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Unit - 1 Bee 2025

This document covers basic electrical fundamentals, including electric and magnetic circuits, Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, and the differences between AC and DC. It explains concepts such as magnetomotive force (MMF), reluctance, and the types of magnetic circuits, as well as the principles of self-induced and dynamically induced EMF. Additionally, it discusses load types in three-phase systems and the configurations of star and delta connections.

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16 views34 pages

Unit - 1 Bee 2025

This document covers basic electrical fundamentals, including electric and magnetic circuits, Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, and the differences between AC and DC. It explains concepts such as magnetomotive force (MMF), reluctance, and the types of magnetic circuits, as well as the principles of self-induced and dynamically induced EMF. Additionally, it discusses load types in three-phase systems and the configurations of star and delta connections.

Uploaded by

bunnysenpai962
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT -1

Basic Electrical Fundamentals


• Electric and magnetic circuits.
• Electric circuits provide a closed path for the
flow of electric current In electric circuits,
electromotive force (EMF) acts as the driving
force
• magnetic circuits provide a closed path for the
flow of magnetic flux In magnetic circuits
magneto motive force (MMF) acts as the
driving force.
Magnetic circuits
• A magnetic circuit is defined as a closed path followed by the magnetic
flux.
• In a magnetic circuit, the amount of magnetic flux in the core depends
upon the current (I)
• and the number of turns (N).
• The product NI is known as the Magnetomotive Force (MMF).

• Turns MMF=NI=Ampere−Turns
• The opposition offered by the magnetic circuit to the flow of magnetic flux
is known as reluctance (S) of the magnetic circuit.
• The reluctance of the magnetic circuit depends upon the length of
magnetic circuit, cross-sectional area of the circuit and nature of the
material that makes up the magnetic circuit.
•
• Types of Magnetic Circuit
• There are two types of magnetic circuits
1) Series Magnetic Circuit
2) Parallel Magnetic Circuit
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction
• Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying
magnetic field, an electromotive force is
induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a
current is induced, which is called induced
current.
Second law: It states that the magnitude of
EMF induced in the coil is directly
proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux associated with that coil.
• Fleming's Right Hand Rule states that if we
arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle
finger of the right-hand perpendicular to each
other, then the thumb points towards the
direction of the magnetic force, the forefinger
points towards the direction of the magnetic
field and the middle finger points towards the
EMF induced…
• Fleming's right-hand rule is used to determine the
direction of current in a generator's windings and in a
conductor attached to a circuit that moves in a
magnetic field
• Lenz's law states that:
• The current induced in a circuit due to a
change in a magnetic field is directed to
oppose the change in flux and to exert a
mechanical force which opposes the motion.
• Induced EMF - When a magnetic flux linking a
conductor or coil changes, an electromotive
force (EMF) is induced in the conductor or
coil, is known as induced EMF.
the induced EMF is of two types −
1) Statically Induced EMF
2) Dynamically Induced EMF
Self-Induced EMF
When an EMF is induced in the coil due to the change of its own
magnetic flux linked with it is known as self-induced EMF
AC and DC quantity,
advantages of AC over DC supply
• Direct current -- (DC) is the flow of electric
charge in only one direction It is the steady
state of a constant-voltage circuit.

• Alternating current -- Alternating current is


defined as the current whose magnitude
changes with time and also reverses its
direction periodically.
Form Factor:

The form factor is a parameter used to describe the shape of a waveform in electrical
engineering, especially for alternating current (AC). It

Form Factor = RMS Value is defined as the ratio of the root mean square (RMS) value to the
average value (absolute mean) of the waveform.

Formula: RMS / Average Value}

Form Factor=Average Value /RMS Value​

● This value indicates that the RMS value is 1.11 times the average value for a
sine wave.
● Peak factor
The ratio of the maximum value to the root mean square (RMS) value of an
alternating quantity.
Balanced load --A balanced load is a load that draws the same current from
each phase of the three-phase system. In a balanced load, each phase should
have the same impedance, i.e., the same magnitude and the same angle
Unbalanced Load - An unbalanced load has at least one of three-

phase currents different from the rest .


Star connection - A star circuit is one in which similar ends of three
resistances are connected to a common point 'N' called a star point or neutral
point. It is also called Wye or Tee (T) connection because of its shape, as
shown in the figure below.
Delta Connection
A delta circuit is one in which dissimilar ends of three elements
are connected together as shown in the figure below. It is also
called mesh connection or pi (π) connected because of its shape.
There is no neutral point in the case of the delta connection.
Note that π is actually an inverted delta.

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