xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!

÷km/]i6PS;g

h}ljs ljljwtfdf hgclwsf/sf] ;jfn

 lbn/fh vgfn
g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt
g]kfndf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf sl/a ^% cf]6f sfg'g / em08} @) cf]6f gLlt, /0fgLlt
tyf sfo{gLltx? h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf ;b'kof]u;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\
-tflnsf–!_ . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'g tyf gLltx? dWo] sltko Jojxfl/s ?kdf
sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ eg] sltko lgliqmo cj:yfdf klg /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} sfof{Gjogdf
cfO/x]sf sltko sfg'gsf bkmf / lgodx? tyf gLltut Joj:yfx? Ps cfk;df aflemPsf
5g\, h;n] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf c:ki6tf / cGof}n l;h{gf u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . /fHo lgld{t
sfg'g / gLltdf ePsf lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ Joj:yfx?n] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cGof}n l;h{gf ul/lbg
;Sb5 . kl/0ffdtM ;d'bfosf nflu k|fKt clwsf/x? klg lgliqmo x'g k'Ub5g\ . o;} u/L
g]kfnsf h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL s]xL sfg'gL / gLltut Joj:yfx?n] klg cfzfltt\
;kmntf kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf ;fd'bflos clwsf/sf] dfGotf Go"g x'g' g}
o;sf] h8 sf/0f xf] . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdflysf] k/Dk/fut clwsf/ s6f}tL
ul/Pdf hgtfsf] cfTdljZjf;df wSsf k'Ug hfG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ g]kfnsf] jg ljsf;
u'?of]hgfn] klg :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5!.
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg'gn] cfh;Ddsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw, !((@ sf] dd{;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf
d]n vfg'k5{, h'g ul/a d'n'ssf ljkGg ;d'bfosf] lxtdf ag]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't n]vdf
h}ljs ljljwtfdf hgtfsf] clwsf/sf nflu g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o :t/df b]vfpg] u/]sf]
k|ltj4tf Pj+ kfngf ug'{kg]{ bfloTj / cfGtl/s ?kdf ckgfpg] u/]sf] Jojxf/sf aLrsf]
cGt/nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtfdf ;d'bfosf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/
s'g} klg d'n'ssf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg'gdf s:tf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
;d]l6Psf] x'g'k5{, s:tf Joj:yfx? ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ / o;df s;nfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg
u/fOPsf] x'g'k5{ eGg] af/]df ;r]t /xg' k|To]s /fi6« / ToxfFsf gful/sx?sf] d''Vo bfloTj
x'g cfpF5 . h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf clwsf/x? k|ltsf] ;r]tgfn] o; sfo{df w]/}
xb;Dd ;xof]u ub{5 . h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw, !((@ n] h}ljs ;|f]tdf hgclwsf/sf
nflu lgDg Joj:yfx?nfO{ cª\+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 M
• ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf hgtfx?n] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu u/]sf of]ubfgx?sf]
dfGotf /xg],
• h}ljs ljljwtf k|s[ltsf] b]g dfq geO{ ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkx?sf] b]gaf6 ;d]t
l;h{gf x'g],
• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;[hgf ljleGg b]zsf ;dfhsf] ;+:s[lt, hLjgz}nL, 1fg
/ k4ltsf] sf/0faf6 x'g],

1
xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

• k/:yfgLo ;+/If0f eGbf :yfgLo ;+/If0f lbuf] x'g] ePsf]n] To;df k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{,
• :yfgLo ;d'bfo / /fHosf] h}ljs ljljwtf dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf]
v08df dfq h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f x'g],
• h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] pkof]u / o;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ ;dfg'kflts ?kdf
ljt/0f ug'{ kg]{,
• pNn]lvt sfo{sf nflu k|To]s /fi6«x?n] cfjZos gLlt / sfo{qmdx? th'{df ug'{ kg]{ .
-;|f]tM h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw, !((@_
g]kfnn] h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwnfO{ @)%) ;fndf sfg'g ;/x nfu" x'g] u/L cg'df]bg
u/]sf] 5@. o; dxf;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6«n] Psftkm{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] pkof]u /
csf]{tkm{ o;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfenfO{ ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ljt/0f ug{sf] nflu ;d]t cfjZos
sfg'gL / gLltut Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; cg'?ksf] sfd ug{sf nflu k|To]s /fi6«nfO{
ljZj jftfj/0f ;xof]u -lh=O=Pkm=_ af6 cfly{s cg'bfg k|fKt x'g] ub{5 / o;} sfo{qmd
cGt/ut g]kfnnfO{ klg ;g\ !((# b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf cg'bfg k|fKt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5#. o;}
cg'bfg /sdaf6 g]kfnn] cfˆgf]] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfg'gx?sf] th'{df ug'{
cfjZos lyof] / ;f]xL l;nl;nfdf g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{of]hgf agfpg z'? ul/Psf]
lyof] . o:tf] of]hgf agfpFbf s;/L agfpg] / s;nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] eGg] af/]df ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"=Pg=l8=lk=_ åf/f Pp6f dfu{lgb]{lzsf hf/L ul/Psf] 5,
h;nfO{ lh=O=Pkm= af6 cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ ;a} /fi6«x?n] kfngf ug'{ cfjZos x'G5$.
hg;d'bfo, h}ljs ljljwtf / hf]xfg]zju{ ;Dd]ng
o"=Pg=l8=lk= sf] pQm dfu{lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ s'g} klg /fi6«n] h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL gLlt,
sfg'g / sfo{qmdx? agfpFbf ;a} r/0fx?df d'Vo ?kdf kz'kfnsx?, ls;fgx?, bfp/]x?,
;a} k|sf/sf uf]7fnf ;d'bfox?, dfemLx?, ;fgf lzsf/Lx?, cf/fs;Lsf] sfd ug]{ >ldsx?,
k/Dk/fut /}yfg] afl;Gbfx?, cfbLjf;L tyf hghftL ;d'bfox?, ljkGg Pj+ ul/a ;d'bfosf
dlxnf tyf k'?ifx? / gful/sx?sf lgu/fgL ;d"xx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ pgLx?;Fu a;]/
pgLx?s} ;Nnfx / lg0f{o cg';f/ of]hgf agfpg' kg]{ zt{ tf]s]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf h}ljs
ljljwtf sfo{of]hgf agfpFbf oL s'g} klg kIfx?nfO{ ;xefuL gu/fO{ jg k|zf;gaf6 s]xL
7fpFx?df pRr kb:y ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?, ljb]zL kl/of]hgfsf hfuL/]x? / s]xL ;/sf/L
cflz{jfb k|fKt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf slyt 7fn'x? u/L $&$ hgf a];/f]sf/jfnfx?sf !!
cf]6f s'Ded]nfx? cfof]hgf u/]/ g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ vf]lhPsf]
lyof]%.
t/ g]kfnsf ;r]t ;fd'bflos jg -;f=j=_ pkef]Qmf ;d"xx? / o;sf nflu sfd ug]{ s]xL
cleofgstf{x?af6 o:tf] k|lqmof k|lt k"0f{ c;xdlt hgfpFb} lj=;+= @)%& ;fndf pQm
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof :ylut ug{ bjfa l;h{gf ul/of] . To;kl5 o"=Pg=l8=lk= n] jg k|zf;gnfO{
dfu{ lgb]{lzsf cg';/0f u/]/ dfq h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / of]hgf agfpg eg]sf] lyof] .
o"=Pg=l8=lk=sf] dfu{lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / of]hgf agfOPsf] gf6s u/]/
b]vfpgsf] nflu jg k|zf;sx?s} pkl:ylt, lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kxF'reGbf
aflx/ lgs'~hsf xf]6nx? / sf7df8f}+sf cflnzfg l/;f]6{x?df s]xL uf]i7Lx? cfof]hgf
u/fOof] . o;} qmddf Psftkm{ ;g\ @))@ df hf]xfg]zju{df cfof]lht lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL
2
 xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

ljZj ;Dd]ng glhls+b} cfPsf] / csf]{tkm{ pQm ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 h}ljs ljljwtf
dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu u/]sf sfdx?sf] k|ult ljj/0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf Ph]08fx?
k]z ug{ g;s]df ;xefuL x'g gkfOg] ePsf]n] cGttf]uTjf h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw /
o"=Pg=l8=lk= sf] dfu{lgb]{lzsf ljk/Lt agfOPsf] k'/fg} g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{of]hgfaf6
sfof{Gjog of]hgfnfO{ cnUofO{ /0fgLltnfO{ dfq dlGqkl/ifb\af6 kfl/t ul/of] . o;/L g]kfn
h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt kfl/t ul/Psf] s'/f /fli6«o :t/df ;fj{hlgs g} gu/L pQm /0fgLlt
af]s]/ ;/sf/L k|ltlglw d08n hf]xfg]zju{tkm{ nfUof] . o; lsl;dn] h}ljs ljljwtf dfly
hgtfsf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfnn] cGt/fli6«o :t/df b]vfpg] u/]sf] k|ltj4tf / /fli6«o
:t/df cufNg] u/]sf] Jojxf/sf aLrdf 7"nf] cGt/ /x]sf] 5 . of] cGt/sf] cGTo geP;Dd
g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;|f]tdf g]kfnL gful/ssf ljkGg ;d'bfox?sf] clwsf/ :yflkt x'g
;Sb}g, a? To:tf] clwsf/ s6f}tL x'Fb} hfg]5 .
;xeflud"ns cjwf/0ffsf] pkxf;
ljjfbf:kb cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLltnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ jg k|zf;gn]
ljut s]xL ;dob]lv ckf/bzL{ ?kdf h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx?sf] ljk/Lt
g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] k|lqmof tLa| ?kdf
cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . cgf}7f] kIf t s] 5 eg] pQm of]hgfnfO{ xfn;Dd klg d;f}bfs} ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 elgPsf] 5, t/ ;f]xL of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf !@ cf]6f kl/of]hgfx? dWo] %
cf]6f kl/of]hgfx? jiff}+b]lv klxnf] tyf bf];|f] r/0fdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\, h'g lgDg
cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
kl/of]hgfx? k|fyldstf cj:yf
;+/If0f If]q aflx/ ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfaf6 h}ljs ljljwtf klxnf] gofF
;+/If0f
kj{tLo gLlt tyf cg';Gwfg g]6js{ bf];|f] gofF
PsLs[t l;d;f/ If]q Joj:yfkg t];|f] gofF
km"nrf]sL–rGb|flul/ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{qmd rf}yf] gofF
h}ljs ljljwtfaf6 ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmd kf+rf}+ ;~rflnt÷gofF
k"jL{ g]kfndf tLgh'/]–ldNs]–hnhn] u'F/f; ;+/If0f sfo{qmd 5}|7f}+ gofF
;+/lIft If]qdf k|hflt ;+/If0f / jf;:yfg Joj:yfkg ;ftf}+ ;~rflnt÷gofF
e"–kl/wLo h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f cf7f}+ ;~rflnt÷gofF
;fd'bflos ;xeflutfåf/f s[ifLhGo h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f gjf}+ gofF
Psls[t r/g If]q Joj:yfkg bzf}+ gofF
sGrghª\3f qL–b]zLo zflGt /fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf P3f/f}+ ;~rflnt÷gofF
g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] nflu ;+:yfut ljsf; afXf}+ ;~rflnt÷gofF
g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfpg] qmddf z'? b]lv g} cToGt
ckf/bzL{ k|lqmof ckgfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns cjwf/0ffsf] dd{df rf]6 k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
To;}n] o; k|lt :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ c;xdtL /xb} cfPsf] 5 . of] /0fgLlt tyf
of]hgfnfO{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] kIfdf agfpgsf nflu k|of; ul//x]sf cleofgstf{x?nfO{
cg]sf}+ axfgfdf of] k|lqmofaf6} cnUofpg] sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og ls bft[;+:yfx?
3
xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

-lh=O=Pkm=÷o"=Pg=l8=lk=_ sf cfFvf 5Ng jf 5Ssfpgsf nflu pQm of]hgf agfpg] qmddf

cfof]lht uf]i7L / a}7sx?df gful/s ;dfhsf gfddf slxn] cf}+7f 5fk nufpg' kg]{
;f]emf;femf NofKr]x?nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/ n6k6fpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 eg] slxn] gful/s
;dfhs} gfddf ;fdGtL z}nLsf 6f7f–af7f, ;'lsnf–d'lsnf / slyt 7fn'x?nfO{ ;fIfL /fv]/
e|d l;h{gf ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
jg If]q / h}ljs ljljwtfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf cfO{k/]sf
gLltut ;jfnx?sf af/]df lrGtg–dgg ug]{ p2]Zon] lj=;+= @)$^÷)$& df /fli6«o :t/sf]
jg If]q ;dGjo ;ldlt -Pkm=P;=l;=l;=_ agfOPsf] lyof] . To; ;dodf o:tf] ;dGjo
;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff klg ;f=j=sf cleofgstf{x?n] g} NofPsf lyP . o;/L ;f=j= clwsf/sf
af/]df lrGtg–dgg ug]{ d~rsf] ?kdf u7g ePsf] Pkm=P;=l;=l;= / o; cGt/ut /x]sf
;a} sfo{;d"xx? clxn] ;/sf/L lgoGq0f leq /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ jgdflysf] hgtfsf]
clwsf/ s6f}tL ug{ ;fIfL agfOPsf] 5 . pQm ;ldlt / o;sf sfo{;d"xx?df ;f=j=
clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg] JolQmx? / ;j{;fwf/0f jg pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ ;xefuL x'g
/f]s nufOPsf] 5 eg] o;sf lg0f{ox? n'sfpg] jf uf]Ko /fVg] ul/Psf] cf/f]k 5 . o;/L of]
d~råf/f ljut s]xL jif{b]lv :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwsf gfddf To:tf ;d'bfosf]
k|ltlglwTj g} gug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ ;fIfL /fVg], kf/blz{tfsf] ;§fdf lg0f{ox? n'sfpg] / ;f=j=
lj/f]wL g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 eGg]
s'/f k'li6 x'b} cfPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Jofks c;xdltsf afjh'b\ klg of] of]hgfdf ;['?sf] ;dodf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ s6f}tL ug]{ vfnsf kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ clxn] klg pRr
k|fyldstf ;lxt oyfjt /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} ;/sf/L jg k|zf;s / dflyNnf] txdf kx'Fr
ePsf JolQmx?nfO{ lxt ug]{ vfnsf yk kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ klg pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . h}ljs ljljwtfdf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug{ t k/} hfcf];\,
;fem]bf/ agfpg klg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L of] of]hgfn] Psftkm{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t
Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] ;xeflutfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ckdfg /
cj;fg u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ :yfgLo /}yfg] ;d'bfonfO{ zlQmxLg agfPsf] 5 . g]kfn
h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx?df jg
k|zf;gsf] dfq lgoGq0f / e"ldsf x'g] u/L zlQm s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 eg] :yfgLo ;/sf/ /
gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] ;+/rgfn] g]kfnåf/f cjnDag
ul/Psf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu d]n vfg] b]lvb}g .
k|:tfljt h}ljs ljljwtf kl/of]hgfx?df ;d'bfosf] :yfg
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljifodf gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfg'g / sfo{of]hgf agfpg' cfkm}df /fd|f] s'/f
xf] . o:tf ;sf/fTds sfd s'/fx?df s;}sf] ljdlt x'b}g, a? ;xof]u g} x'G5 . lsgsL oL
;a}sf ;/f]sf/sf ljifox? x'g\ . To;}n] o; ;DaGwL gLlt, sfg'g / sfo{qmd tyf of]hgfx?
lgdf{0fsf] nflu lgwf{l/t k|lqmofx?sf] kfngf ul/of] jf ul/Pg / To:tf of]hgfx?n] s;sf]
lxt / kIf–kf]if0f u5{ eGg] af/]df ;DalGwt ;a}n] rf;f] /fv]sf x'G5g\\ . t/ o:tf] rf;f]
rfFlx rf;f] d} ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog of]hgf
agfpFbf kfngf ug'{kg]{ k|lqmofx? t lglZrt ?kdf kfngf ul/Psf] 5}g eGg] s'/f dfly
4
 xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

pNn]lvt tYox?n] :ki6 g} kf/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L of] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx?
klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lxtdf 5g eGg] s'g} alnof] / ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/ 5}g . o;/L ag]sf]
of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf kl/of]hgfx?n] :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ slt kmfObf u5{g\ jf c;/
kf5{g\ eGg] af/]df eP klg ca ;fj{hlgs ?kdf 5nkmn x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos eO;s]sf]
5.
kl5Nnf] k6s @)^) ebf}df d;f}bfsf] ?kdf tof/ ul/Psf] h}ljs ljljwtf sfof{Gjog
of]hgfdf h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL !@ cf]6f kl/of]hgfx? tTsfn nfu" ug]{ u/L k|:tfj
ul/Psf] 5, h;dWo] % cf]6f kl/of]hgfx? klxnfb]lv g} lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rflnt 5g\ . o:tf
!@ cf]6f kl/of]hgfx?sf] nflu * s/f]8 @& nfv &) xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/sf] ah]6 k|:tfj
ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ah]6 vr{ ug{sf] nflu sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj / pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;,
oftfoft, sfof{nosf nflu cTofw'lgs ;/;fdfgx? / sfof{no ;~rfng vr{ tyf
kl/of]hgfx?sf sfof{nosf nflu ef}lts ;+/rgfx?sf] lgdf{0f ;d]t u/L ^ cf]6f zLif{sx?
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf k|ToIf ;+nUg eO/x]sf :yfgLo
;d'bfo;Fu s'g} ;DaGw g} gx'g] vfnsf zLif{sx? lgwf{/0f u/L ;f]xL zLif{sx?df ah]6 vr{
u/]/ ;~rfng ul/g] oL kl/of]hgfx?n] g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f / To;dfly
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/ :yfkgfsf] nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ eg]/ s;/L
ljZjf; ug]{ < of] cfkm}df Pp6f uDeL/ ;jfn xf] .
s:sf] ;DklQ < s:sf] sfg'g <
g]kfnsf dWo tyf pRr kxf8sf clwsf+z jg If]qx? :yfgLo ;d'bfon] ;f=j=sf] ?kdf
Joj:yfkg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] jg Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf cg';f/ o:tf
jgx? :yfgLo ;f=j= pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?sf ;DklQ x'g\ . o;/L ;f=j=sf] ?kdf Joj:yfkg
u/]/ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ul//x]sf jg If]qx?nfO{ g} >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pQm h}ljs
ljljwtf /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog of]hgf cg';f/ /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q / dWojtL{
If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . of] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] oxL kIf g}
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] jgdflysf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/df k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{ ljifo xf], lsgsL
;f=j=sf] ?kdf /x]sf o:tf jg If]qx? lgs'~h jf ;+/If0f If]qsf] ?kdf kl/0ft x'Fbf ToxfF jg
;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf nfu" geO{ lgs'~h, cf/If / ;+/If0f If]q ;DaGwL sfg'g nfu" x'G5,
h'g sfg'gn] h}ljs ljljwtf dflysf] :yflgo ;fd'bflos clwsf/nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf c:jLsf/
ub{5 .
g]kfnsf nflu lbuf] ljsf;sf] Ph]G8fsf cg';f/ g]kfndf xfn !* k|ltzt eGbf a9L e"–efu
;+/If0f If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] / ljZjdf g} c? b]zsf] t'ngfdf of] If]q ;jf{lws w]/}
ePsf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL Ph]G8fdf g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q eg]sf] ;f=j=
Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLsf] a[xt\ Joj:yfkg la:tf/ ug{ ;lsg] If]q xf]
eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . t/ ;f] sf] ljkl/t g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog
of]hgfdf lgDg cg';f/ ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ of]hgf agfOPsf] 5 M

5
xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

k|:tfljt ;+/If0f If]qx?

k|:tfljt ;+/If0f If]qx? k|efljt lhNnfx? k|:tfljt If]qkmn
qL–b]zLo zflGt /fli6«o lgs'~h tfKn]h'ª @,)#% ju{ ls=ld=
tLgh'/]–ldNs]–hnhn] u'F/f; ;+/If0f tfKn]h'Ë, t]x|y'd / ;+v'jf;ef !^,))) x]S6/
If]q
uf}/Lzª\s/ h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f bf]nvf, ;f]n'v'Da' / l;Gw'knfGrf]s !#,&@$ x]S6/
If]q
km"nrf]sL – rGb|flul/ h}ljs sfe|]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, ^$$ ju{ ls=ld=
ljljwtf ;+/If0f If]q dsjfgk'/ sf7df08f}+ / wflbª
gf]6M h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgfn] pQm k|:tfljt ;+/If0f If]q / xfn 3f]if0ff
eO;s]sf lgs'~h Pj+ cf/Ifsf] cf;kf;df dWojtL{ If]qx? 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
5, h;n] jg ;|f]tdf ;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ yk ;fF3'/f] agfpg] 5 .
o; of]hgfdf tfKn]h'ª lhNnfdf /x]sf] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ qL–b]zLo zflGt /fli6«o
lgs'~hsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 eg] tfKn]h'Ë, t]x|y'd / ;+v'jf;efdf /x]sf]
tLgh'/]–ldNs]–hnhn] nfnLu'F/f; If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h / nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] aLrdf kg]{ ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf /
l;Gw'knfGrf]s lhNnfdf /x]sf] jg If]qnfO{ uf}/Lzª\s/ ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf]
5 eg] sf7df8f}+–jfUdtL–s'n]vfgL hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ gfddf sf7df8f}+ / wflbªdf /x]sf]
rGb|flul/ kxf8 Pj+ l;Gw'knfGrf]s, nlntk'/ / dsjfgk'/df /x]sf] km"nrf]sL kxf8nfO{
km"nrf]sL – rGb|flul/ ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L of] of]hgf cg';f/
;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff ul/Pdf pRr tyf dWo kxf8sf tfKn]h'Ë, t]x|y'd, ;+v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da',
bf]nvf, l;Gw'knfGrf]s, sfe|]knfGrf]s, nlntk'/, dsjfgk'/, sf7df08f}+ / wflbª u/L !!
cf]6f lhNnfx?df /x]sf cTolws ;f=j=x? ;+/If0f If]qdf kl/0ft x'g]5g\ . kl/0ffdtM jiff}{
nufP/ ;f=j=sf nflu l;h{gf ul/Psf k|efjsf/L sfg'gL / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx? k|ToIf ?kdf
;dfKt eP/ hfg]5g\ .
kmsfO–kmsfO nu]/ lrdf]6L–lrdf]6L dfg]{ <
sf7df8f}+df /x]sf] lzjk'/Lsf] jgnfO{ ;'?df hnfwf/ If]q 3f]if0ff ubf{ ToxfFsf :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{
s]xL dsf{ kb}}{g, a? 7"nf] kl/of]hgf cfpF5 egL kmsfOPsf] lyof] . kl5 To;} 7fpFnfO{ cf/If÷;+/If0f
If]q agfpFbf :yfgLo cflbjf;L /}yfg] ;d'bfon] lj/f]w u/] . To; ;dodf klg :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{
oxfF kl/of]hgf cfpF5 eg]/ em'SofOof] . @ jif{ cufl8 To; 7fpFnfO{ PSsf;L lgs'~hsf] ?kdf
3f]if0ff ul/Pkl5 :yfgLo ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] ToxfFsf] jg k}bfjf/ pkof]u ug{ t k/} hfcf];\,
cTofjZos kg]{ af6f]df lxF8\g klg kfPsf 5}gg\ . of] s'/f xfdL ;a}n] 5n{Ë b]vL ;s]sf 5f}+ .
To;}n] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf gfddf ;f=j= pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?sf] jgdflysf] clwsf/
s6f}tL ug]{ u/L nfu" ug{ vf]lhPsf k|:tfj / kl/of]hgfx?nfO{ xfns} ?kdf nfu" ug{ lbg] jf
j}slNks pkfox?sf] vf]hL ug]{ eGg] af/]df vf;u/L ;f=j= pkef]Qmf ;d"xx? / o;sf]
lxtsf nflu sfd ug]{ kIf, lgsfo jf gful/s ;dfhn] uDeL/ ?kdf ;f]Rg'kg]{ ;do cfPsf]
5 . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / o;sf] lbuf] ;b'kof]u ;a}sf] ;/f]sf/ / bfloTjsf] ljifo xf]
. o;df b'O{ dt x'g ;Sb}g . t/ oxfF s'/f h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf gfddf dflug] * s/f]8

6
 xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

cd]l/sL 8n/sf] xf]O{g, s'/f h}ljs ;|f]t dfly :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] clwsf/sf] xf] . To;}n]
s/f]8f}+ cd]l/sL 8n/ sdfpg hf] ;'s}n] c? h] ;'s} u/] klg :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLjg lgjf{x
ug]{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] jg ;|f]tdflysf] ;fd'bflos clwsf/df cg'lrt x:tIf]k ug'{ Gofo
;ª\ut x'b}g .
jftfj/0fLo Pj+ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cfˆgf]] clwsf/ / ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf s'/f
p7fpg / c8fg lng ;DalGwt ;a} ;d'bfosf gful/sx?nfO{ clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . To;df
klg h}ljs ljljwtfdf hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] nflu h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw h:tf] ljkGg /
ul/ad'vL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gn] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] h}ljs ;|f]tx?sf] dflns agfPsf] 5 . To;}n]
cfˆgf] ;|f]tx?dflysf] clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt ;d'bfo klg ;dod} ;r]t x'g'
cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

7
xfd|f] jg ;Dkbf, jif{ @, cª\s @, @)^!÷km/]i6PS;g

tflnsf != h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL sfg'g, gLlt tyf sfo{gLltx?

jg ;DaGwL sfg'gx? ^= ko{6g P]g, @)#% $= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
!= jg P]g, @)$( &= ;fj{hlgs ;8s P]g, @)#! lgodfjnL, @)%^
@= lghL jg hª\un /fli6«os/0f *= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]z P]g, @)$@ %= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
P]g, @)!# (= kz'ktL If]q ljsf; P]g, @)$$ @)$(
#= lj?jf ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( !)= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, ^= cfos/ P]g, @)%*
$= jg lgodfjnL, @)%! @)%$ &= d"No clea[l4 s/ P]g, @)%@
%= ;fd'bflos jg lgb]{lzsf, !!= zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h *= kmf]x/ d}nf -k|aGw tyf ;|f]t
@)%@ lgodfjnL, @)#) kl/rfng_ P]g, @)$(
^= jg k}bfjf/ -sf7 bfp/f_ ljqmL !@= /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' (= lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ P]g, @)!*
ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf, @)%& ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)#)
jg ;DaGwL gLltx? !#= jGohGt' cf/If lgodfjnL,
@)#$ hldg / s[lif ;DaGwL sfg'gx?
!= jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf, @)$^ != ljtf{ pGd'ng P]g, @)!^
@= sa'lnotL jg gLlt, @)%( !$= lxdfnL /fli6«o lgs'~h
lgodfjnL, @)#^ @= hUuf -gfFk hfr_ P]g, @)!(
#= h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg #= pv8f ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
k}bfjf/ gLlt, @)^) !%= vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h
lgodfjnL, @)$$ $= e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
;+/If0f ;DaGwL gLltx? !^= dWojtL{ If]q Joj:yfkg %= emf]/f If]qsf] hUuf ;DaGwL
!= g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;+/If0f lgodfjnL, @)%@ P]g, @)@*
sfo{gLlt, !(** !&= zfxL jlb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h ^= vs{ hUuf /fli6«os/0f P]g,
@= g]kfn jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf lgodfjnL, @)%# @)#!
sfo{of]hgf -klxnf]_, !((# !*= ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg &= hUuf k|flQ P]g, @)#$
#= g]kfn jftfj/0fLo gLlt tyf lgodfjnL, @)%# *= vfB P]g, @)@#
sfo{of]hgf -bf];|f]_, !((* !(= ;+/If0f If]q ;/sf/L Joj:yfkg
$= /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)%( (= bfgf kbfy{ P]g, @)##
lgodfjnL, @)%&
%= g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf @)= xfQLsf] Joj:yfkg lgodx?, !)= ;xsf/L P]g, @)$*
/0fgLlt, @)^) @)@@ !!= aLp ljhg P]g, @)$%
^= g]kfnsf] lb3{sflng ljsf;sf] hn;|f]t ;DaGwL sfg'gx? !@= g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
Ph]G8f, @)^) != hn;|f]t P]g, @)$( P]g, @)$*
&= lgs'~h cf/If jf ;+/If0f If]q @= ljB't P]g, @)$( !#= hLjgfzs ljiffbL P]g,
u}/ ;/sf/L jf cGo ;ª\3 #= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g,
;+:yfnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ lbg] @)$! @)$*
gLlt, @)^) !$= /fli6«o b'Uwljsf; af]8{ P]g,
*= jGohGt' kfng, k|hgg tyf $= g]kfn vfg]kfgL ;+:yfg P]g,
@)$% @)$*
cg';Gwfg sfo{gLlt, @)^)
(= 3/kfn'jf xfQL Joj:yfkg %= hnr/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)!& !%= /fli6«o lrof tyf skmL
gLlt, @)^) ljsf; af]8{ P]g, @)$(
^= hn;|f]t lgodfjnL, @)%) !^= g]kfn vfgL tyf vlgh
!)= bzf}+ k~rjlif{o of]hgf
&= vfg]kfgL lgodfjnL, @)%% kbfy{ P]g, @)$@
;+/If0f If]q;DaGwL sfg'gx? !&= u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)##
*= l;FrfO{ lgodfjnL, @)%^
!= /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' !*= dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
;+/If0f P]g, @)@( (= ljB't lgodfjnL, @)%) !(= hUUff gfk hfFr lgodfjnL
@= e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, cGo ljljw sfg'gx? @)%*
@)#( @)= dfnkf]t lgodfjnL, @)^)
#= >L % dx]Gb| k|s[lt ;+/If0f != g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,
@)$& @!= vlgh kbfy{ lgodfjnL, @)%^
sf]z P]g, @)#(
$= PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb| @= d'n'sL P]g, @)@)
#= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, s[lif ;DaGwL gLlt
P]g, @)$(
%= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)%# @)%% != bL3{sflng s[lif gLlt, !((%
-n]vs ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, g]kfnsf] clwjQmfsf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 ._
8