MEDIA INFORMATION Sender - Medium (there is noise as

LITERACY REVIEWER distraction) - Receiver - Back to

Sender
INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND
INFORMATION LITERACY  Information
- broad term that covers processed data,
 Communication knowledge derived from study,
- “act or process of using words, experience, instruction, signals or
sounds, signs, or behaviors to express symbols.
or exchange information, ideas,
thoughts, feelings, etc. to someone else.”  Literacy
- ability to identify, understand,
BASIC COMMUNICATION interpret, create, communicate and
PROCESS compute, using printed and written
materials associated with varying
Transmitter contexts.
1. Starts a message - a continuum of learning, wherein
2. Message is Coded individuals are able to achieve their
3. Massage is Transmitted goals, develop their knowledge and
4. Message is Received potential, and participate fully in the
5. Message is Decoded community and wider society.
Encoder
 Media Literacy
 Media - a set of perspectives that people use
- physical objects used to communicate actively to expose themselves to mass
with, or the mass communication media and interpret the meaning of the
through physical objects such as radio, messages they encounter.
television, computers, film etc. - aims to empower citizens by
- the plural of medium, which refers to providing them with the competencies
the tool people use to meditate or (knowledge and skills) necessary to
facilitate the transfer of engage with traditional media and new
communication between a sender and a technologies.
receiver.
- According to the UNESCO, media are  Information Literacy
vehicles that carry messages from one - a set of abilities which requires
person to another, or from one person individuals to recognize when
to a group of large people. information is needed and to locate,
- They serve as channels which people evaluate, and use it effectively
use to send and/or receive information.
The following describes an information
 Sender literate individual as a person who is
- the source of the message who may able to:
use a channel (medium) to send the 1. Determine the extent of
message to a receiver or to an audience. information needed.
2. Access the needed information
 Receiver effectively and efficiently.
- actively perform the role of 3. Evaluate information and its
interpreting messages they receive. sources critically.
4. Incorporate selected information
Feedback Loop into one’s knowledge base.
5. Use information effectively to other important information, marking an
accomplish a specific purpose. early form of written documentation.
 Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
6. Understand the economic, legal, - made from the papyrus plant, was used
and social issues surrounding the use of by ancient Egyptians for writing. It
information and access and use was a precursor to paper and was used
information ethically and legally. for everything from religious texts to
administrative records, significantly
 Media and Information Literacy influencing the spread of literacy in the
- the ability to access, analyze, ancient world.
evaluate, and create information from  Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
media and other information sources. - Known as the "daily acts," the Acta
- essential skills and competencies that Diurna were a form of daily public
allow individuals to engage with record, often considered the precursor
media and other information to modern newspapers. They
providers effectively, as well as documented political events, trials, and
develop critical thinking and lifelong important news, and were posted in
learning skills to socialize and become public places for citizens to read.
active citizens.  Dibao in China (2nd Century)
- a type of government gazette in
THE EVOLUTION OF imperial China. It was used to publish
TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA official news, royal decrees, and state
announcements, making it an early
Evolution of Media form of government communication.
 Pre-Endustrial Age  Codex in Mayan region (5th
 Industrial Age Century)
 Electronic Age - were folding books made of bark
 New/Information Age paper or deerskin. These codices
contained hieroglyphic writing and were
 PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE used for recording historical,
(BEFORE 1700) astronomical, and religious
- People discovered fire, developed information.
paper from plants, and forged weapons  Printing press using wood blocks
and tools with stone, bronze, copper and (220 AD)
iron - an early form of printing in China. It
involved carving text or images onto
Example Forms of Media: wooden blocks, which were then inked
 Cave paintings (35,000 BC) and pressed onto paper or cloth. This
- form of communication and artistic method revolutionized the spread of
expression, often depicting animals, written materials in East Asia.
hunting scenes, and human figures.
These paintings, found in caves like  INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700S TO
Lascaux, are considered one of the 1930S)
earliest forms of visual storytelling. - People used the power of steam,
 Clay tablets in Mesopotamia developed machine tools, established
(2400 BC) iron production, and the manufacturing
- used clay tablets to record cuneiform of various products (including books
writing. These tablets were used for through the printing press)
keeping records of trade, laws, and
Example Forms of Media:
 Printing press for mass communication across vast distances,
production (1900) especially for business, military, and
- the development of faster, more government purposes.
efficient printing methods,  Punch cards
revolutionized the dissemination of - Information was encoded into the
information. It allowed books, cards by punching holes in specific
newspapers, and other printed materials patterns, and machines would read and
to be produced on a large scale, greatly process the data.
expanding access to knowledge and
culture worldwide.  ELECTRONIC AGE (1930S TO
 Newspaper- The London Gazette 1980S)
(1740) - The invention of the transistor ushered
- one of the oldest continuously in the electronic age. People harnessed
published newspapers in the world the power of transistors that led to the
- it had become an essential source of transistor radio, electronic circuits, and
news, particularly government the early computers. In this age, long
proclamations, royal decrees, and distance communication became more
official matters. It played a key role in efficient.
the evolution of modern journalism.
 Typewriter (1800) Example Forms of Media:
- transformed office work and  Transistor Radio
communication by allowing for quicker - revolutionized portable audio. Using
and more legible writing. Its transistors (small, energy-efficient
introduction improved the efficiency of electronic components), these radios
writing and record-keeping, were compact, inexpensive, and could
particularly in business and government. run on batteries, allowing people to
 Telephone (1876) listen to music, news, and
- revolutionized communication by entertainment on the go for the first
allowing people to speak to one time.
another over long distances.  Television (1941)
 Motion picture photography - marked the beginning of mass visual
/projection (1890) media consumption, shaping modern
- allowed for the recording and public culture and communication through
display of moving images. visual storytelling.
 Commercial motion pictures  Large electronic computers
(1913) Mainframe computers - i.e. IBM
- marking the beginning of the film 704 (1960)
industry as a form of mass entertainment. - was a mainframe computer that played
These films were projected in theaters a significant role in the development of
and quickly became a popular cultural computing for large organizations.
phenomenon. These large machines were capable of
 Motion picture with sound (1926) performing complex calculations and
- a revolutionary moment in cinema. data processing, often used in scientific
This technology brought sound research, government, and businesses
(dialogue, music, sound effects) into for tasks like accounting and simulations.
films.  OHP, LCD projectors
 Telegraph - OHP widely used in classrooms and
- the first technology to allow for long- offices allowing teachers and presenters
distance communication via electrical to share visual information, diagrams,
signals. It was crucial for speeding up and notes with large groups.
- LCD use liquid crystals and light - commonly associated with two forms:
sources to project images and videos the radio and the television.
onto a screen. - As described by Robles and Tuazon
(2014), “broadcasting is a form of mass
 NEW/ INFORMATION AGE communication that utilizes radio and
(1900S TO 2000S) television to transmit messages and
- The Internet paved the way for programs via the airspace.”
faster communication and the
creation of the social network. People  New Media
advanced the use of microelectronics Technological advancement in the past
with the invention of personal computers, decades has led to profound changes in
mobile devices, and wearable the field of communication and media.
technology. Moreover, voice, image, These developments paved the way for
sound and data are digitalized. We are the discovery of new media.
now living in the information age - refers to digital forms of
communication and content creation
Example Forms of Media that have emerged with the rise of the
 Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), internet, social media, and other digital
Internet Explorer (1995) technologies.
 Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Wordpress
(2003)  Media Convergence
 Social networks: Friendster (2002), - As technologies evolve through time,
Multiply (2003), FB (2004), so do media and information. Three
Instagram Microblogs: Twitter decades ago, a person had to cancel
(2006), Tumblr (2007) his/her plans for a certain time period in
 Video: YouTube (2005) order to watch a new episode of his/her
 Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality favorite TV program. Today, one can
Video chat: Skype (2003 easily watch a missed TV episode via
 Search Engines: Google (1996), the internet or purchased DVDs.
Yahoo (1995) - It is the phenomenon that connects
 Portable computers- laptops (1980), different forms of media together.
netbooks (2008), tablets (1993) - As Britannica writer Terry Flew (2016)
 Smartphones puts media convergence is the result of
 Wearable technology the internet and of media content
 Cloud and Big Data digitization, rounding up the “three Cs”
in media -- computing, communication,
TYPES OF MEDIA and content -- into one.

 Print Media MEDIA AND INFORMATION

- media consisting of paper and ink, SOURCES
reproduced in a printing process that is
traditionally mechanical.  INFORMATION
- the industry of printing and distributing - It is everywhere.
information, is the oldest form of media. - It is a powerful and essential element
in decision-making. People relay on
The print medium has different forms; it different information sources in making
can be a book, a newspaper, a magazine, choices, crafting solutions, and more.
a journal, or others.
 INFORMATION SOURCES
 Broadcast Media
- Are the producers or givers of - first two types of information sources,
information, and people who use it are tertiary sources are not always
the consumers. considered to be acceptable materials
- there are a lot of information sources for academic research as they only
available today: books, articles, provide overviews of the original
periodicals, dictionaries, encyclopedias, references.
and the internet. - Reference materials that list or
- People are considered information summarize ideas or information (or
sources with their personal experiences, indexes) are also considered tertiary
opinion, and stories. sources, including some textbooks,
encyclopedias, and other materials.
Types of Information Sources
Formats Of Information Sources
 Primary Source
- is an original, uninterpreted, or  PRINT
“first-hand” material of information,
created by the person(s) directly  BOOKS
involved in an activity or an event. - a written or printed work consisting
- it provides researchers and students a of pages glued or sewn together along
closer look at the original ideas and one side and bound in covers.
experiences of events based on the - is a medium for recording
first-hand experiences of the person(s). information in the form of writing or
images
These includes the following:
 speeches  PERIODICALS
 autobiographies - a publication that comes out with an
 personal letters issue at regular intervals.
 photos - regular intervals mean the source is
 diaries published monthly.
 manuscripts
 Interviews  NEWSPAPERS
- a paper that is printed and distributed
 Secondary Source usually daily or weekly and contains
- provides information obtained news, articles of opinion, features, and
through a number of primary sources, advertising.
and has undergone editing or
interpretation.  REPORTS
- it may offer interpretation of the - give a spoken or written account of
information gathered from primary something that one has observed,
sources, providing a different heard, done, or investigated.
perspective for the readers.
 MAGAZINES
Example: - is a publication with a paper cover
 Biographies which is issued regularly, usually
every week or every month, and which
 Tertiary Source contains articles, stories, photographs,
- consists of summaries and collections and advertisements.
of both primary and secondary - to distribute news and information
sources. related to the interests of a general or
specific intended audience.
 - The memory of the internal and
 PHOTOGRAPHS external transactions of an
- is an image created by light falling organization.
on a photosensitive surface, usually
photographic film or an electronic image  NON-PRINT
sensor, such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.
 AUDIO
 JOURNALS - sound, especially when recorded,
- containing articles written by transmitted, or reproduced.
researchers, professors and other
experts. Journals focus on a specific  VIDEO
discipline or field of study. Unlike - The recording, reproducing, or
newspapers and magazines, journals are broadcasting of moving visual images.
intended for an academic or technical - a recording of moving visual images
audience, not general readers. made digitally or on videotape

 DICTIONARIES  AUDIO-VIDEO
- that lists the words of a language - is frequently used as a generic term
(typically in alphabetical order) and for the audio and video components
gives their meaning, or gives the and capabilities in home entertainment
equivalent words in a different systems and related product descriptions
language, often also providing and reviews. The term "AV" is also
information about pronunciation, origin, used to describe any form of media
and usage. that involves both sound and visual
elements.
 ENCYCLOPEDIA
- used as a starting point for further  FILES
research. Their entries provide a - is a container in a computer system
general overview of a topic and for storing information. Files used in
usually include citations to other computers are similar in features to
works (articles, books, websites, etc.) those of paper documents used in library
for the reader to use for expanding the and office files.
depth of their exploration into a topic.
 MICROFORM
 GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS - scaled-down reproductions of
- is a blanket term used to categorize documents, typically either films or
any information disseminated by a paper, made for the purposes of
government agency. As such, material transmission, storage, reading, and
produced by government bodies at the printing.
local, state, federal, and international
levels, in addition to government-funded  MICROFILM
agencies and organizations, are all - a length of film containing
considered government documents. microphotographs of a newspaper,
catalog, or other document.
 RECORDS
- Is a thing constituting a piece of  DIGITAL DOCUMENTS
evidence about the past, especially an - a readable document that is
account kept in writing or some other paperless in its original form. An
permanent form. example of this is an invoice that is
received as a PDF via email.
Where to find the Sources? may be misinterpreted, thus bending the
truth behind an information.
 Library
- The International Federation of Library 1. What/Who is the source of
Associations and Institutions (2003) information?
describes a library as “a means of - It is necessary that before you believe
access to information, ideas and an information, you must first know
works of imagination.” what or who its information source is.
- a building or room that contains a Typically, an information source can
collection of books, periodicals, and/or be found through a citation or a
audio-visual materials. It provides easy bibliography.
access to reliable and essential - To measure the source of an
resources for research. information is by the triangulation
process thru validity, reliability, and
 Internet accuracy
- a go-to place in search of new
information.  VALIDITY
- a global network of computers that - “the extent to which a measure,
allows computer users around the indicator or method of data collection
world to share information for possesses the quality of being sound or
various purposes (Shelly and Campbell, true as far as can be judged (Jary and
2012). Jary, 1995).

 Indigenous Media  REALIABILITY

- Another important but somehow - Pertains to the extent to which a
neglected source of information. source exudes dependable,
- a form of media conceptualized, trustworthy, genuine, and reputable
produced, and circulated by process of information gathering.
indigenous people as vehicles for - Consistency is the main measure of
communication, specifically for reliability.
cultural preservation, cultural and
artistic expression, political self-  ACCURACY
determination, and cultural sovereignty - is their quality of being true or
(Wilson, et al., 2015). correct, even in small details

Evaluating Information and Media 2. What is the medium used?

- there are two different types of - The medium used in presenting the
information: truth and untruths. information is also crucial in evaluating
- It is difficult to determine whether an information. Triangulation must also
information is a truth or lie. Some often be applied in this process.
misconceive the ideas of “facts” as
information delivering the truth of an 3. What is its purpose?
event or a concept. - Information sources have reasons why
- However, facts are only data gathered they present information: to inform, to
through a rigorous process of test, persuade, to entertain, or to advertise.
studies, and evaluation. They often - Generally, educational media such as
present incomplete angles of events; researches, dissertations, journals,
they may obscure truths, or worse, programs, and the like are created to
unconsciously propagate untruths. A fact inform. Some blogs do so too. News
entities, whether in print or on air, aim
to inform people, along with the purpose There are two common types of codes:
of gaining profit. technical and symbolic.

4. How is the information made?  Technical Codes

- The answer to this question will vary - are ways in which materials are used
upon the type of information being to tell the story in a media text, such
evaluated. Text, visual, audio, motion, as camera angles and techniques,
and multimedia all have different framing, lighting, and exposure.
styles and guidelines in production.
This is why it is important for you to  Symbolic Codes
learn, not just how to evaluate - consist of objects, setting, body
information, but also produce them. language, and actions that signify
things more than what is seen by the
MEDIA AND INFORMATION audience.
LANGUAGES - include hand gestures (e.g. okay sign -
thumbs up, anger - closed fist) and
 Diegetic Sounds colors (e.g. red rose - love, black -
- the raw sounds in an audio-video death).
materials (e.g. voices, footsteps, etc.).
 Written Codes
 Non - Diegetic Sounds - formal written language used in a
- the sounds that have been added in media product. (Headlines, Captions,
the post-production stage of the Titles, and Speech Bubbles)
materials (e.g. sound effects).
 Convention
 Media Language - according to communication professors
- a method, consisting of signs and David Corteau and William Hoynes
symbols, used by information (2003), “is a practice or technique that
producers to convey meanings to their is widely used in a field.”
audiences (Orlebar, 2009). It is a set of - Practices for creating and
technical codes and conventions to interpreting media content.
communicate information (UNESCO, - can be classified as either technical or
2016). Each medium has a specific genre specific.
media language
- can be written (writing styles,  Technical Convention
punctuation), verbal (dictions, stress), - is applied to the technical area, such
non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions), as the length of television series, films,
visual (camera angles, colors) and aural or music videos.
(diegetic and non-diegetic sounds).
 Story Convention
 Codes and Convention - common narrative structures and
- Media language can be further understandings that are common in
characterized as codes and conventions story telling media products.

 Codes  Genre Convention

- are systems of signs that are put - usually associated with the type of
together to create arbitrary meaning the content. Classic genres include
(Fiske, 1987). musical, horror films, war films, war
films, comedy movies, romance films,
and others.
 Media Representation
- Many scholars have proven that most
of the media content are different from
conventions used to represent
information in a specific manner that
oftentimes do not represent reality.
- not the realities of the world, but
only results of selection processes that
highlight some aspects of reality and
neglect the others.

 Denotation
- is the literal aspect of an information.

 Connotation
- refers to the meaning or
interpretation people associate with
information.

 The Media Audience

- Before, media audiences were
considered as passive individuals who
accept any information without
further evaluation. Many times people
were deceived by hearsays, digitally
edited photos, propagandas, and
sensationalized information. But as
technology made it easier for people
to gain more information and evaluate
facts from fiction, the media audience
slowly transformed from being
passive to active consumers of
information.

People are now able to create their own

interpretations and meanings of media
information. Croteau and Hoynes (2003)
gave three areas which proved the
activeness of people in consuming
media information: interpretation,
collective interpretation of media, and
collective political action.