UNIT II.

INTERNET OF
THINGS

MR. S. P. KHOLAMBE
LECTURER IN CO DEPTT., MET BKC IOTP NASHIK
 Embedded System Concepts
 An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software,
either fixed in capability or programmable, designed for a specific function
or functions within a larger system.
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a process in which objects are
equipped with sensors, actuators, and processors that involve hardware
board design and development, software systems, web APIs, and protocols,
which together create a connected environment of embedded systems.
 This connected environment allows technologies to get connected across
multiple devices, platforms, and networks, creating a web of
communication that is revolutionizing the way we interact digitally with the
world.
 This connected embedded systems are changing interactions and behavior
with our environment, communities, and homes, and even with our own
bodies. 2
 Embedded System Concepts

1. Industrial world, such as industrial machinery and control,

temperature monitoring, or cognitive anomaly detection — the
recent challenges of embedded systems turned them towards
automation.
2. Healthcare, including blood pressure monitors, heartbeat
monitors, and pacemakers.
3. Aerospace and Defense with such applications as flight control
systems, actuation, air and thermal management, engine power
control and many others.
4. Smart Homes, including Home Security system, Setup Box, Digital
Camera, Television, Microwave Oven, Air Conditioner,
Refrigerator and much more.
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Embedded System Concepts

4
 Typical Architecture of an Embedded System
5
 Figure shows a configuration
diagram of a typical embedded
system consisting of two main
parts: embedded hardware and
embedded software.
 The embedded hardware primarily
includes the processor, memory,
bus, peripheral devices, I/O
ports, and various controllers.
 The embedded software usually
contains the embedded
operating system and various
applications.
 Typical Architecture of an Embedded System
6

 Input and output are characteristics of any open system, and the
embedded system is no exception.
 In the embedded system, the hardware and software often collaborate
to deal with various input signals from the outside and output the
processing results through some form.
 The input signal may be an input device (such as a keyboard, mouse, or
touch screen) or the output of a sensor circuit in another embedded
system.
 The output may be in the form of sound, light, electricity, or another
analog signal, or a record or file for a database.
 Typical Hardware Architecture
7
 The basic computer system components
microprocessor, memory, and input and
output modules are interconnected by a
system bus in order for all the parts to
communicate and execute a program.
 The microprocessor's role and function are
usually the same as those of the CPU in a
general-purpose computer control
computer operation, execute
instructions, and process data.
 I/O modules are responsible for the data
exchange between the processor,
memory, and external devices.
 External devices include secondary storage
devices communications equipment, and
terminal equipment.
 Von Neumann Architecture
8
 Von Neumann architecture was first
proposed by John von Neumann. The
most important feature of this
architecture is that the software and
data use the same memory: that is,
“The program is data, and the data is
the program”.
 In this architecture, an instruction and
data share the same bus. The
transmission of information becomes
the bottleneck of computer performance
and affects the speed of data processing;
so, it is often called the Von Neumann
bottleneck. In reality, cache and branch-
prediction technology can effectively
solve this issue.
 Harvard Architecture
9
 The Harvard architecture was first
named computer. Compared with the
Von Neumann architecture, a Harvard
architecture processor has two
outstanding features.
 First, instructions and data are
stored in two separate memory
modules; instructions and data do not
coexist in the same module.
 Second, two independent buses are
used as dedicated communication
paths between the CPU and
memory; there is no connection
between the two buses.
 Harvard Architecture

 Because the Harvard architecture has separate program memory and data
memory, it can provide greater data-memory bandwidth, making it the
ideal choice for digital signal processing. Most systems designed for digital
signal processing (DSP) adopt the Harvard architecture. The Von Neumann
architecture features simple hardware design and flexible program and data
storage and is usually the one chosen for general-purpose and most
embedded systems.
 The only difference between the Harvard architecture and the Von Neumann
architecture is single or dual L1 cache. In the Harvard architecture, but the
Von Neumann architecture has a single cache.
 the L1 cache is often divided into an instruction cache (I cache) and a
data cache (D cache),

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 Embedded Processors PIC

 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) is microcontroller developed by

a Microchip, PIC microcontroller is fast and simple to implement
program when we contrast other microcontrollers like 8051. The PIC is
a microcontroller which as well consists of RAM, ROM, CPU, timer,
counter, ADC, DAC.
 PIC Microcontroller also support the protocols like CAN, SPI, UART
for an interfacing with additional peripherals.
 PIC mostly used to modify Harvard architecture and also supports
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) by the above requirement
RISC and Harvard we can simply that PIC is faster than the 8051
based controllers which is prepared up of Von-Newman architecture.
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 Embedded Processors ARM

 An ARM processor is also one of a family of CPUs based on the RISC

architecture developed by Advanced RISC Machines (ARM)..
 An ARM makes at 32-bit and 64-bit RISC multi-core processors. RISC
processors are designed to perform a smaller number of types of
computer instructions so that they can operate at a higher speed,
performing extra millions of instructions per second (MIPS).
 By stripping out unnecessary instructions and optimizing pathways, RISC
processors give outstanding performance at a part of the power demand
of CISC (complex instruction set computing) procedure.
 ARM processors are widely used in customer electronic devices such as
smart phones, tablets, multimedia players and other mobile devices,
such as wearable's.
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 Embedded Processors AVR

 AVR MCUs are extremely popular MCUs used in various application

specially in project prototyping and embedded devices.
 The AT90S8515 was the initial microcontroller which was based on
the AVR architecture
 AVR is a 8-bit RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing)
microcontroller in market since 1996 which is having on-chip
programmable flash memory, SRAM, IO data space & EEPROM.
 AVR is the first MCU in market which has on-chip flash storage.

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 Embedded Processors AVR

 AVR Microcontrollers are Available in three Categories:

1. TinyAVR:- Less memory, small size, appropriate just for simpler
applications
2. MegaAVR:- These are the mainly popular ones having a good quantity
of memory (up to 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals
and appropriate for modest to complex applications.
3. XmegaAVR:- Used in commercial for complex applications, which
need large program memory and high speed.

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 Embedded Processors ASIC

 An ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) is a microchip designed

for a special application, such as a particular kind of transmission protocol or
a hand-held computer. You might contrast it with general integrated circuits,
such as the microprocessor and the random access memory chips in your PC.
 ASICs are used in a wide-range of applications, including auto emission
control, environmental monitoring, and personal digital assistants

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 What is an Internet of Things (IoT)

 Connecting everyday things embedded with electronics, software, and

sensors to internet enabling to collect and exchange data without
human interaction called as the Internet of Things (IoT).
 The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything and
everything in day to day life which is accessed or connected through the
internet.

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IOT Characteristics

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 IOT Characteristics

1. Connectivity: Devices, sensors, they need to be connected: to an

item, to each other, actuators, a process and to ‘the Internet’.
2. Things: Anything that can be tagged or connected as such as it’s
designed to be connected. From sensors and household appliances
to tagged livestock. Devices can contain sensors or sensing materials
can be attached to devices and items.
3. Data: Data is the glue of the Internet of Things, the first step
towards action and intelligence.
4. Communication: Devices get connected so they can communicate
data and this data can be analyzed.

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 IOT Characteristics

5. Intelligence: The aspect of intelligence as in the sensing capabilities

in IoT devices and the intelligence gathered from data analytics
(also AI).
6. Action: The consequence of intelligence. This can be manual action,
action based upon debates regarding phenomena (for instance in
climate change decisions) and automation, often the most
important piece.
7. Ecosystem: The place of the Internet of Things from a perspective of
other technologies, communities, goals and the picture in which the
Internet of Things fits. The Internet of Everything dimension, the
platform dimension and the need for solid partnerships.

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 What are the industries affected by IoT?
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 IoT to affect every industry  Logistics
environments within the three
 Banks
groups of consumers,
governments, and ecosystems  Oil, gas, and mining
will benefit the greatest from the  Insurance
IoT. These include:  Connected Homes & Smart
 Manufacturing Buildings
 Transportation  Food Services
 Defense  Utilities
 Agriculture  Hospitality & Healthcare
 Infrastructure  Smart Cities
 Retail
 IoT Companies/ Platforms
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Companies Platforms
 Microsoft (MSFT)  Amazon Web Services
 Amazon (AMZN)  Microsoft Azure
 Google (GOOGL)  ThingWorx IoT Platform
 IBM (IBM)  IBM's Watson
 Cisco (CSCO)  Cisco IoT Cloud Connect
 Verizon (VZ)  Salesforce IoT Cloud
 AT&T (T)  Oracle Integrated Cloud
 GE (GE)  GE Predix
 Fitbit (FIT)
 Honeywell (HON)
 BlackRock (BLK)
 Things of IOT

 Internet of Things include connected security systems, thermostats, cars,

electronic appliances, lights in household and commercial environments,
alarm clocks, speaker systems, vending machines and more.

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 IOT Protocols

 IoT communication protocols are modes of communication that protect and

ensure optimum security to the data being exchanged between connected
devices.
 The IoT devices are typically connected to the Internet via an IP network.
However, devices such as Bluetooth and RFID allow IoT devices to connect
locally.
 Connection through IP networks are comparatively complex, requires
increased memory and power from the IoT devices.

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IOT Protocols

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 IOT Protocols

IoT Network Protocols:

 IoT network protocols are used to connect devices over the network.
1. HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
is the best example of IoT network protocol. This protocol has
formed the foundation of data communication over the web. It is
the most common protocol that is used for IoT devices when there is
a lot of data to be published.
2. LoRaWan (Long Range Wide Area Network): It is a long-range low
power protocol that provides signal detection below the noise
level. LoRaWan connects battery operated things wirelessly to the
Internet in either private or global networks. This communication
protocol is mainly used by smart cities, where there are millions 27of
 IOT Protocols

IoT Network Protocols:

3. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is one of the most widely used protocols for
short-range communication. It is a standard IoT protocol for
wireless data transmission. This communication protocol is secure
and perfect for short-range, low-power, low-cost, and wireless
transmission between electronic devices.
4. ZigBee: ZigBee is an IoT protocol that allows smart objects to work
together. It is commonly used in home automation. More famous for
industrial settings, ZigBee is used with apps that support low-rate
data transfer between short distances.

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 IOT Protocols

IoT Data Protocols :

 IoT data protocols are used to connect low power IoT devices. These
protocols provide point-to-point communication.
1. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT): One of the most preferred
protocols for IoT devices, MQTT collects data from various electronic
devices and supports remote device monitoring. It is a
subscribe/publish protocol that runs over TCP, which means it supports
event-driven message exchange through wireless networks.
2. Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP): CoAP is an internet-utility
protocol for restricted gadgets. Using this protocol, the client can send a
request to the server and the server can send back the response to the client
in HTTP. For light-weight implementation, it makes use of UDP and
reduces space usage. The protocol uses binary data format EXL (Efficient 29
XML Interchanges).
 IOT Protocols

IoT Data Protocols :

3. Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)
AMQP is a software layer protocol for message-oriented middleware
environment that provides routing and queuing. It is used for reliable
point-to-point connection and supports the seamless and secure
exchange of data between the connected devices and the cloud.
4. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Communication Protocol
It is an open industry protocol built to provide remote application
management of IoT devices. M2M communication protocols are cost-
effective and use public networks. It creates an environment where two
machines communicate and exchange data.

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 IOT Protocols

IoT Data Protocols :

5. Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)
The XMPP is uniquely designed. It uses a push mechanism to
exchange messages in real-time. XMPP is flexible and can integrate
with the changes seamlessly. Developed using open XML (Extensible
Markup Language), transmitting or receiving messages XMPP works
as a presence indicator showing the availability status of the
servers or devices .

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 Logical Design of IoT

 Logical design of Internet of things. Logical design of IoT system

refers to an abstract representation of the entities & processes
without going into the low-level specifies of the implementation.
For understanding Logical Design of IoT, we describes given below
terms.
1. IoT Functional Blocks
2. IoT Communication Models
3. IoT Communication APIs

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 IoT Functional Blocks
 An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that
provide the system the capabilities for identification, sensing,
actuation, communication and management.

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 IoT Functional Blocks
 Functional blocks are:
 Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation,
monitoring and control functions.
 Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
 Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data
publishing services and services for device discovery.
 Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
 Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as
authentication , authorization, message and content integrity, and data
security.
 Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor
various aspects of the IoT system. Application also allow users to view the
system status and view or analyze the processed data.
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 IoT Communication Models

1. Request-Response Model:
 Request-response model is communication model in which the client sends
requests to the server and the server responds to the requests. When the server
receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves
resource representation, prepares the response, and then sends the response to
the client.
 Request-response is a stateless communication model and each request-
response pair is independent of others.
 HTTP works as a request-response
protocol between a client and server.
 A web browser may be the client, and an
application on a computer that hosts a
web site may be the server.
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 IoT Communication Models
2. Publish-Subscribe Model:
 Publish-Subscribe is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers
and consumers. Publishers are the source of data.
 Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of the consumers.
 Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When
the broker receive data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the data to
all the subscribed consumers.

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 IoT Communication Models
3. Push-Pull Model:
 Push-Pull is a communication model in which the data producers push the data to
queues and the consumers Pull the data from the Queues.
 Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers. Queues help in decoupling
the messaging between the Producers and Consumers.
 Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate rate at which the
consumer pull data.

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 IoT Communication Models
4. Exclusive Pair Model:
 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server.
 Connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the
connection.
 Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup. Exclusive pair is
stateful communication model and the server is aware of all the open connections.

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 IoT Communication APIs
 Generally we used Two APIs For IoT Communication. These IoT
Communication APIs are:
1. REST-based Communication APIs
2. Web Socket-based Communication APIs

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 REST-based Communication APIs
 Representational state transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles
by which you can design Web services the Web APIs that focus on
systems’s resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred.
 REST APIs that follow the request response communication model, the
rest architectural constraint apply to the components, connector and data
elements, within a distributed hypermedia system. The rest architectural
constraint are as follows:
1. Client-server – The principle behind the client-server constraint is the
separation of concerns. Separation allows client and server to be
independently developed and updated.
2. Stateless – Each request from client to server must contain all the
information necessary to understand the request, and cannot take
advantage of any stored context on the server. The session state is kept
entirely on the client. 40
 REST-based Communication APIs
3. Cache-able – Cache constraints requires that the data within a response
to a request be implicitly or explicitly leveled as cache-able or non cache-
able.
4. Layered system – layered system constraints, constrains the behavior
of components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate
layer with they are interacting.
5. Uniform interface – uniform interface constraints requires that the
method of communication between client and server must be uniform.
Resources are identified in the requests and are themselves is separate from
the representations of the resources data returned to the client. Each
message includes enough information to describe how to process the
message.
6. Code on demand – Servers can provide executable code or scripts for
clients to execute in their context. 41
 WebSocket based communication API
42
 Websocket API reduce the
network traffic and letency as
there is no overhead for
connection setup and
termination requests for each
message.
 Websocket suitable for IoT
applications that have low
latency or high throughput
requirements. So Web socket
is most suitable IoT
Communication APIs for IoT
System.
 WebSocket based communication API
 Websocket communication begins with a connection setup request
sent by the client to the server. The request is sent over HTTP and the
server interprets it is an upgrade request. If the server supports
websocket protocol, the server responds to the websocket handshake
response. After the connection setup client and server can send
data/mesages to each other in full duplex mode.
 Websocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication
between clients and servers.
 Websocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.
Unlike request-response model such as REST, the WebSocket APIs
allow full duplex communication and do not require new
coonection to be setup for each message to be sent.
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 IoT Enabling Technologies

 IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor

networks, cloud computing, Big data analytics, Embedded
Systems, Security Protocols and architectures,
communication protocols, web services, Mobile Internet, and
Semantic Search engines.

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 IoT Enabling Technologies

1. Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN):

 A wireless sensor network comprises of distributed device with sensor which
are used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
 A WSN consists of a number of end-nodes and routers and a coordinator. End
Nodes have several sensors attached to them in node can also act as routers.
 Routers are responsible for routing the data packets from end-nodes to the
coordinator. The coordinator collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator
also act as a gateway that connects the WSN to the internet.
 Weather monitoring system use WSNs in which the nodes collect temperature humidity and
other data which is aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the indoor air quality and
concentration of various gases
 Soil moisture monitoring system use WSNs to monitor soil moisture at various locations.
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 IoT Enabling Technologies

2. Cloud Computing:
 Cloud computing is a trans-formative computing paradigm that involves
delivering applications and services over the Internet Cloud computing
involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage resources on
demand and providing these resources as metered services to the users, in
a “pay as you go” model.
 Cloud computing resources can be provisioned on demand by the users,
without requiring interactions with the cloud service Provider. The process
of provisioning resources is automated.
 Cloud computing resources can be accessed over The network using standard
access mechanisms that provide platform independent access through
the use of heterogeneous client platforms such as the workstations,
laptops, tablets and smartphones. 46
 IoT Enabling Technologies
47
 Cloud computing services are offered to
users in different forms:
1. Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS): hardware is provided by an
external provider and managed for
you
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): in
addition to hardware, your operating
system layer is managed for you
3. Software as a Service (SaaS): further
to the above, an application layer is
provided and managed for you – you
won’t see or have to worry about the
first two layers.
 IoT Enabling Technologies

3. Big Data Analytics:

 Big Data analytics is the process of collecting, organizing and analyzing
large sets of data (called Big Data) to discover patterns and other useful
information.
 Big Data analytics can help organizations to better understand the
information contained within the data and will also help identify the data
that is most important to the business and future business decisions.
 Analysts working with Big Data typically want the knowledge that comes
from analyzing the data.
 Sensor data generated by IoT system such as weather monitoring stations.
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT devices such as wearable fitness bands.
 Data generated by ioT systems for location and tracking of vehicles.
 Data generated by retail inventory monitoring systems.
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 IoT Enabling Technologies

4. Communication protocols:
 Communication protocols form the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications.
 Communication protocols allow devices to exchange data over the
network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication.
 A group of protocols designed to work together are known as a
protocol suite; when implemented in software they are a protocol stack.
 Internet communication protocols are published by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF).
 The IEEE handles wired and wireless networking, and the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) handles other types.
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 IoT Enabling Technologies

5. Embedded Systems:
 Embedded means something that is attached to another thing.
 An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware
system having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be
an independent system or it can be a part of a large system.
 An embedded system is a controller programmed and controlled by a
real-time operating system (RTOS) with a dedicated function.
 It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware
and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in
common use today.
 An embedded system has three components hardware, application
software, Real Time Operating system (RTOS) 50
IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-1:
 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-2:
 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-3:
 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-4:
 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-5:
 IOT Levels And Deployment Template's
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 IOT Level-6:
 IOT Issues and Challenges, Applications

Challenges:
 There are many challenges that stand in the way of the successful
deployment of IoT applications. These challenges include:
1. Big data
2. Networking
3. Heterogeneity
4. Interoperability
5. Scalability
6. Security and privacy
7. Maintenance
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 IOT Issues and Challenges, Applications
Applications:
 The IoT has the capability to connect everyday objects. It has
introduced several applications:
1. Healthcare
2. Smart City
3. Smart Home
4. Connected Industry
5. Smart Retail
6. Connected Car
7. Smart Parking
8. Smart Energy and Smart Grid
9. Environmental Monitoring
10. Smart Agriculture
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 IOT Devices And Its Features
61
 Internet of Things Devices is non-
standard devices that connect
wirelessly to a network with each
other and able to transfer the data.
 IoT devices are enlarging the
internet connectivity beyond
standard devices such as
smartphones, laptops, tablets, and
desktops.
 Embedding these devices with
technology enable us to
communicate and interact over the
networks and they can be remotely
monitored and controlled.
 IOT Devices And Its Features

Arduino:
 Arduino devices are the microcontrollers and microcontroller kit for
building digital devices that can be sense and control objects in the physical
and digital world.
 Arduino boards are furnished with a set of digital and analog input/output
pins that may be interfaced to various other circuits.
 Some Arduino boards include USB (Universal Serial Bus) used for loading
programs from the personal computer.
 IOT Devices And Its Features

Uno:
 The Things Uno is the perfect board to start prototyping your IoT ideas or
make an existing project wireless with up to 10km range by simply
swapping boards.
 IOT Devices And Its Features

Raspberry Pi :
 Raspberry Pi 3 is the third generation of Raspberry Pi and it packs quite a
formidable punch in its credit card-sized package. Most notably, in addition
to the standard features of the Raspberry Pi (such as four USB 2.0 ports and
built-in Ethernet), it has:
 A 1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core ARMv8 CPU

 802.11n Wireless LAN

 Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (BLE)

 The powerful CPU coupled with Wireless LAN and Bluetooth 4.1 radio
makes it an ideal candidate for IoT projects, because multiple sensors can be
connected to it simultaneously. In addition, the Raspberry Pi has a 40-pin
GPIO (General Purpose I/O) connector for interfacing with external
sensors.
 IOT Devices And Its Features

Raspberry Pi :
 The Raspberry Pi Zero is the smallest Raspberry Pi ever made, and although it
doesn’t have a processor that’s as powerful as the Pi 3, its small size is especially
suited for embedded projects (such as wearables, etc.), where space is a premium.
 IOT Devices And Its Features

Node Microcontroller Unit:

 The NodeMCU (Node MicroController Unit) is an open source software and
hardware development environment that is built around a very inexpensive
System-on-a-Chip (SoC) called the ESP8266.
 The ESP8266, designed and manufactured by Espressif Systems, contains all crucial
elements of the modern computer: CPU, RAM, networking (wifi), and even a
modern operating system and SDK.