat Distance = Dlat ÷ Cos Course

= 212.0’ x Cos 57° 40.5’ = 130.78977’ ÷ 301.0’ = 301.0’ ÷ Cos 26.09532°

= 212.0’ x 0.616933 = tan−1 ❑0.43451 = 301.0’ ÷ 0.917159

Dep = 130.78977’ = N 26.095322° E = 328.18737

Course = 128.3° T Distance = 328.2 nautical miles

Mercator Sailing

Example 1 Solution:

1. “Solving for Dlat” 2. “Solving for DMP” 3. “Solving for Dlo”

L1 = 33° 54.0’ S MP1 = 2151.4’ S ʎ1 = 018° 25.0’ E

+ L2 = 40° 40.0’ N + MP2 = 2660.2’ N + ʎ2 = 074° 00.0’ W

= 74° 34.0’ N DMP = 4811.6’ N Dlo = 092° 25.0’W

x 60 x 60_________

Dlat = 4474.0 n.m. N Dlo = 5545 n.m. W

4. “Solving for True Course” 5. “Solving for Distance”

Tan Co = Dlo ÷ DMP Distance = Dlat ÷ Cos Course

= 5545.0’ ÷ 4811.6’ = 4474.0’ ÷ Cos 54.5°

= tan−1 ❑1.15242 = 4474.0’ ÷ 0.65540

= N 54.5° W = 6826.36558
 Course = 305.5° T Distance = 6826.4 nautical miles

Example 2 Solution:

1. “Solving for Dlat” 2. “Solving for DMP” 3. “Solving for Dlo”

L1 = 33° 45.0’ N MP1 = 2140.6’ N ʎ2 = 157° 36.0’ W

- L2 = 21° 15.0’ N - MP2 = 1296.9’ N - ʎ1 = 118° 30.0’ W

= 12° 30.0’ S DMP = 843.7’ S Dlo = 039° 06.0’W

x 60 x 60_________

Dlat = 750.0 n.m. S Dlo = 2346 n.m. W

4. “Solving for True Course” 5. “Solving for Distance”

Tan Co = Dlo ÷ DMP Distance = Dlat ÷ Cos Course

= 2346’ ÷ 843.7’ = 750’ ÷ Cos 78.0°

= tan−1 ❑2.78061 = 750’ ÷ 0.33874

= S 78.0° W = 2214.08750

Course = 258.0° T Distance = 2214.1 nautical miles

Example 3 Solution:

1. “Solving for Dlat” 2. “Solving for DMP” 3. “Solving for Dlo”

L1 = 32° 45.0’ N MP1 = 2069.2’ N ʎ2 = 157° 36.0’ W

- L2 = 20° 15.0’ N - MP2 = 1233.1’ N - ʎ1 = 118° 30.0’ W

= 12° 30.0’ S DMP = 836.1’ S Dlo = 039° 06.0’W

x 60 x 60_________

Dlat = 750.0 n.m. S Dlo = 2346 n.m. W

4. “Solving for True Course” 5. “Solving for Distance”

Tan Co = Dlo ÷ DMP Distance = Dlat ÷ Cos Course

= 2346’ ÷ 836.1’ = 750’ ÷ Cos 78.2°

= tan−1 ❑2.80588 = 750’ ÷ 0.33578

= S 78.2° W = 2233.60533

Course = 258.2° T Distance = 2233.6 nautical miles

Example Solution:

1. “Solving for Dlo”

ʎ1 = 139° 39.0’ E

+ ʎ2 = 122° 24.0’ W

Dlo = 262° 03.0’W

- 360° 00.0’

Dlo = 097° 57.0’ E

2. “Solving for Great Circle Distance”

Cos GCD = (Cos L₁)(Cos L₂)(Cos Dlo) + (Sin L₁)(Sin L₂)

Cos GCD = (Cos 35°27’)(Cos 37°48.5’)(Cos 097°57’) + (Sin 35°27’)(Sin 37°48.5’)

Cos GCD = 0.84898+0.30658

GCD = Cos ⁻¹ 1.15556

GCD = syntax error

GCD= ?

3. Solving for “Initial Course”

Sin I.C = Cos L₂ x Sin Dlo ÷ Sin GCD (in degrees)

Sin I.C = (Cos 37°48.5’)(Sin 097°57’) ÷ syntax error

Sin I.C = 0.82894 ÷ syntax error

I.C =

I.C = (Prefix by L₁ and Suffix by Dlo)

I.C =?

4. Solving for “Final Course”

Cos F.C = Sin L₁ - (Cos GCD)(Sin L₂)÷ (Sin D)(Cos L₂)

Cos F.C = Sin 35°27’ - (syntax error) (Sin 37°48.5’) ÷ (Sin 74.54167°) (Cos 37°48.5’)

Cos F.C = 0.52851- ÷0.82511

Cos F.C =0.52851-0.96098

F.C = (Prefix contrary to L₂ and Suffix by Dlo)

F. C = ?

5. Solving for Latitude of Vertex (Lv)

Cos Lv = (Cos L₁) (Sin IC)

Cos Lv = ( Cos 35°27’) ()

Cos Lv = (0.84892) ()

Cos Lv =

Lv =

Lv =

Lv = ?

(name Lv same as L₁)

6. Solving for Longitude of vertex (ʎv)

Sin DLov = (Cos IC) ÷ (Sin Lv)

Sin Dlov = (?) ÷ (Sin 44.63618°)

Sin Dlov = (?) ÷ (0.64509)

Sin Dlov =

Dlov =

Dlov =

Dlov = ?

(ʎv) = Dlov + ʎ₁ ( same name +, different -)

(ʎv) = ?+139°39’E

(ʎv) = ?

7. Solving for Latitude x (Lx)

Tan Lx = (Cos DLov) (Tan Lv)

Tan Lx = (?°) (?°)

Tan LX =

Tan Lx=

Lx = ?
Composite Great Circle Sailing

Example 1 Solution:

1. “ Solving for Longitude where the track meet the maximum latitude” Longitude of Vertex 1 (ʎv₁)

Cos P₁ = Tan Latitude₁ ÷ Tan Lv ( limiting latitude)

Cos P₁ = Tan 35° 40’ N ÷ Tan Lv 45° N

Cos P₁ = 0.71769 ÷ 1

Cos P₁ = 0.71769

P₁ = Cos ¯¹ 0.71769

P₁ = 44°08.1’ E

ʎv₁ = P₁ + ʎ₁

ʎv₁ = 44°08.1’ E + 141° 00’ E

ʎv₁ = 185° 08.1’ E - 360°

ʎv₁ = 174° 51.9’ W

2. Longitude when leaving the maximum latitude Longitude of Vertex 2 (ʎv₂)

Cos P₂ = Tan Latitude₂ ÷ Tan Lv ( limiting latitude)

Cos P₂ = Tan 37° 48’N ÷ Tan Lv 45° N

Cos P₂ = 0.77568 ÷ 1

Cos P₂ = 0.77568

P₂ = Cos ¯¹ 0.77568

P₂ = 39°08.0’ W

ʎv₂ = P₂ + ʎ₂

ʎv₂ = 39°08.0’ W + 122° 40’ W

ʎv₂ = 161° 48’ W

3. Initial Course

Sin I.C = Cos Lv ( limiting latitude) ÷ Cos Latitude₁

Sin I.C = Cos 45° N ÷ Cos 35° 40’ N

Sin I.C = 0.70710 ÷ 0.81242

I.C = Sin ¯¹ 0.87036

I.C = N 60.5° E Initial course should be name as Latitude₁ (prefix) and same as Dlo (suffix)

I.C = 060.5° T

4. Final Course

Sin F.C = Cos Lv ( limiting latitude) ÷ Cos Latitude₂

Sin F.C = Cos 45° N ÷ Cos 37° 48’N

Sin F.C = 0.70710 ÷ 0.79015

Sin F.C = 0.89489

F.C = Sin ¯¹ 0.89489

F.C = S 63.5° E Final course should be name contrary to Latitude₂ (prefix) and same as Dlo (suffix)

F.C = 116.5° T

5. Total Distance

Cos AV₁ = Sin Latitude₁ ÷ Sin Lv (limiting latitude)

Cos AV₁ = Sin 35° 40’ N ÷ Sin 45° N

Cos AV₁ = 0.58307 ÷ 0.70711

Cos AV₁ = 0.82458

AV₁ = Cos ¯¹ 0.82458

AV₁ = 34.45°

AV₁ = 34.45° x 60

AV₁ = 2,067.2 nautical miles

Cos BV₂ = Sin Latitude₂ ÷ Sin Lv ( limiting latitude)

Cos BV₂ = Sin 37° 48’N ÷ Sin 45° N

Cos BV₂ = 0.61291 ÷ 0.70711

Cos BV₂ = 0.86678

BV₂ = Cos ¯¹ 0.86678

BV₂ = 29.91°

BV₂ = 29.91° x 60
BV₂ = 1,794.8 nautical miles

P₃ = Dlo - ( P₁ + P₂)

P₃ = 096° 20’ E - ( 44°08.1’ E + 39°08.0’ W )

P₃ = 096° 20’ E - 83° 16.1’

P₃ = 13°03.9’

V₁V₂ = P₃ x 60 x Cos Lv (limiting latitude)

V₁V₂ = 13°03.9’ x 60 x Cos 45° N

V₁V₂ = 13°03.9’ x 60 x 0.70711

V₁V₂ = 554. 3 nautical miles

Total Distance = AV₁ + V₁V₂ + BV₂

Total Distance = 2,067.2 + 554. 3 + 1,794.8

Total Distance = 4,416.3 nautical miles