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Topic 5 Chemical Bonding III

The document outlines a chemistry module focused on chemical bonding, specifically intermolecular forces such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. It details the characteristics and effects of different types of chemical bonds on the physical properties of substances, including examples like water and ammonia. Key learning outcomes include the ability to describe and predict the effects of various bonding types on molecular behavior and properties.

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Albert Thaw Tun
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10 views25 pages

Topic 5 Chemical Bonding III

The document outlines a chemistry module focused on chemical bonding, specifically intermolecular forces such as van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. It details the characteristics and effects of different types of chemical bonds on the physical properties of substances, including examples like water and ammonia. Key learning outcomes include the ability to describe and predict the effects of various bonding types on molecular behavior and properties.

Uploaded by

Albert Thaw Tun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Foundation in Science

MODULE: CHEMISTRY 1
TOPIC: Chemical Bonding III
Inspire • Empower • Elevate

Prepared by: Ms. Shasha


Learning outcome
At the end of the lecture, student should be able to:

1. Describe intermolecular forces (van der Waals’ forces), based on permanent


and induced dipoles, as in CHCl3(l); Br2(l) and the liquid noble gases.
2. Describe hydrogen bonding, using ammonia and water as simple examples of
molecules containing N-H and O-H groups.
3. Outline the importance of hydrogen bonding to the physical properties of
substances, including ice and water.
4. Describe, interpret and/or predict the effect of different types of bonding (ionic
bonding, covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, other intermolecular
interactions) on the physical properties of substances.
5. Deduce the type of bonding present from given information.

2
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
1) Intramolecular bond – forces hold the atoms within a molecule
• Ionic / Electrovalent Bond
• Covalent Bond
• Metallic Bond
• Coordinate / Dative Bond

2) Intermolecular bond – forces between the molecules


• Hydrogen bonding
• Van der Waals force

3
1) Ionic bonding
• poor conductor in solid state (electrical conductivity only in
aqueous solution)
• no thermal conductivity
• no ductility and malleability
• most are colourless
• soluble in polar solvents but insoluble in nonpolar solvents
• high melting points
• solid at room temperature

4
2) Covalent bond
• no electrical and thermal conductivity
• no ductility and malleability
• water – colourless
• halogen – colour
• nonpolar molecules – insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents
• polar molecule – soluble in water
• giant structure – insoluble in all solvents

5
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
• In addition to the covalent bonds within a molecule, there are
also other forces of attraction between molecules
• Intermolecular forces of attraction weaker than covalent / ionic
bonds
• 2 types of intermolecular forces:
a) Van der Waals forces
b) Hydrogen bond

6
VAN DER WAALS FORCES

• Van der Waals forces are weak intermolecular forces that is


contributed by permanent dipole – permanent dipole,
permanent dipole – induced dipole attraction & London
dispersion force (Induced dipole-induced dipole).

• The larger the molecule size, or the larger the number of


electrons in a molecule, the larger the Van der Waals forces, &
the higher the melting point/boiling point of the molecule

7
3 TYPES OF DIPOLES
1) Permanent dipole-permanent dipole attractions
▪ The force of attraction between the negative end of a polar
molecule & the positive end of another polar molecule

dipole – dipole attraction

8
2) Dipole-induced dipole attractions

• Interaction between a polar molecule & nonpolar molecule

• The nonpolar molecule is polarized by the polar molecule

9
3) Induced dipole-induced dipole attractions (London Dispersion
Forces)
• Interaction between non–polar molecules (O2, N2, CO2 &
noble gases)
• This is caused by the random movement of the e- in an atom
or molecule
• For example:
Argon has 18 e- in its atom. Since it is non-polar, the
arrangement of e- is symmetrical on the average

10
• When these e- revolve around the nucleus, the e- density might
be higher at one end than the other & cause a temporary
dipole

11
• The positive end of the temporary dipole will distort the e- cloud
of the neighboring atoms giving rise to induced dipoles

temporary dipole then attract one another

12
FACTORS
AFEFCTING
VAN DER 1) Size of Atoms /
Molecules
WAALS • Size ↑
• Number of e- & nuclei
FORCE available to form
attraction force ↑
• Vdw force ↑

13
2) Shape / Surface area of Molecules
• Surface area ↑
• Area available to form interaction ↑,
• Van der waals force ↑

14
3) Polarity of Molecules

• Polarity ↑
• Partial charges (δ+ & δ-) ↑
• Van der waal force ↑

Permanent dipole –
Permanent dipole

Methane ( Non Polar) Fluoromethane (Polar)


(Bp = -161.6 oC) (Bp = -78.4 oC)
15
HYDROGEN BOND
• A special type of permanent dipole – permanent dipole
attraction between a H atom (which is bonded to a small &
highly electronegative atom - O, N or F)
and a lone pair of electrons of another very electronegative
atom.

16
Hydrogen
Bonding in
HF
• If 2 molecules of HF
are close to another,
the H atom of 1
molecule will be
attracted to the F atom
of another molecule
• Electrostatic attraction
between the partial +ve
charge on the H atom &
the partial –ve charge
on F atom
17
• In H2O molecule, the
O atom has 2 lone
pairs electrons. Each
lone pair will form 1
hydrogen bond.
Hydrogen • Each H atom will
Bonding in also form
hydrogen bond
Water (H2O) with neighbouring
water molecules.
• Thus,
each H2O
molecule
can form 4
hydrogen
bonds.

18
Hydrogen
Bonding
in
Ammonia • In NH3 molecule, the N atom has 1 lone pair of
electrons.
(NH3) • Each N atom can form 1 hydrogen bond.
• Each H atom can form 1 hydrogen bond.

19
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDING – BOILING
POINT
MOLECULAR • Boiling point of NH3 < HF < H2O
COMPOUND WEIGHT BOILING POINT (oC) ▪ N is less electronegative than F and O.
(gmol-1)
▪ HF has lower boiling point than H2O
although F is more electronegative than
H2O 18.01 100
O.
HF 20.01 19.5 ▪ H2O can form FOUR hydrogen bonds (2
lone pairs & 2H). Thus, it has highest
NH3 17.03 -33.3 boiling point.

CH4 16.04 -161.6

20
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN
BONDING – SOLUBILITY

• Hydrogen bonding is responsible


for polar solvents containing F, O
or N (Eg: H2O).
• Compounds that can form
hydrogen bonds with H2O can
dissolve in water easily.
• Number of hydrogen bonds
↑, solubility ↑.
• Eg; ethanol is more soluble than
dimethyleter.
21
EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN BONDING – DENSITY

22
23
During melting process, some of the hydrogen bonds are broken.
The cage-like structure of ice collapses.
Water molecules are closer.
24
Thank you.

IMU Education Sdn Bhd No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19


199201005893 (237397-W) Bukit Jalil, 57000
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
603 8656 7228
Formerly known as International Medical University.
imu.edu.my

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