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ENGINEERING
D R AW I N G
SECOND EDITION
M. B. Shah
B. C. Rana
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or
otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the
publisher's prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than
that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this
condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting
the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright
owner and the above‐mentioned publisher of this book.
ISBN 978‐81‐317‐1056‐2
Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A‐8(A), Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India
Registered Office: 14 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India
v
This page is intentionally left blank
BRIEF CONTENTS
vii
This page is intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
1 Objectives 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Drawing Instruments 2
1.2.1 Drawing Board 3
1.2.2 Minidrafter 3
1.2.3 Precision Instrument Box 4
1.2.4 Set Squares 6
1.2.5 Engineers’ Scales 7
1.2.6 Protractor 7
1.2.7 Irregular or French Curves 8
1.2.8 Spring Clips 8
1.2.9 Drawing Papers 8
1.2.10 Pencils 8
1.2.11 Erasers 8
1.2.12 Erasing Shields 9
1.2.13 Templates 9
1.2.14 Dusters 9
1.2.15 Flexible curves 9
1.2.16 Tracing Paper 10
1.2.17 T-square 10
1.3 Title Block 11
1.4 Points to Remember 12
Exercises 12
Review Questions 15
2 Objectives 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Symbolic Lines 18
ix
2.3 Lettering 20
2.4 General Rules for Lettering 20
Exercises 24
Review Questions 26
Geometrical Constructions,
3
Loci and Engineering Plane Curves
Objectives 27
27
3.1 Introduction 28
3.2 Methods of Construction 28
3.3 Loci of Points 33
3.4 Engineering Curves 37
3.4.1 Conics 37
3.4.2 Cycloidal Curves 45
3.4.3 Involutes 49
3.4.4 Spirals 52
Exercises 54
Critical Thinking Exercises 56
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises 58
Scales 59
4 Objectives 59
4.1 Introduction 60
4.2 Representative Fraction 60
4.3 Construction of Scales 61
4.4 Types of Scales 61
4.4.1 Plain Scales 61
4.4.2 Diagonal Scales 63
4.4.3 Vernier Scales 66
4.4.4 Comparative Scales 68
4.4.5 Scale of Chords 70
Exercises 71
Critical Thinking Exercises 72
x Contents
Projections of Points and Lines 73
5 Objectives 73
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 Orthographic Projections 74
5.3 First-Angle Projections 75
5.4 Second-, Third- and Fourth-Angle Projections 75
5.5 Projections of Lines 79
5.6 Angles Between Lines and Reference Planes 79
5.7 Projections of Lines Parallel to One and Inclined
to the Other Reference Plane 80
5.8 Projections of Lines Inclined to both the Reference Planes 84
5.9 Problems Related to Lines Inclined to both
the Reference Planes 88
5.9.1 To Find the True Length of a Line 88
5.9.2 To Find the Angle of Inclination 89
5.10 Traces of a Line 91
5.11 Procedure for Locating the HT and the VT 91
5.12 Procedure When the HT and/or the VT is Given 92
5.13 Side Views 94
5.14 Shortest Distance Between a Given Line AB
and Ground Line XY 95
Exercises 98
Critical Thinking Exercises 102
6 Objectives 103
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 The Auxiliary Plane Method 104
6.2.1 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Vertical Plane (AVP) 104
6.2.2 Projection of a Point on an Auxiliary Inclined Plane (AIP) 105
6.3 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Front View (AFV) 107
6.4 Procedure for Drawing an Auxiliary Top View (ATV) 107
Exercises 111
Contents xi
Critical Thinking Exercises 111
Hints for Solving Exercises 112
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises 114
7 Objectives 115
7.1 Introduction 116
7.2 Positions of Planes 116
7.2.1 Planes Parallel to the VP 116
7.2.2 Planes Parallel to the HP 117
7.2.3 Planes Perpendicular to the VP and Inclined to the HP 117
7.2.4 Planes Perpendicular to the HP and Inclined to the VP 119
7.2.5 Planes Inclined to both the Reference Planes 120
7.3 Positions when the Shape and Size in the Front View
and/or Top View are Given 129
Exercises 144
Critical Thinking Exercises 146
Hints for Solving Exercises 147
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Excercises 148
8 Objectives 149
8.1 Introduction 150
8.2 Solids 150
8.2.1 Prisms and Pyramids 150
8.2.2 Cylinders and Cones 152
8.2.3 Frustums 152
8.3 Orthographic Projections of Solids 152
8.3.1 Projections of Solids with the Axis Perpendicular to
one of the Reference Planes and Parallel to the Other Two 154
8.3.2 Projections of Solids with the Axis Parallel to One
of the Reference Planes and Inclined to the Other 157
8.4 Additional Points for Two-Step Problems 159
8.4.1 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel
to the VP and Inclined at θ to the HP 159
xii Contents
8.4.2 The Axis of a Solid is Required to be Parallel to the HP
and Inclined at φ to the VP 159
8.5 Deciding the Position of the Axis 161
8.6 Visibility of Surfaces 163
8.7 Projections of Solids with the Axis Inclined to
Both the HP and the VP 169
8.8 Projections of Spheres 181
Exercises 184
Critical Thinking Exercises 186
Hints for Solving Exercises 187
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises 190
9 Objectives 193
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 Cutting Planes 194
9.3 Sections and Sectional Views 194
9.4 Drawing Sectional Views 195
9.5 Locating the CP Position When the True Shape
of a Section is Known 202
9.5.1 Hints to Remember 203
9.5.2 The Procedure for Locating the Cutting Plane 203
Exercises 213
Critical Thinking Exercises 214
Hints for Solving Exercises 215
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Exercises 218
10 Objectives 219
10.1 Introduction 220
10.2 Determination of the Curve of Intersection 220
10.3 The Line Method 220
Contents xiii
10.4 Procedure for the Line Method 221
10.5 Deciding the Visibility of the Curve of Intersection 224
10.5.1 Determining Cut-Off Portions of Lines
on the Penetrated Solid 224
10.5.2 Visibility When the Solid Has a Hole 227
10.6 The Cutting Plane Method 230
Exercises 238
Critical Thinking Exercises 240
Hints for Solving Exercises 241
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Excercises 245
11 Objectives 247
11.1 Introduction 248
11.2 Understanding the Development of Surfaces 248
11.3 Methods for Development 249
11.4 Methods for Development of Cut Surfaces 252
11.4.1 The Line Method 252
11.4.2 The Cutting Plane Method 259
Exercises 276
Critical Thinking Exercises 280
Hints for Solving Exercises 281
Hints for Solving Critical Thinking Excercises 285
12 Objectives 287
12.1 Introduction 288
12.2 Multiview Orthographic Projections 290
12.3 Objects Bounded by Plane Surfaces 296
12.4 Reading an Isometric or Oblique Parallel Projection 296
12.4.1 Rules for Reading the Position of Each Line or Surface
of an Object in a Pictorial View 297
12.4.2 Misleading Conditions in Pictorial Views 302
xiv Contents
Exercises 310
Critical Thinking Exercises 312
13 Objectives 317
13.1 Introduction 318
13.2 Projections of Sectional Views 318
13.3 Hatching Lines 319
13.4 Drawing Sectional Views of Machine Parts 321
13.5 Types of Sectional Views 322
13.5.1 Full-Sectional View 322
13.5.2 Half-Sectional View 322
13.5.3 Offset Sections 323
13.5.4 Revolved Sections 323
13.5.5 Removed Sections 325
13.5.6 Partial Section or Broken Section 325
Exercises 333
Critical Thinking Exercises 341
Dimensioning 343
14 Objectives 343
14.1 Introduction 344
14.2 Dimensioning 344
14.2.1 Dimension Lines 344
14.2.2 Extension or Projection Lines 344
14.2.3 Leaders 344
14.3 Dimensioning Systems 345
14.4 Dimensioning Principles 345
14.5 Dimensioning Pictorial Views 348
Exercises 350
Critical Thinking Exercises 351
Contents xv
Auxiliary Views 353
15 Objectives 353
15.1 Introduction 354
15.2 The Front Auxiliary View 354
15.3 The Top Auxiliary View or Auxiliary Elevation 356
15.4 The Side Auxiliary View 358
15.5 Partial Views 359
15.6 Drawing the Apparent Shapes of Surfaces 359
Exercises 366
Critical Thinking Exercises 370
16 Objectives 373
16.1 Introduction 374
16.2 Reading Orthographic Projections 374
16.3 Reading Orthographic Projections
by Visualizing the Bounding Surfaces 382
16.4 Recognizing the Projections of the Same Plane Surface 383
Exercises 409
Critical Thinking Exercises 416
17 Objectives 419
17.1 Introduction 420
17.2 Types of Pictorial Projections 420
17.3 Isometric Projections 420
17.3.1 The Isometric Scale 422
17.3.2 Drawing Isometric Projections of Solid Objects 423
17.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Isometric Projections of an Object 424
17.3.4 The Isometric Projection of a Sphere 430
xvi Contents
Exercises 434
Critical Thinking Exercises 438
18 Projections
Objectives 441
441
Exercises 460
Critical Thinking Exercises 464
19 Objectives 467
19.1 Introduction 468
19.2 Screw Threads 468
19.2.1 The Terminology for Threads 468
19.2.2 The Forms of Screw Threads 469
19.3 Representation of Threads 472
19.4 Bolts, Nuts and Washers 475
19.5 Hexagonal Nuts 476
19.5.1 Orthographic Projections of a Hexagonal Nut 477
19.5.2 Symbolic Views of a Hexagonal Nut 479
19.6 Projections of a Hexagonal-Headed Bolt 480
19.7 Washers 480
19.8 Square Nuts 481
19.9 Types of Nuts 482
Contents xvii
19.10 Types of Bolt Heads 483
19.11 Set Screws 487
19.12 Foundation Bolts 487
19.13 Tap Bolts 490
19.14 Stud Bolts 490
19.15 Locking Arrangements for Nuts 492
Exercises 495
Critical Thinking Exercises 496
20 Objectives 497
20.1 Introduction 498
20.2 Types of Rivet Heads 499
20.3 Riveted Joints 499
20.3.1 Lap Joints 499
20.3.2 Butt Joints 502
20.4 Welding 504
20.5 Types of Welded Joints 504
20.5.1 Types of Welds 504
20.5.2 Welding Drawing 506
20.5.3 Representation of Welded Joints 506
20.5.4 Indication for Plate Preparation 507
20.5.5 Dimensioning Welds 507
20.5.6 Supplementary Symbols 508
20.5.7 Indicating the Welding Process 509
Exercises 509
Critical Thinking Exercises 510
21 Objectives 513
21.1 Introduction 514
21.2 Using AutoCAD 514
xviii Contents
21.2.1 A Mouse 517
21.2.2 A Keyboard 517
21.2 AutoCAD Command Access 517
21.3 Menus and Toolbars 518
21.4 Toolbars 518
21.4.1 Opening a File 518
21.4.2 Saving a File 519
21.5 Execution of Commands 519
21.5.1 The Donut and Spline Commands 519
21.5.2 The Line Command 521
21.5.3 The Coordinate Systems Command 522
21.5.4 The Polygon Command 524
21.5.5 The Circle Command 525
21.5.6 The Arc Command 526
21.5.7 The Ellipse Command 527
21.5.8 The Hatch Command 527
21.5.9 The Zoom Command 527
21.5.10 The Regen Command 527
21.5.11 The UCS Command 528
21.5.12 The Units Command 528
21.5.13 Drawing Limits 528
21.5.14 The Grid Command 528
21.5.15 The Offset Command 528
21.5.16 The Change Command 529
21.5.17 The Chprop Command 529
21.5.18 The Erase Command 529
21.5.19 The Trim Command 529
21.5.20 The Array Command 529
21.5.21 The Mirror Command 531
21.5.22 The Copy Command 532
21.5.23 The Move Command 532
21.5.24 The Chamfer Command 532
21.5.25 The Fillet Command 532
21.5.26 The Pedit Command 532
21.5.27 The Dimension Command 532
21.5.28 The Extend Command 532
21.5.29 The Lengthen Command 532
Contents xix
21.6 Three-Dimensional Modelling 540
21.6.1 The Wire Frame Model 540
21.6.2 The Surface Model 540
21.6.3 The Solid Model 540
Exercises 540
Critical Thinking Exercise 544
Index 545
xx Contents
ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
A B B R E V I AT I O N S
AFV auxiliary front view
AGP auxiliary ground plane
AIP auxiliary inclined plane
ATV auxiliary top view
AV axis of vision
Aux auxiliary
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CAD computer-aided drafting
CP central plane or cutting plane
CV centre of vision
Dia diameter
DOO direction of observation
FV front view
GL ground line or ground level
GP ground plane
GR ground
HL horizon line
HP horizontal plane
HRP horizontal reference plane
HT horizontal trace
IS Indian standard
ISO International Organization for Standardization
LHSV left-hand-side view
OSNAP object SNAP
PP pro ile plane
PPP picture plane for perspective projection
RF representative fraction
RHSV right-hand-side view
RP reference plane
S station point
Sect sectional
SFV sectional front view
SQ Square (represents the side of a square)
SRHSV Sectional right-hand-side view
SSV sectional side view
STV sectional top view
SV side view
TL true length
TS true shape
TV top view
VP vanishing point or vertical plane
VT vertical trace
XY ground line
xxi
S YM B O L S A N D N OTAT I O N S
A, B, … object points
a, b, … top views of object points A, B, …
a′, b′, … front views of object points A, B, …
a″, b″, … side views of object points A, B, …
a1, b1, … auxiliary top views of points A, B, … on projectors perpendicular to X1, Y1
a1′, b1′, … auxiliary front views of points A, B, … on projectors perpendicular to X1, Y1
ht′, ht front and top views of point HT
vt′, vt front and top views of point VT
A′, B′, C′ … perspective views of object points A, B, C, …
a0, b0, c0 … points at which the top views of visual rays meet top view of PPP; they are top views of per-
spective views of A′, B′, C′, …
α apparent angle of inclination of a line with the HP or angle of inclination of the front view of
a line with the XY line
β apparent angle of inclination of a line with the VP or angle of inclination of the top view of a
line with the XY line
θ angle of inclination made by object line with the HP
φ angle of inclination made by object line with the VP or diameter
Φ, φ diameter (alternative)
D, d diameter
e eccentricity of a conic curve
r, R radius
OV central axis
In the more than forty years that we have been teaching engineering drawing, we
have seen a dramatic increase in the number of engineering colleges in India and a
corresponding increase in the number of books on this subject. We have observed,
however, that students ind it very dif icult to master the subject from these books
since the majority of them cover just the basic theory, examples, and their solutions.
Practically none of them discuss the logic behind the solutions. We have attempted to
give the logical reasons for the questions as well as the analysis underlying the solu-
tions. This emphasis on understanding—rather than relying on memory alone—is
just one of the reasons that make this book unique.
The main purpose of this book is to provide students with a clear and thorough
presentation of the theory and applications of engineering drawing. To achieve this
objective, this edition has been shaped by the comments, suggestions and reviews
from numerous students, instructors, and professionals. Using a step-by-step
approach, the book covers the syllabi of irst-year engineering courses as well as
diploma courses of major universities and technical boards. It will also be useful to
students preparing for professional courses offered by the Institution of Engineers,
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, and the Institution of Electronics and Tele-
communications Engineers.
N E W TO T H I S E D I T I O N
Signi icant improvements have been made to this second edition. The following is a
list of some of the important ones:
Updated Content
All the drawings have been updated and are based on the latest BIS standards. Based on market research
as well as reviewer feedback, a new chapter on scales has been added. The chapter on computer-aided
drafting has been updated to cover the latest version of AutoCAD.
xxiii
Organization and
1.2.15 FLEXIBLE CURVES
tch various plotted points that are not on a
Approach
straight line (see Figure 1.14). In the bent position it can be utilized to guide a pencil or an ink pen to draw Each chapter is orga-
oft metallic rod to strengthen it. nized into well-de ined
sections that contain an
1.2.16 TRACING PAPER
A tracing paper is a semi-transparent paper, which is used to trace an existing pencil or ink drawing. This is
explanation of speci ic
then used to draw blueprints. topics with illustrative
examples. The topics
1.2.17 VP
b1
¢ within each section are
b¢ differentiated using
B1 distinct styles and
Y
Artwork titles. This presents a
The artwork has been enhanced by a a structured approach
q
two-colour presentation that provides xb 1 c1 B that enables quick
xb q
the reader with a more realistic and a¢
understanding as well as
understandable sense of the material. xa q b1
a convenient review.
Particular attention has been given to A C
X
understood.
HP
(a)
>> Divide a line into equal parts >> Draw normals and
tangents to a given
>> Draw regular polygons engineering curve
Chapter Contents
>> Draw lines and arcs
A bulleted list of the chapter contents states
>> Draw the path of a point
tangent to each other the learning goals of the chapter. Each chapter
on a selected part of a
>> Draw the curves used machine that undergoes also begins with an introduction section that
in engineering practice ect presents an overview and explains the impor-
such as conics, cycloids, of another part tance of the material within the chapter.
involutes and spirals
Example 5.2 A straight line AB of 40 mm length has one of its ends, A, at 10 mm from the HP and 15 mm
from the VP. Draw the projections of the line if it is parallel to the VP and inclined at 30° to the HP. Assume
the line to be located in each of the four quadrants by turns.
Analysis: Based on Table 5.3, we can conclude that
(i) As the given line AB is parallel to the VP, the front view will be of the true length, that is, 40 mm, and inclined
to XY at α where α θ, the angle at which the given line is inclined to the HP (30° in the present case).
(ii) The top view will remain parallel to the XY line.
(iii) The position of point A is given. Hence, depending upon the quadrant, aʹ and a
front view can then be drawn.
(iv) The top view is then projected as a line parallel to the XY line.
Solution (Figures 5.12 to 5.15):
(i) Draw aʹ 10 mm above XY and a 15mm below XY
angle projection draw both the points above XY; for the third-angle projection draw a above XY and aʹ
below XY XY for the fourth-angle projection.
Improved Pedagogy
Clarity throughout the text has been improved, new examples have been provided, and many new problems
have been added. Also, each example has a new “analysis” section that aids in problem solving and review.
xxiv Preface
Review Material
Problem sets have been revised so that readers can select from a wide range of dif iculty. Partial solutions
and answers to selected problems are given, aiding students with further applications of the theory. The
material has been classi ied into the following:
Exercises
EXERCISES
Exercise problems
have been provided at
the end of the chapter 1 A straight line AB has an end point A, which is nearer to the HP and the VP, 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in
front of the VP. The front view of the line is inclined at 30° to XY and is of 40 mm length. Draw the projections of
the line if the top view is inclined at 45° to the XY line. Draw an auxiliary front view on a ground line X1Y1, which
that help gauge the tion of the line with the HP.
understanding of the
concepts discussed in 2 A straight line PQ has its FV inclined at 45° to XY and is of 40 mm length. The end point P is 10 mm above the HP
and 20 mm in front of the VP. If the line is inclined at 30° to the VP, draw the projections of the line PQ. Draw an
the chapter. auxiliary top view on a plane inclined at 45° to the HP.
Critical Thinking
CRITICAL EXERCISES
Exercises
1 Four lamp posts, each of 10 m height, are erected at the corners of a rectangular plot 10 m 5 m. Each pair of
posts that are diagonally opposite has a rope with one end tied at 1 m from the top of one post and the other
end at 1 m from the base on the ground of the other post. Assuming the length of the plot to be 10 m and
Challenging problems
based on actual appli-
parallel to the VP, draw the projections of the lamp posts and cations have also been
the true length of the ropes. The diameters of the lamp posts and the ropes may be neglected and they may be provided in a separate
represented by lines only.
section to illustrate the
2 A room of 5 m 4 m 3 m dimensions has a fan suspended from the centre of the ceiling 0.5 m from the ceiling.
A cable connects a switch directly to the fan at the centre of the ceiling. If the switch is located at one of the
corners of the room, at a height of 1.5 m, draw the projections of the cable assuming the 5 m 3 m wall to be
concepts and tie them
to the real world.
ews.
Example 6.2: A straight line AB has one end A 18 mm below the HP and 10 mm behind the VP, while the other
end B is 10 mm below the HP and 25 mm behind the VP. If the distance between the end projectors is
35 mm and the line is located in the third quadrant, draw the projections of the line. With the help of
s of inclination to the HP and the VP.
Preface xxv
SUPPLEMENTS
• To provide readers with suf icient practice, extra problems and solutions
are provided as a question bank. These range from easy to dif icult and help
readers learn in a sequential manner.
• A summary of the important points and topics in each chapter, along with the
relevant page numbers, are provided to help students review what they read
in each chapter.
• Solutions to selected problems are also provided on the companion Web site
for review and quick references.
AC K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
I am thankful to Thomas Mathew Rajesh and Jonaki Ray of Pearson Education for their
help and efforts in completing the work as early as possible. My colleague, Sachin
Bhatt, and my younger daughter-in-law, Manasi, helped in updating the chapters. I am
also grateful for the numerous suggestions and comments from various teachers in
this ield.
M. B. Shah
xxvi Preface
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS BOOK
The second edition of Engineering Drawing has bene ited from an extensive development process. Over 100
faculty reviewers, students, and industry professionals provided feedback about the accuracy and relevance
of the content as well as suggestions for its improvements. While we could not incorporate every suggestion
from everyone, we do acknowledge that their feedback was invaluable in our attempt at creating the best
possible engineering drawing textbook.
CO N S U LTA N T B O A R D
The consultant board provided us with a detailed and critical analysis of each chapter and worked with us
throughout the development of the book. We would like to thank the following for their time and commitment:
Nitin D. Junnarkar
Tolani Maritime Institute, Pune
Varinder Mittal
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
S. Krishnamoorthy
Sri Ramanujar Engineering College, Chennai
N. Leela Prasad
Vignan Institute of Technology and Sciences, Hyderabad
REVIEWERS
The guidance and thoughtful recommendations of many helped us improve this book. We are grateful for the
comments and helpful suggestions received from the following reviewers:
R. K. Agarwal
R. G. Engineering College, Meerut
P. Aravindan
Dr. M. G. R. University, Chennai
R. S. Baliah
Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy
M. M. Butt
National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
M. S. Charoo
National Institute of Technology, Srinagar
K. Duraivelu
Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam
R. Gnanamoorthy
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
Swetank Gupta
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
K. B. Kelgandre
K. J. Somaiya Polytechnic, Mumbai
xxvii
Manish Kewalramani
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
N. S. Parthasarathy
Anna University, Chennai
G. Prasanthi
JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur
K. Prahalada Rao
JNTU College of Engineering, Anantapur
K. Madhava Reddy
G. P. R. Engineering College, Kurnool
Y. V. Mohana Reddy
G. P. R. Engineering College, Kurnool
C. Selvaraj
Government College of Technology, Coimbatore
N. Shanmukha
R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore
M. Thiruchitrambalam
Mahalingam Engineering College, Coimbatore
A. S. Verma
Apollo Institute of Technology, Kanpur
STUDENT REVIEWERS
We took the help of many students from the DAV Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jalandhar and
R. V. College of Engineering, Bangalore. These students class-tested the manuscript, evaluated it for clarity
and assessed each feature. Their comments helped us expand the book’s content, improved the pedagogical
features, and strengthened the assessment features. We are thankful to the following:
Shreenidhi Acharya
Tarun Arora
Abhinandan Bhatia
Himanshu Chandra
Mani Bhushan Choudhary
Ranvir Singh Gill
Tarun Kumar
Unnat Mahajan
C. S. Sandeep
Sourabh Sehgal
Ashish Sharma
Sagar Trehan
Vinay Varadaraj
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you will be able to
— Vie.
— No?
‒ Markusha!
Kaikki tämä oli niin kummallista. Joivat, kilistivät laseja, puhuivat
kaikki yhtaikaa ja jotain omaansa. Se vihainen, jolla oli linnun
naama, kiihtyneesti kertoi jostain vieraasta joka oli ottanut hänet
lyhyemmäksi aikaa ja jonka kanssa taisi sitten riitaantua. Usein
pistivät väliin kirosanoja, mutta eivät lausuneet niitä
välinpitämättömästi kuten miehet tekevät, vaan aina erikoisen
purevasti.
— Rakkaani!
Näin istui hän, tämä kalpea, joka yhtäkkiä oli käynyt niin läheiseksi
kaikille näille hänen ympärillään hyöriville. Tyhjentyneessä, poroksi
palaneessa sielussaan ja hävitetyssä maailmassaan valkoisena tulena
välkkyi ja valaisi kirkkaasti hänen hehkuva tahtonsa yksin. Tuntien
valtansa mahdolliseksi kaikkea luomaan ja kaikki hävittämään,
terästyi hänen ruumiinsa rauhallisena.
— Ljubka! Juo!
— Meikäläisten malja!
— Pidä suusi kiinni, Manjka, saat vasten naamaasi! Hän jää minun
kanssani. Hän oli rehellinen.
— Olkaa vaiti.
— Teiltä on väkivallalla kunnia riistetty, mutta hän on luopunut
siitä vapaaehtoisesti. Hän antoi sen minun kunniastani! En tahdo
mitään tietää rehellisyydestä ja kunniallisuudesta. Te olette kaikki…
vaan hän on vielä viaton…
— Näemme! Eteenpäin!
*****
— Ovat.
— Ajattelen.
— Entä sitten?
Hän vaikeni. Ja siksi että hän vaikeni sekä siksi että hän oli ollut
heidän toverinsa, elänyt heidän kanssaan, muuttui hän äkkiä tytöstä
erityisen tärkeäksi, niin että alkoi tuntua pahalta maata hänen
kanssaan. Siirtyi loitommalle ja asetti kätensä niin etteivät ne
koskeneet häneen. Unohtaen vihansa hyviä kohtaan, kaikki
kyyneleensä ja kirouksensa, pitkät vuodet yksitoikkoista yksinäisyyttä
tässä luolassa, valtasi hänet pelko siitä etteivät ne ota vastaan häntä
niin kauniiseen elämään, joka on täynnä itsekieltäymystä.
— Niin. Hyviä.
Niin kirkas oli hänen hymyilynsä että tuntui kuin olisi itse
pimeyskin alkanut hymyillä ja ikäänkuin olisivat tähdet tuikkineet.
Saapui uusi totuus tyttöön, eikä pelkoa, vaan ilon toi se tullessaan.
Hiljaisuus.
— Ne entiset.
Tuuli puhalsi nutun alle, takki oli leveä ja koko ruumis kellui
vaatteissa kuin keltuainen munassa — ikäänkuin olisi hän laihtunut
yhtäkkiä. Huolimatta kylmyydestä olivat kämmenet hikiset.
— Suu kiinni, Ljubka! — kiljasi päällikkö. Hän tunsi hyvin tytön, oli
pari, kolme yötä viettänyt tämän seurassa, ja nytkin uskoi hänen
puhuvan totta, mutta niin odottamaton oli tämä onnellinen loppu,
että ilosta teki mieli huutaa, jaella käskyjä, näyttää valtaansa.
— Nimenne?
— Teitä puhutellaan!…
— Minähän…
— Et.
— Minun on kylmä.
— Hän on konna!
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