UNIT I FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUITS, Hydraulic and energy gradient - Laminar flow through circular conduits and circular annuli-Boundary fayer concepts — types of boundary layer thickness ~ Darcy Weisbach equation -friction factor- Moody diagram- ‘commercial pipes- minor losses ~ Flow through pipes in series ard parallel PARTA 1. Mention the range of Reynolds number for laminar and turbulent flow in a pipe, (May/June 2014) IF the Reynold’s number is less than 2000, the flow is laminar. But if the Reynolds number is greater than 44000, the Flow is turbulent flow 2 What does Haigen-Poiseulle equation refer to? (Nov/Dec 2011) "The equation refers to the value of loss of head ina pipe of length X What is Hagen poiseuille’s formula? (May/June 2012) (PP)! pg=h,= 32 wOL/ pgD™ ‘The exprossion is known as Hagen poiseuille formu flow. L" due to viscosity ina tami “E Wate the expression for shear sress?(NowDee 2013) Shear stress C= - Opies) (/2) =-@pity) (2) Give the Formula for velocity distributions -(NowDee 2013) ‘The formula for velocity distribution is given as wa (%n) (pita) (RF) Where R'= Radius ofthe pipe, r= Radius of the 6. Give the equation for average velocity = - (May/June 2013) “The equation for average velocity is given as 0 =. (1/8) (0p/es) R Where R = Radius of the pipe 7. Write the relation between Umax and 0? (May/June 2013) Umax /O= {= (4 w) (plea) RY { = Ym (Opes) RY Umax /0 Give the expression Tor the coefficient of friction In viscous flow? (Nov/Dee 2013) Coefficient of friction betwoen pipe and fluid in viscous flow f =16/ Re Where, f= Re = Reynolds number 9, What are the factors to be determined when viscous fluid flows through the circular pipe? (NowDee 2013) ‘The factors to be determined are: i. Velocity distribution across the section, ii, Ratio of maximum velocity to the average velocity. ili, Shear stress distribution iv. Drop of pressure fora given length. 10. Define kinetic energy correction factor. Kinctie energy factor is defined as the ritio of the kinetic energy of the flow per see based on actualTI. Define momentum correction factor (PE Its defined ax the ratio of momentum of the flow per see based on actual velocity to the momentum of the flow per sec based on average velocity across the section. B= Momentum per soe based on actual velocity/Momentum Per sec based on average velocity 12. Define Boundary layer. ‘When a real fluid flow passed a solid boundary, fluid layer is adhered to the solid boundary. Due to adhesion fluid undergoes retardation thereby developing a small region in the immediate vicinity of the boundary. This region is known as boundary layer. 13, What is mean by boundary layer growth? ‘At subsequent points downstream of the leading edge, the boundary layer region increases because the retarded fluid is further retarded. This is referred as growth of boundary layer. TA. Classification of boundary layer. (@) Laminar boundary layer it) Transition zone, (ii) Turbulent boundary layer. 15. Define Laminar boundary layer. "Near the leading edge of the surface of the plate the thickness of bourdary layer is small and flow is laminar. “This layer of fluid is said to be laminas boundary layer. ‘The length of the plate from the leading edge, upto which laminar boundary layer exists is called as laminar ‘zone. In this zone the velocity profile is parabolic. 16, Define transition zone. ‘Afier laminar zone, the laminar boundary layer becomes unstable and the fluid motion transformed to turbulent boundary layer. This short length over which the changes taking place is called as transition zone. 17. Define Turbulent boundary. Further downstream of transition zone, the boundary layer is turbulent and continuous to grow in thickness. “This layer of boundary is called turbulent boundary layer. PART. 1. Derive an expression for Darey Weisbach formula to determine the head loss due to friction, Give the expression for relation between fiction factor “Pand Reynolds's number ‘Re*for laminar and turbulent flow. 2. A 30 cmdiameter pipe of length 30 cm is connected in series to a 20 ci diameter pipe of length 20 cm to convey discharge. Find the equivalent engih of pipe of diameter 25 em, assuming that the Friction factor remains the same and the minor losses are negligible. (Nov/Dec 2012) 3. Ancilof viscosity 9 poise and specific gravity 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal pipe of 60 mm diameter. If the pressure drop in 100 m length of the pipe is 1800 KN/m®, detemmine . i The rate of ‘low of oil. i. The centre-line velocity, iii. The total frictional drag over 100 m length, iv. The power required to maintain the flow, v. The velocity gradient at the pipe wall. vi. he velocity and shear stress at 8 mm from the wall. 4 The velocty distution inthe boundary ayer i given by = 2(2) - (2). tring bountary layer thickness. Calculate the following: {Displacement thickness, i: Momentum thickness di Energy thichnes.& The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m/sec. The diameter of the pipe is ‘suddenly enlarged from 200 mm to 400 mm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.772 Niew®. Determine (i) loss of head due to svelden enlargement (ii) pressure intensity in the lage pipe and (ji) power lost due to enlargement. 6 Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths 450 m, 255 m and 315 m respectively are connected in series, The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is 18 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078 and 0.0072 respectively considering. 7. A piping system consists of three pipes arranged in series: the lengths of the pipes are 1200 m, 730 m, and 600 m and diameters 750 mm, 600 mm and 450 mm respectively. (1) Transform the system to an equivalent 450 mm diameter pipe and (2) Determine an equivalent diameter for the pipe 2550 m long. 8 For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, workout the optimum ratio between the diameter of the pipe before expansion and the diameter of the pipe afier expansion, so that the pressure tise is 9. Water is supplied to the inhabitants of a college campus through a supply main. The following, ata is given: Distance of the reservoir fiom the campus = 3000 m, number of inhabitants = 4000, ‘Consumption of water per day of each inhabitant ~ 180 lites. Loss of head duc to friction = 18m, Co efficient of friction forthe pipe, £-0.007; If half of the daly supply is to be pumped in 8 hrs, 10, The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m'Vs. The diameter of the pipe which is 20 cm is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.772 Niem* Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement and pressure intensity in the large pipe 11, Two reservoirs whose water surface elevations differ by 12 m are connected by the following horizontal compound pipe system starting from the high level reservoir. Toke Ly~ 200 m, D,~ 0.2.m, f, =0.008 and L, = $00 m, 0» .006. Considering all ead losses and assuming that all ‘changes of section are abrupt, compute the discharge through the system. Find the equivalent length of a 0.25 m diameter pipe if minor losses are neglected and friction factors are assumed to be the same, Sketch HGL and TEL, 12, Describe moody’s chart (Apr/May 2015) 13, Oil at 27" C (p-900 kg/m? and y: = 40 centi-poise) is flowing steadily in a 1.25 cm diameter, 40m long. During the flow, the pressure ot inlet and exit of pipe is 8.25 bar and 0.97 bar. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe if pipe i (a) horizontal (b) inclined 20° upward (¢) inclined 20° ‘downward(Apr/May 2015) 3m, =