Chapter 2.

1
Basic Functions
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 Learning Outcome
At the end of the module , you should be able to:

✓ Determine domain and range of the functions

✓ Determine vertical and horizontal asymptotes of
the functions
✓ Identify the behavior of the basic functions
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 INTRODUCTION
OF
FUNCTION
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 Relation
A relation between two sets 𝑨 and 𝑩 is the matching
between the elements of set 𝐴 to the corresponding
elements od set 𝐵 under a set of rule called law of
correspondence.
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 Relation
Ahmad owns a flat
Kamal owns a terrace house
Haish owns a bungalow
Relation Teo owns a flat and bungalow
describes
by diagram 𝑓 = "𝑜𝑤𝑛"
Ahmad
Flat
Kamal
Terrace
Haish house
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Teo Bungalow
 Relation
Ahmad owns a flat
Kamal owns a terrace house
Haish owns a bungalow
Teo owns a flat and bungalow

Relation
describes { 𝐴ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑑, 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 , 𝐾𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑙, 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 ,
by ordered 𝐻𝑎𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑤 , 𝑇𝑒𝑜, 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑡 , (𝑇𝑒𝑜, 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑤)}
pairs
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 Relation Ahmad owns a flat
Kamal owns a terrace house
Haish owns a bungalow
Teo owns a flat and bungalow

Type of
house
Bungalow
Relation
Terrace
describes house
by graph
Flat
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Name
Ahmad Kamal Haish Teo
 Type of relation Function

One to 𝒂 𝒅 𝒂 𝒅
one 𝒃 𝒆 Many
𝒃 𝒆 to one
𝒄 𝒇 𝒄 𝒇

𝒂 𝒅 𝒂 𝒅
One to 𝒃 𝒆 𝒃 𝒆 Many
many 𝒄 𝒇 to
𝒄 𝒇
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many
 Example
Given relation “a factor of” from set 𝐴 = {2,3,4} to set
𝐵 = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 . Describe the relation in a diagram.
Determine the type of this relation.
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 Example
State the relation of the graph and determine the type of
this relation.
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 DOMAIN AND
RANGE
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 DOMAIN AND RANGE:
What is?
DOMAIN RANGE
= The complete set of all = The complete set of all
possible values of the possible resulting
independent variable values of the dependent
*Real Numbers variable, after we have
substituted the domain.
𝑦−coordinates of points on
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the graph of the function

 DOMAIN AND RANGE: How to
describe?
To describe the domain and range of a function - use
the interval notation
• The solid dot is used to indicate that a point is on
the graph of the function
• The open dot is used to indicate that a point is not
on the graph of the function
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 Example
Find the domain and range of the function 𝑓
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 VERTICAL
AND
HORIZONTAL
ASYMPTOTE
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 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
ASYMPTOTE
An asymptote is a line that a curve approaches
*describe the END BEHAVIOR of a graph

▪ The graph of 𝑅(𝑥) never intersects a

vertical asymptote.

▪ The graph of a function 𝑅(𝑥) may

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intersect a horizontal asymptote.

 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
Example 1:
End Behavior:
▪ As 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, the values of
𝑅(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 < 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑅(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥 > 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑅(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑐
▪ The points on the graph of 𝑅 are getting
closer to the line 𝑥 = 𝑐
▪ 𝑥 = 𝑐 ⇒ a vertical asymptote
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 VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE
Example 2:
End Behavior:
▪ As 𝑥 approaches 𝑐, the values of
𝑅(𝑥) → ∞
𝑥 < 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑅(𝑥) = −∞
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥 > 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ 𝑅(𝑥) = ∞
𝑥→𝑐
▪ The points on the graph of 𝑅 are
getting closer to the line 𝑥 = 𝑐
▪ 𝑥 = 𝑐 ⇒ a vertical asymptote
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 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
Example 1: End Behavior:
▪ As 𝑥 → ∞, the values of 𝑅(𝑥)
approach 𝐿
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→∞
▪ The points on the graph of 𝑅
are getting closer to the line
𝑦=𝐿
▪ 𝑦 = 𝐿 ⇒ a horizontal
asymptote
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 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE
Example 2: End Behavior:
▪ As 𝑥 → −∞, the values of
𝑅(𝑥) approach 𝐿
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→−∞
▪ The points on the graph of 𝑅
are getting closer to the line
𝑦=𝐿
▪ 𝑦 = 𝐿 ⇒ a horizontal
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asymptote
FUNCTIONS
BASIC
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 LINEAR FUNCTION
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
ℝ: Real numbers
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
None
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 ABSOLUTE FUNCTION
f(x) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
[0, ∞)
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
None
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 QUADRATIC FUNCTION
f(x)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
[0, ∞)
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
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None
 CUBIC FUNCTION
f(x)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟑
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
ℝ: Real numbers
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
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None
 SQUARE ROOT FUNCTION
f(x)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙
Domain
[0, ∞)
Range
[0, ∞)
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
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None
 CUBE ROOT FUNCTION
f(x) 𝟑
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
ℝ: Real numbers
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
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None
 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
f(x)
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
Domain
ℝ: Real numbers
Range
(0, ∞)
Vertical Asymptote
None
Horizontal Asymptote
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𝑦=0
 LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
𝒇 𝒙 = log 𝒃 𝒙
f(x) f(x)

Domain Range Vertical Asymptote Horizontal

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(0, ∞) ℝ 𝑥=0 Asymptote

None
 RATIONAL FUNCTION
f(x) 𝟏
𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙
Domain
ℝ/{0}
Range
ℝ/{0}
Vertical Asymptote
𝑥=0
Horizontal Asymptote
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𝑦=0
 SINE FUNCTION
f(x)

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙

Horizontal
Domain Range Vertical Asymptote
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Asymptote
(−∞, ∞) [−1,1] 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒
None
 COSINE FUNCTION
f(x)

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙

Horizontal
Domain Range Vertical Asymptote
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Asymptote
(−∞, ∞) [−1,1] 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑒
None
 Tangent Function
f(x) 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
Domain
𝑛𝜋
ℝ/ , 𝑛 is odd integer
2
Range
ℝ
Vertical Asymptote
𝑛𝜋
, 𝑛 is odd integer
2
Horizontal Asymptote
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None
 Exercise
Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 in each of the following cases
a) 1 + 2𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 7 − 𝑖
2
b) 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 = 3 − 2𝑖

c) 2 + 3𝑖 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 1 − 𝑖

d) 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = (5 − 𝑖)(3 + 2𝑖)
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 THANK YOU
Any questions?
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