S. No.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 SOLUBILITY 1) Soluble 1) May be
A little of the salt is Sulphate, Nitrate,
shaken with water. Chloride or
Ammonium
Carbonate.

2) Insoluble 2) May be
Carbonate or
Sulphide.
ACTION OF HEAT: 1) Colourless, 1) May be
A small amount of odourlesS gas Carbonate.
the salt is heated turning Lime water
gently ina dry test milky.
tube. 2) May be
2) Decripitation
OCcurs with Nitrate.
evolution of reddish
brown gas.

3) Salt sublimes 3) May be

with evolution of Ammonium.
pungent smelling
gas giving dense
white fumes with a
glass rod dipped in
conc HCl.

4) The white salt 4) May be Zinc.

turns yellow on
heating.
5) No characteristic 5) Absence of
change. Carbonate
Nitrate,
Ammonium and
Zinc.
3 FLAME TEST: 1) Bluish colour 1) Presence of
A small amount of flame. Copper.
the salt is made into a2) Brick red flame. 2) Presence of
paste with conc. HCI
Calcium.
in a watch glass and
3)flame.
Grassy green 3) Presence of
introduced into the
Barium.
non-luminous part of
the Bunsen flame. 4) No characteristic 4) Absence of
Copper, Calcium
coloured flame. and Barium.
4 ASH TEST: 1) Green ash. 1) Presence of
A filter paper is Zinc.
soaked into a paste of
the salt with conc.
2) Blue ash. 2) Presence of
HCl/HNO3 and
Aluminium.
Cobalt Nitrate
solution in a watch 3) Pink ash. 3) Presence of
glass and burnt. Magnesium.
4) No characteristic 4) Absence of
coloured ash. Zinc, Aluminium
and Magnesium.
II. TESTS FOR ACID RADICALS
5 ACTION OF DIL HCI 1) Brisk 1) Carbonate is
To a small amount of effervescence of confirmed.
dilute HCl the salt is colourless, odourless
added. gas turning Limee
water milky.

2) Rotten egg 2) Sulphide is

smelling gas confirmed.
turning Lead acetate
paper black.

3) No characteristic 3) Absence of
change. Sulphide and
Carbonate.
6 COPPER TURNINGS 1)Reddish brown 1) Presence of
TEST: gas is evolved. Nitrate.
A small amount of the
salt is heated with
Copper Turnings/
Filter paper ball and a
few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
2) No reddish brown 2) Absence of
gas is evolved. Nitrate.

CHROMYL CHLORIDE 1)Red orange 1) Chloride is

TEST: vapours evolved are confirmed.
To a small amount of passed through
the salt a pinch of water to get a yellow
Potassium solution, which on
Dichromate is added adding Lead acetate
and heated with few forms a yellow
drops of conc. precipitate.
Sulphuric acid.

2) No Red orange 2) Absence of

vapours. chloride.
 8 ACTION OF NaOH: 1) Pungent smelling 1) Presence of
A small amount of the gas forming dense Ammonium.
salt is heated with white fumes with a
Sodium Hydroxide. glass rod dipped in
conc. HCl and also
turns red Litmus
paper blue.

2) No pungent 2) Absence of
smelling gas. Ammonium.

Il. TESTs WITH SODIUM

CARBONATE EXTRACT
9. PREPARATION OF SODIUM
CARBONATE EXTRACT:
A small amount of salt is mixed
with twice the amount of sodium
carbonate and 20ml of distilled
water is added, boiled for 10
minutes, cooled and filtered. The
filtrate is called "SODIUM
CARBONATE EXTRACT".
S. No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
10 BARIUM CHLORIDE 1) Awhite precipitate, 1) Sulphate is
TEST: insoluble in conc. confirmed.
To a few drops of the HCl
extract, dilute
Hydrochloric Acid is
added until the 2) No white 2) Absence of
effervescence ceases precipitate. Sulphate
and 2 ml of Barium
chloride solution is
added.
11 SILVER NITRATE TEST: 1) A curdy white 1) Presence of
To a few drops of the precipitate, solublein Chloride.
extract dilute Nitric Acid excess of Ammonium
is added until the hydroxide.
effervescence ceases
and 2 ml of Silver Nitrate
solution is added.
2) A black precipitate. 2) Presence of
Sulphide.
3) No precipitate. 3) Absence of
chloride/ sulphide.

12 BROWN RING TEST: 1) Brown ring is 1) Nitrate is

To a few drops of extract formed at confirmed.
dilute Sulphuric acid is the junction of the
added until the two layers.
effervescence ceases,
then freshly prepared
FeSO4 is added and
then conctrated
 BASIC RADICALS
13. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL
sOLUTION:
The original solution is prepared
by dissolving the salt
in_ _#

# Water (When the salt is

water soluble)
# Dil. HCl Dil. HNO3
or

(When the salt is water

insoluble)
14. GROUP IDENTIFICATION
S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No
To a few drops of the 1) White 1) Presence of First
original solution 2 ml precipitate. Group. (Lead).
of dilute HCl is
added. 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of First
precipitate. Group (Lead).
2 To a few drops ofthe 1) Black precipitate. Presence of
original solution 2 ml Second Group
of dilute HCl is (Copper).
added and H2S gas is 2) No characteristicC 2) Absence of Second
passed. precipitate. Group (Copper).
3 To a few drops of the | 1) Gelatinous 1) Presence of Third
original solution 1 ml white precipitate. Group
NH4Cl and 2 ml (Aluminium).
NH4OH solutions are |2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Third
added. precipitate. Group (Aluminium).

4 To a few drops of the 1) Dirty white 1) Presence of

original solution 1 ml precipitate. Fourth Group
NH4Cl and 2 ml (Zinc).
NH4OH solutions are 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Fourth
added and H2S gas is precipitate. Group (Zinc).
passed.
To a few drops of the 1) White 1) Presence of Fifth
original solution 1 ml precipitate. Group (Calcium or
NH4C1, 2 ml NH4OHI Barium).
and 2 ml (NH)2CO3
2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Fifth
solutions are added. Group (Calcium and
precipitate.
Barium).
6 To a few drops of the 1) White 1) Presence of Sixth
TNH CI, 2 ml NH4OH | precipitate.
original solution 1 ml Group
(Magnesium).
and 2 ml Di Sodium
Hydrogen 2) No characteristic 2) Absence of Sixth
Phosphate are precipitate. Group (Magnesium).
added.
V. CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR
BASIC RADICALs
. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No
TESTFOR AMMONIUM
1 Toa few drops of the Reddish brown
original solution
Ammonium is
precipitate. confirmed.
Sodium Hydroxide
and Nessler's reagent
areadded.
First group - LEAD

1 To a few drops of the Yellow precipitate. Lead is

original solution confirmed.
Potassium Chromate
is added.
2 | a few drops of the
To Yellow precipitate Lead is
original solution soluble in hot confirmed.
Potassium lodide is water which
added. reappears as golden
yellow spangles on
cooling.
Third group - ALUMINIUM

To a few drops ofthe White precipitate Aluminium is

original solution soluble in excess of confirmed.
Sodium Hydroxide is Sodium hydroxide.
added in drops to
excess.
2 To a few drops of the
original solution
A bright red lake. Aluminium is
confirmed.
Ammonium
Hydroxide and
Aluminon reagent
are added.
Fourth group -zINC
To a few drops of the White precipitate Zinc is confirmed.
original solution soluble in excess of
Sodium Hydroxide is
added in drops to
Sodium hydroxide.
excess.
2 To a few drops of the White precipitate Zinc is
original solution soluble in excess of confirmed.
Potassium Ferro Sodium hydroxide &
cyanide is added. insoluble in dilute
acid.
Fifth group - CALCIUM

1 |To afew drops ofthe No precipitate.

original solution
Calcium is
confirmed.
Potassium Chromate
is added
2 To a few drops of the White precipitate Calcium is
original solution insoluble in Acetic confirmed.
Ammonium acid.
Hydroxide and
Ammonium Oxalate
are added.
Fifth group -BARIUM
To a few drops of the Yellow precipitate, Barium is
original solution soluble in acid. confirmed.
Potassium Chromate
 Fifth group - BARIUM

1 Toa few drops of the Yellow precipitate, Barium is

original solution soluble in acid. confirmed.
Potassium Chromate
is added.
2 To a few drops of the White precipitate Barium is
original solution insoluble in Acetic confirmed.
Dilute Sulphuric Acid acid.
|is added._ Sixth group -

MAGNESIUM
1 To a few drops of the White precipitate, Magnesium is
original solution insoluble in excess confirmed.
Sodium Hydroxide is of Sodium
added in drops to hydroxide.
excess.
2 To a few drops of the Blue precipitate. Magnesium is
original solution confirmed.
Magneson reagent is
added.

The given simple salt

contains

1. Basic Radical

2. Acid Radical

The given simple salt is: