Steel Design

Steel design is a branch of structural

engineering that deals with the design
of steel structures. The main purpose
of structural steel design is to check
the viability of steel for any kind of
project.
Importance of steel in the construction
industry
The material provides strength that is
unavailable for buildings built with wood
frames and brick walls. It does not warp,
buckle, twist, or bend and is flexible and
easy to install. Because of its increased
quality and ease of maintenance steel is an
attractive building material.
Identification of Structures
for which Steel is Practical
for Use.
 ● Parallel Flange Channels (PFC)
These channeled beams are U-
shaped with right angled corners,
similar to the shape of a staple. They
come in various different sizes,
however, the two sides are always the
same length and are parallel to one
another. They also offer a high
strength to weight ratio and have
similar uses to angled sections.
 ● Tapered Flange Beam
It comes in an I-shaped and are also available
in a vast variety of sizes. In construction, these
are often used as cross-sections for girders.
Though they have a particularly resistance
ratio, it is not usually recommended when
pressure is present along the length as they are
not torsion (twisting) resistant.
● Tapered Flange Beam
 ● Universal Beam & Column
(also called as American Standard Beam or Wide-
Flange Shape)
Universal beams and Columns, also known as I-
beams or H-beams, come in the shape of their
namesake: an ‘I’ when standing upright, and a
‘H’ on their side. They are usually made of
structural steel and are used in construction
industries and have a brilliant load-bearing
capabilities.

.
 ● Universal Beam & Column

Installation of Steel Columns (Wide Flange) using Boom Truck.mp4

 ● Angled Sections
Both will be right angled,
however, unequal sections
have different sized axis’
making them L-shaped..
Angled sections are used in residential
.construction, infrastructure, mining and
transport. Also, they are available in a wide
range of lengths and sizes.
● Angled Sections
 ● Circular Hollow Sections
Circular Hollow Sections come as a hollow
tubular cross sections and have a much
higher resistance to torsion than tapered
flange beams. The density of the walls is
uniform within the entire circle which
makes this beam great for use with multi-
axis loading processes.
● Circular Hollow Sections

LATTICE BEAM
● Circular Hollow Sections
● Circular Hollow Sections
 ● Rectangular Hollow Sections
These types of structural steel are
much like the circular hollow sections,
they are very popular in many
mechanical and construction steel
applications. Their flat surfaces make
them prime for use in joining and
metal fabrication.
● Rectangular Hollow Sections
 ● Rectangular Hollow Sections

These are used within smaller applications

such as columns or posts. However, they
are unsuitable for beams as their shapes
are inherently difficult to bolt into other
types of shape. They are also known as
‘box sections’
● Rectangular Hollow Sections
 ● Flat Sections
Arguably the most versatile type of steel
section as they require to be attached to
another section. In some cases, they can
be attached to another section as a
strengthening tool. They are also often
referred to as ‘plates’ (for example,
checker plates).
● Flat Sections

Ms Chequered plates fixing and welding of tie beam joint.mp4

 ● T- Sections
T section consists of flange and
web arranged in “T” shape. They
are used in steel roof trusses to
form built up sections. Two angle
sections can also be joined to get T
section.
● T- Sections
● Deformed and Round Bars
These bars contain circular cross
sections and used as reinforcement in
concrete and steel grill work
respectively. It is available in various
diameters. (10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm,
25mm, 28mm, 32mm, 36mm, 40mm, 45mm,
50mm)
● Deformed Bars ● Round Bars
● Square Bars
Square bars contain square cross
sections and these are widely used
for gates, windows grill works etc.
the sides of square cross section
ranges from 5 mm to 250 mm.
● Square Bars
● Rolling
In metalworking, rolling is a metal
forming process in which metal stock is
passed through one or more pairs of rolls
to reduce the thickness, to make the
thickness uniform, and/or to impart a
desired mechanical property. The concept
is similar to the rolling of dough.
Producing Hot Rolled Steel.mp4
● Two Types of Rolled Steel
1. Hot Rolled Steel
Hot rolled steel refers to steel produced with
extreme heat treatment. That is, the production
occurs at extreme temperatures. Manufacturers
begin with large, rectangular metals (billets).
They then heat the billets before sending them
for processing — a stage where they are
flattened into large rolls.
● Two Types of Rolled Steel
2. Cold Rolled Steel
While making hot rolled steel only involves
heating at high temperatures and cooling, cold
rolled steel involves an additional process. At
the cold reduction mills, the manufacturer cools
the steel and re-rolls it at room temperature
either by cold roll forming or press-braking. This
process helps to achieve desired shape and
dimensions.
● Two Types of Rolled Steel
Common Uses Hot Rolled Steel
• Automobile parts, e.g., wheel rims and frames
• Agricultural equipment
• Railway equipment, e.g., tracks and train
components
• Construction materials
Common Uses of Cold Rolled Steel
• Aerospace parts
• Rods, bars, strips, and sheets
• Mechanical components • Metal furniture structures
• Home appliances
Specifications and Building
Codes.
Specifications and Building Codes
The design of structural steel is controlled and
governed by building codes. These codes provide
general guidelines of the minimum requirements for
the design of a structural components or a system.
These codes, which are actually laws or ordinances,
specify minimum:
Design Loads Construction Types Material Quality

Other Factor
Specifications and Building Codes
Some of these codes are written specifically for certain areas
and disciplines of an engineering practice.
The design of Steel bridges is generally in accordance with
specifications of the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

Reinforce Concrete Structures are generally designed

according to American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Structural Steel Design is based on the specification of the

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC).
Specifications and Building Codes

The term building codes is sometimes used

synonymously with specifications. More
correctly, a building code is a set of rules
that specify the standards for construction
objects such as buildings and non-building
structures.
Specifications and Building Codes
The main purpose of building codes is to protect public health,
safety and general welfare as they relate to the construction and
occupancy of buildings and structures.
“The important thing to remember about
specifications and building codes is that they are
written, not for the purpose of restricting engineers, but
for the purpose of protecting the public.
No matter which building code or specification is or is
not being used, the ultimate responsibility for the
design of safe structure lies with the structural design
engineer.”
Philosophies of Design
Philosophies of Design
The design of structural members entails the selection of a
cross section that will safely and economically resist the applied
loads. Economy usually means minimum weight – that is, the
minimum amount of steel.

The fundamental requirement of structural design is that the

required strength not exceed the available strength, that is,

Required Strength ≤ Available Strength

Methods of Design
(ASD and LRFD)
Methods of Design (ASD and LRFD)

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) is a method of proportioning and

designing structural members such that elastically computed
stresses produced in the members by nominal loads do not
exceed specified allowable stress. It is also known as Working
Stress Design or Elastic Design.

Required Strength ≤ Allowable Strength

where,

Allowable = Nominal Strength/ Safety of Factor

Methods of Design (ASD and LRFD)

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is a method of proportioning and

designing structural elements using loads and resistance factors such that
no applicable limit state is reached when the structure is subjected to all
appropriate load combination. This is mostly used in the design of steel
structures. LRFD is similar to plastic design in that strength, or the failure
condition, is considered.

Factored Load ≤ Factored Strength

∑(Loads x Load Factors) ≤ (Resistance x Resistance Factor)