MEDIALIT MIDTERMS information and news are given to a large number of

SECOND SEMESTER audience.

LESSON 1: MEDIA INFORMATION: A broad term that covers processed

data, knowledge derived from study, experience, or
COMMUNICATION: Earliest form of symbols used for instruction, signals, or symbols
communicating were paintings in cave walls from  Any facts or details about a subject that depict
30,000 BCE. meanings to a person
 Humans used writing to record their thoughts
on a surface, such as clay, parchment, and MEDIA LITERACY: The ability to access, analyze,
stones. These were preserved and enabled other evaluate, and create media, in a variety of forms.
generations of humans to read their records.  Aims to empower citizens by providing them
 As people continued to search for innovations to with the competencies (knowledge and skills)
make their lives easier, different technologies necessary to engage with traditional media
were developed, including those used in and new technologies.
communication, such as media.
TECHNOLOGY LITERACY: Ability of an individual, either
LITERACY: Ability to identify, understand, interpret, working independently or with others, to responsibly,
create, communicate and compute, using printed and appropriately, and effectively use technological tools.
written materials associated with varying contexts Using these tools, an individual can access, manage,
 Involves a continuum of learning, wherein integrate, evaluate, create and communicate
individuals are able to achieve their goals, information.
develop their knowledge and potential, and
participate fully in their community and wider INFORMATION LITERACY: A set of abilities which require
society individuals to recognize when information is needed to
locate, evaluate, and use it effectively.
MEDIA: Derived from the Latin word, medius –
“middle”. It is the plural of medium, which refers to the MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY: The essential
tool people use to mediate or facilitate the transfer of skills and competencies that allow individuals to
communication between a sender and a receiver. engage in media and other information providers
 Sources of credible and current information effectively, as well as develop critical thinking and life-
created through an editorial process determined long learning skills to socialize and become active
by journalistic values. citizens.
 Are vehicles that carry messages from one
person to another, or from one person to a LESSON 2: EVOLUTION OF MEDIA
group of large people  Tribal Age: Prehistoric people had to rely on
 Serves as channels which people use to send face-to-face interaction as technology had yet
and/or receive information. to be developed
o Speech – primary medium of
communication
o Dependence of the tribal people on the
SPOKEN work for information led them
to organize themselves into groups that
work harmoniously – McLuhan
o People stuck to the tribes to avoid
exclusion in the tribe’s communication
process
o Is characterized as an ORAL SOCIETY
 Ex: television, radio, film, newspaper, Internet dependent in speech and word-of-
mouth, who lives in a world of “acoustic
MASS MEDIA: Refer to the various ways especially space”, as compared to the rational
television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, by which pictorial space of the literate man
  Acoustic space: The simultaneous interplay of Tagalog domains. It is one of the many
all the senses suyat scripts in the Philippines.
o People living in the acoustic space use  Umalokohan: “town-crier”
multiple senses to simultaneously
understand the message  Print Age
o Although the alphabet made writing
 Age of Literacy: Human beings learned to read possible, it took time before the print
and write, amplifying the sense of sight and became a prominent form of
lessening the role of the other senses communication because of the
o Instead of living in a magical world incapacity to mass reproduce written
formed by myths and rituals, people works
were awakened by the rationality of o Johannes Gutenburg: invented the
alphabet use. printing press thus books were
o The tribal people learned to write and reproduced by the thousands
express themselves through o Written materials were no longer
hieroglyphs, such as early forms of the restricted to the rich and ruling class,
Egyptian Babylonian, Mayan, and but now made available to people of
Chinese cultures, later on through the different socioeconomic classes
alphabets.
o Writing formed a LINEAR way of  Industrial Age (1700s- 1930s)
communication – letters form words, o People used the power of steam,
and words form sentences developed machine tools, established
iron publication, and the manufacturing
of various products (including books
 Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700s) through the printing press)
o People discovered fire, developed paper o Printing press for mass production (19th
from plants, and forged weapons and Century)
tools with stone, bronze, copper, and o The printing press contributed to the
iron nationalistic identity of the people
o Newspaper (1640): London Gazette
The following are some of the media used in this age o Typewriter (1800)
 Cave paintings (35,000 BC) o Photography (1839)
 Papyrus in Egypt (2,500 BC) o Telephone (1876)
 Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2,400 BC) o Kinetoscope (1889): primitive “cinema”
 Code of Hammurabi (1,750 BC) o Motion picture photography/projection
 Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC) (1890)
 Dibao in China (2nd Century) o Motion picture with sound (1926)
o Dibao: type of publication issued by o Telegraph
central and local governments in
imperial China. They have been called  Electric Age (1930s-1980s)
“palace reports” or “imperial bulletins” o Characterized by the dominance of
 Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century) electric media
 Printing press using wood blocks (7th Century) o “retribalized” people by restoring their
o A technique for printing text, images, or sensory balance – television affects a
patterns used widely throughout East person’s sense deeper that his/her sight,
Asia and originating in China in that causes the viewers to look within
antiquity as a method of printing on themselves to better understand the
textiles and later on, paper. message
 Baybayin o A force that turned the planet into a
o Baybayin is an ancient script used global village where people are all
primarily by the Tagalog people. globally connected
Baybayin is an indigenous Indic script o Television (1941)
that has been widely used in traditional
 o Large electronic computers – ENIAC o Spotify
(1951) o Netflix
o Mainframe computers – IBM 704 (1960) o Disney+
o Personal computers— Hewlett-Packard
9100A and Apple I (1976) Lesson 3: INFORMATION LITERACY
o OHP (Overhead Projectors)  A set of abilities which require individuals to
o LCD Projector recognize when information is needed to locate,
o Sony Walkman evaluate, and use it effectively.
o Sony Discman  The technological breakthroughs in the past
decade –smartphones, tablets, wi-fi
 New Media or Information Age (1990s-2000s) connections, etc. –seamlessly brought mass
o New media are digitally produced as communication to the world of cyberspace
interactive, and requires at least a two-  The problem with this age is the proliferation
way communication, unlike the (spread) of wrong information- Hollis
traditional media
o Products or services that provide INFO vs. DATA vs. KNOWLEDGE
information or entertainment using  Data: unstructured facts and figures that create
computers or the Internet the least impact on the receiver A
o The Internet paved the way for faster  Information: knowledge that a person gets
communication and the creation of the about someone or something (intelligence,
social network. People advanced the news, or facts)
use of microelectronics with the  Knowledge: human understanding of a subject
invention of personal computers, mobile matter derived from experience, learning and
devices, and wearable technology. thinking.
Moreover, voice, image, sound, and
data are digitalized.
o Web browser – Mosaic (1993) and
Internet Explorer (1995)
o Blogs— Blogspot and LiveJournal
(1999) and Wordpress (2003)
o Social networks – Friendster (2002),
Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)

 Messenger.com focuses solely on conversations

and leaves the other parts of Facebook that can
be distracting to the primary site
 Facebook Messenger has just one purpose:
messaging
o Microblogs— Twitter (2006) and Tumblr
(2007)
o Video – YouTube (2005)
o Augmented Reality/ Virtual Reality –
Encarta INFORMATION VS MEDIA LITERACY
o Video Chat – Skype (2003) and Google  Information Literacy: Empowers people in all
walks of life to seek, evaluate, and use and
Hangouts (2013)
create information effectively to achieve their
o Search engines – Google (1996) and
personal, social, occupational and educational
Yahoo (1995)
goals – Horton, 2007
o Portable Computer – Laptop (1980s),
 Media Literacy: understanding, usage, and
Netbook (2008), Tablets (2003),
production of message received from different
Smartphones, Wearable Technology
media
(watches, blood pressure monitors,
action cameras)
WHAT IS INFORMATION LITERACY?
  Information: a source of learning and is 2. Resources available: One must understand the
considered a benefit availability of resources –where to find them,
o When unorganized, unprocessed, and how to access them, and when they are
unavailable to people who will use it – appropriate to use.
becomes burdensome 3. How to find information: Ask questions to
 All about critical thinking knowledgeable in their field or by simply
o Failure to master information literacy in searching in the Internet. (how will you access
consuming information, you lose your the information?)
freedom to analyze data and create  Ability to search appropriate resources
personalized information. effectively and identify relevant information .
 Ethical use of information 4. The need to evaluate results: Use triangulation
o There are many issues surrounding the –question the validity, reliability, and accuracy
ethical use of information in our society. of an information source (Pierce, 2008) and
always verify the source/s of information,
PRIVACY including the author, editor, or publisher.
 The concept of privacy is often questioned o How will you check the quality of
 Even information tagged as private in a digital information?
medium, can still be accessed by a technology o Determine the relevance of the content
expert who has the ability to get through digital to the needed information, availability
securities. of references, originality, currency, and
 One can prevent violation of privacy by consistency.
completely avoiding the risk of sharing very
private information in a medium that can be 5. How to work with or exploit results: One
accessed by people. should understand how to “analyze and work
with the information”
ACCURACY o Comparing, combining, and testing the
 Relates to the correctness of the information results with other available sources in
source to the details of the information. order to come up with carefully crafted
inferences when using the Internet.
PLAGIARISM
 Use of the words or ideas of another person as 6. Ethics and responsibility of use: An information
if they were your own words or ideas. literate individual knows their responsibility
 It is easy to download or copy-paste materials when distributing and sharing information.
on the web 7. How to communicate or share your findings:
 Others do not properly cite or mention their Information literacy is merely the consumption
stories of information (how will you create and
communicate them?
How to avoid plagiarism:  One must have the ability communicate or
 Never lift information that you do not own per share information in a manner or format that is
se appropriate to the information.
 Properly attribute information to its respective 8. How to manage your findings?: Remember to
author. store all gathered information for future
 Never pretend that you own the words or ideas purposes.
of another  Use hard disks, flash drives, cloud storages such
 Paraphrase an information rather than copy it as Dropbox, OneDrive, and Google Drive to
 Do not forget to cite the original source of a store/organize information
piece of information

SKILLS NEEDED TO FURTHER UNDERSTAND

INFORMATION LITERACY
1. A need for information: What information do
you need?
 JOURNAL: a periodic publication focusing on a specific
LESSON 4: TYPES OF MEDIA field of study.
PRINT MEDIA: Media consisting of papers and ink,
reproduced in a printing process that is traditionally BROADCAST MEDIA
mechanical.  Usually associated with two forms: radio and
 Oldest form of media television
 Has different forms: books, newspapers,  Broadcasting is a form of communication that
magazines, journals, etc. utilizes radio and television to transmit
 The widespread use of print medium paved way messages and programs via the airspace –
to the development of the Gutenburg Press in Robles and Tuazon (2014)
the 1440s  People were now able to send messages to a
 Printing press was regarded as one of the three large number of people in real time
inventions to have changed the whole face and  Producers of media content no longer need to
state of things throughout the world according deliver their products (books, newspaper, etc.)
to Francis Bacon (gunpowder and compass; the to physical stores (bookstores and newsstands)
other 2)
RADIO: it has since then become the primary
BOOKS: considered to be the oldest and can be traced transmitter of news and auditory entertainment (music
back to 3500 BCE with the invention of the Sumerian and radio dramas) in Western societies
ancient style of writing, cuneiform  Radio was first introduced in the country in
 Can be a novel, an instructional material, an 1922 during the test radio broadcast from the
anthology of creative works, etc. Nichols Air Field in Pasay, attributed to an
 A reading material that can either be fictional or American known as Mrs. Redgrave
nonfictional  This was considered as the first radio broadcast
in Asia (Braid and Tuazon, 1999)
NEWSPAPER: a lightweight, serial publication which  Commercial radio broadcast started in 1924
comes out regularly, and contains news on current with the establishment of KZKZ by another
events of special or general interest American, Henry Herman Sr.
 Regarded as the first to reach the mass
audience, serving all classes in society.  DZRH: oldest radio station in the country, which
 First newspapers started in print size until it first signed in as KZRH in 1939
grew into what came to be called broadsheet,  PBS (Philippine Broadcast System): a
which measures 6 columns wide and 22/24 government-owned radio broadcasting
inches long company, is known as the pioneer for
development broadcasting with its broad news
 Tabloids, which are half the size of broadsheets and public affairs program
are intended for the mass, with its price lower o Voice of Freedom – “Bataan has fallen..
than broadsheets. but the spirit that made it stand, a
beacon to all liberty-loving peoples of
MAGAZINE: targets a variety of audiences by offering the world, has not fallen.” Announced
an assortment of articles that aims to entertain, by anchor Norman Reyes on the fall of
inform, or advertise Bataan in 1942
 Today’s magazines are highly appealing and
colorful prints on special papers TELEVISION
 National Geographic, Time, and Reader’s Digest  Pioneer
are some of the popular magazines in the  Global Media Arts (GMA)
world.  It became a major entertainment and
 Magazines printed in glossy papers or on information medium of the public, resulting to a
newsprints, come in different varieties in the decrease in movie attendances, radio
Philippines: show, business, fashion, home listenership, and newspaper readership
living, food, travel, and more.
NEW MEDIA: it refers to digital media that are readers to interpret the information,
interactive, incorporating two-way communication, and rather than rely on the interpretation of
involving a form of computing the other authors or writers.
 Includes: computers, internet, satellite, o Created as close to the original source
television, compact disks, e-readers, e-books, o Rawness of primary sources are more
etc. reliable and valid
 Legal documents
MEDIA CONVERGENCE: a phenomenon that connects  Results of experiments/
different forms of media together statistical data
 The co-existence of traditional and new media  Photographs
 The co-existence of print media, broadcast  Audio/video recording
media, internet, mobile phones, as well as  Speeches
others, allowing media content to flow across  Interviews
various platforms.  Letters
 The interconnection created by the melding of
the different media platforms today.  Secondary sources: information obtained
 Blending of media, telecommunications and through a number of primary sources, and has
computer industries. undergone editing or interpretation
o May offer interpretation of the
BEFORE MEDIA CONVERGENCE information gathered from primary
 Videos are only accessible through films and sources, providing a different
television perspective for the readers
 News articles can only be read in the newspaper  Scholarly journals
 Specific content can only be accessible through  Biographies
a specific medium  Bibliographies
 Encylopedias/Dictionaries
AFTER MEDIA CONVERGENCE  Magazine and newspaper
 Television programs are available online articles
 Newspapers are turned into digital formats  Commentaries and criticisms
 Books are digitized  Websites
 Journal articles
 With the introduction of the Internet, the once
restricted content are now accessible.  Tertiary sources: These are sources that index,
organize, abstract, compile or digest other
LESSON 5: MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES sources.
o Summaries
MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES o Collections of the primary and
 To obtain accurate, adequate, relevant, and secondary sources
timely information, students should know the o Reference materials that list or
various sources of information aside from the summarize ideas or information
major types of mass media previously discussed. (indexes)
o Summarizes or synthesizes secondary
TYPES OF INFORMATION SORUCES sources
 Primary Sources: original, uninterpreted, or o Collections of the primary and
“first-hand” material of information, created by secondary sources
the person/s involved in an activity or event  Guide books
o Provides researchers and students a  Chronologies (timelines)
closer look on the original ideas and  Textbooks
experiences of events based on the first  Directories (from search
hand experiences of the person/s engines)
involved
o The rawness makes primary sources
more reliable and valid, while allowing
 access to reliable and essential
resources for research
 Internet: A go to place in search of new
information
o A global network of computers that
allows computer users around the world
to share information for various
purposes – Shelly and Campbell (2012)
o More accessible and more convenient to
use
o Although the internet is easier to obtain
HOW THE ARTICLE WAS WRITTEN information on the internet, it is also
 Another important element to consider when more difficult to check for an
classifying information or rhetorical claim information’s accuracy on this medium
o These materials interpret the event o Books, journals and other prints
rather than reporting it undergo substantive editing and fact-
o Ex: when an article written with a checking before being distributed for
persuasive or analytical approach is mass consumption
considered a secondary source  Indigenous Media: A form of media
conceptualized, produced, and circulated by
FORMATS OF INFORMATION SOURCES indigenous people as vehicles for
 PRINT communication, specifically for cultural
o Books preservation, cultural and artistic expression,
o Periodicals political self-determination, and cultural
sovereignty – Wilson, et. Al. (2015)
o Newspapers
o Folklore
o Magazines
o Folk music and dances
o Photographs
o Indigenous art
o Report journals
o Dictionaries
EVALUATING INFORMATION AND MEDIA
o Encyclopedias
Distinguish
o Government documents
 Facts from lies
 NONPRINT  Logical from illogical
o Audio  Valid from invalid
o Video
o Audio-video TYPE OF INFORMATION DISORDER
o Files  Fake news: an overused and problematic term
o Microforms that refers to untrue news story intended to
o Microfilms deceive
o Digital documents  Misinformation: Unintended errors and
o Other materials in digital formats, inaccurate reporting
usually saved in computers, CDs, DVDs,  Disinformation: Intentionally corrupted content
and other storage devices .  Malinformation: Intentional publication of
private information for personal intention
WHERER TO FIND INFORMATION SOURCES
 Library: A means of access to information, ideas
and works of imagination – International
Federation of Library Associations and
Institutions (2003)
o A building or room that contains a
collection of books, periodicals, and or/
audio-visual materials • Provides easy
FACTS LESSON 6: MEDIA LANGUAGE
 Information delivering the truth of an event or a MEDIA LANGUAGE: is a method consisting of signs and
concept symbols, used by information producers to convey
 Often misconceived by others as truths meanings to their audience (Oriebar, 2009)
 Data gathered through a rigorous process of  Set of technical codes and conventions to
tests, studies, and evaluation communicate information (UNESCO, 2016)
 Oftentimes present incomplete angles of events;
obscures truth and propagate untruth FICTION: Utilize words to create vivid descriptions of
environment that would immerse the audience in
 A fact may be misinterpreted, thus bending the different worlds
truth behind an information
o It is a fact that there are archeological TELEVISION: spoon-fed with concrete details from which
artifacts that support the theory of their imagination could not be exercised
evolution, but it is still moot to consider
the theory itself as the truth behind life.  A media language can be the following
o Written: writing styles, punctuation
WHAT/WHO IS THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION o Verbal: diction, stress
 Know what or who is its information source o Non-verbal: gestures, facial expressions
 An information can be found through o Visual: camera angles, colors
o Citation o Aural: Diegetic, non-diegetic
o Bibliography
 If the source of information is unstated, it is CODES AND CONVENTIONS
your duty as the receiver to determine its source  Codes are systems of signs that are put together
 Triangulation: method used to question the to create arbitrary meaning
validity, reliability, and accuracy of information  Technical codes: are ways in which materials
are used to tell the story in a media text
ACCURACY: closeness of the report to the actual data o Created using technology or skill
 Which of these facts are measurable? How were o Focuses on how frames and angles are
they derived? Was the article written in an presented
objective manner?  Camera angles/techniques
 Framing
WHAT IS THE MEDIUM USED?  Lighting
If:
 Journal or research paper= bigger chance that  Symbolic codes: comprise of objects, setting,
the information underwent a meticulous body language, and actions that signify things
evaluation process before being presented to more than what is seen by the audience.
the public  Objects/emojis
 Blogs= more susceptible to bias, based on the  Setting
bloggers’ actual experience, may provide  Body language
varying interpretations  Costume and props
o Evaluate the domain of the website
 .com = commercial sites  Written codes: comprises of captions and text
 .org = non-profit organizations  Subtitles
 .gov = government websites  Memes
 .edu = educational institutions  Captions of Blogposts
WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
 Educational media such as researches, CONVENTIONS: - a practice or technique that is widely
dissertations, journals, programs, some blogs: used in a field (This is a habit or a long-accepted way of
TO INFORM THE PEOPLE doing things, relatively on the style or content.)
 News entities in print or air: GAINING PROFIT  Technical conventions: applied to technical area
 Commercial entity: TO ADVERTISE o Length of television series
o Post-credit scenes
o Special effects
 o Movie poster layouts
 Genre convention: usually associated with the
type of content
o Musicals
o Horror films
o War films
o Comedy films
o Characters
o Cinema

MEDIA REPRESENTATION
 The process by which a constructed media text
stands for, symbolizes, describes or represents
people, places, events or ideas that are real and
have an existence outside the text (Boles, n.d.).

DENOTATIONS (literal interpretation): what we actually

see
 Multi colored candles light up a Catholic
church’s candle stand

CONNOTATIONS (symbolic interpretation): things that

we associate it with
 The candles, both lit and melted, signify the
strong faith of the Catholic who remain
frequent to the parish
 The candles symbolize the hope people need
amid their life storms

MEDIA AUDIENCE
 Audience: The group of consumers for whom
the media text was constructed as well as
anyone else who is exposed to the text (Boles,
n.d.).
 Producers: Refers to the group of people who
are involved in the process of creating and
putting together media content to create a
finished media product
 Other stakeholders: Examples of important
information providers are libraries, archives,
museums, the Internet, among others.