AUTOMATION

 JAVA :-
 It is a high level programming language.

 Variables in JAVA :-
 It is a piece of memory used to store the data.
 One variable can store only one data.
1) Variable declaration – Syntax = data type variable name;
2) Variable initialization – Syntax – Variable name data / value;
3) Variable use

 Data type :-
 It is used to store the data.
Two types of data – 1] Premitive data type (Keyword)
2] Non-premitive data type (Identifiers)
1] Primitive data type –
A] Numeric-
1) byte [1 byte]
2) short [2 byte]
3) int [4 byte]
4) long [8 byte]
5) float [4 byte]
6) double [8 byte]
B] Character-
1) char [2 byte]
C] Boolean-
1) Boolean [1bit]

2] Non-primitive data type-

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 1) class
2) String

 Operators in Java :-
 It is a symbol that performs operations on variables and
values.
1] Arithmetic operator-
1) Addition [+]
2) subtraction [-]
3) Multiplication [*]
4) Division [/]
5) Modulus [%]
6) Increment [++]
7) Decrement [--]
2] Relational / Comparison Operator-
 Result is always in boolean.
1) Less than [<]
2) Greater than [>]
3) Less than or equals too [ <=]
4] Greater than or equals too [>=]
5) Equals too [==]
6) Not equals too [!=]
3] Logical operators-
 Operand / data and result both are in boolean.
1) Anding [&&]
2) Oring [//]
3) Not [!]
4] Assignment operator –

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  It is used to assign the value.
1) Assignment [=]

 Conditional statement :-
1] If – statement=
Syntax= if(condition)
{
// Conditional code
}
- Conditional code will execute if condition is true.
- Conditional code will skip if condition is false.
2] if-else statement=
Syntax= if(condition)
{
// conditional code 1
}
else
{
// conditional code 2
}
- Conditional code 1 will execute if condition is true and skip if
condition is false.
- Conditional code 2 will execute if condition 1 is false and skip if
condition is true.

3] Nested if statement=

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 Syntax= if(condition 1)
{ if(condition 2)
{
// conditional code
}
}
- Conditional code will execute if condition 1 is true and condition 2 is
true.
4] Ladder if / if-else statement=
Syntax= if(condition 1)
{
// code 1
}
else
{
if(condition 2)
{
// code 2
}
else
{
// code 3
}
}
- Conditional code 1 will execute if condition 1 is true.
- Conditional code 2 will execute if condition 1 is false and condition 2
is true.
- Conditional code 3 will execute if condition 1 is false and condition 2
is false.

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  Loops in Java:-
 To repeat the code multiple time continuously.
1] For loop-
Syntax=
for(variable declaration and initialization ; condition ; variable
increment and decrement)
{

// repeated code
}
2] Nested for-
Syntax=
for( )
{
for( )
{
S.O.P(“a”);
}
}
Println :- Prints the statement and changes the line.
Print :- Print the statement and does not change the line rather than it
continues to print.

 Methods in Java :-
1] System define method –

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  This is system default method.
Syntax=
Public static void main(String args[] ) {
} JDK can call this method directly at the time of execution.
2] User define method -
 This method is called by programmer or user.
1) Static methods
2) Non static methods
- User define methods will be declared outside the main method and inside
the class.
- To execute user define method, we need to call it inside the main method.

 Array in Java
 It is used to store the multiple data having same data type.
1) One dimensional array
2) Two dimensional array
3) Multi dimensional array
Syntax=
1] Array declaration and initialization=
Data type, array name[] (data1, data 2, data 3, ---);
2] Array declaration only=
Data type, array name [] = new datatype [size];
- Index of array always start with zero.
- Array is data structure in java which is used to store the multiple data
at a time having same data type.
- Array is homogeneous in nature.
- Its size is fixed means not growable.

 Class in Java :-
 It is a collection of object / elements / properties / like
variables, methods, constructor, blocks.

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 - Variables = data members.
- Methods = function.

 Constructors in Java :-
 It is a special member of class because constructor name
must be same as class name.
Purpose –
- Object creation – Loading the non-static properties into the object.
- Variable initialization.
- Class cannot be without constructor.
Syntax – class name ()
{
// Constructor code
}
o Types of constructor –
1] Default constructor-
If programmer don’t declare any constructor in class then at the
time of compilation compiler will declared the constructor which are default
constructor.
2] User define constructor –
Programmer declares the constructor.
User define constructor has two types =
1) without argument constructor-
Also called as = zero argument and without parameterized
Syntax= Class name ()
{
}

2) With argument constructor-

Also called as Parameterized constructor
Syntax= class name (int h)

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 { int type constructor
}
Constructor overloading :-
 Declaring the multiple constructor in a class with same
constructor name and different argument is called as
constructor overloading.

 Object in Java :-
 It is a copy of a class.
Syntax =
Class name, reference variable =new class name ();
e.g. Test x = new Test();

 Static and Non Static :-

Static :-
- Static is a keyword.
- It can be for used variables, methods, class, block.
- Static properties is also called as class properties because to call static
property class name is used.
- Static properties are declared at the time of compilation.
- Static properties are also called as shared properties.
Non static :-
- Properties declared without static keyword is called as non static.
- It is also called as instance properties because to call instance / object
name is used.
- Declared at the time of object creation i.e at the time of execution.

 Types of variables :-
1] Local variable :-

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 - A variable declare inside or within a method or constructor or
block is called as local variable.
- This scope of local variable is within a method or constructor
or block.
- Local variable is also called as temporary variable.
2] Global variable :-
- A variable which is declared outside any method or block
and inside the class is called as global variable.
- The scope of global variable is throughout the program
execution.
- Global variable is also called as permanent variable.

- There are two types of global variables-

1] Class variable
2] Instance variable
1] Class variable =
- A variable with static keyword is called as class
variable.
- Because to call the static variable class name is used.
2] Instance variable =
- A variable declared without static keyword is
called as instance variable.
- Because to call the non-static variable instance or
object is used.
 Access specifier in Java :-
 Access specifier are used to represent the scope of
variables, methods, constructors and class.

1] Public access specifier:-

- The properties declared by public access specifier
can be called in other classes throughout the project.

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 - The scope of public access specifier is throughout
the project.
2] Default access specifier :-
- The properties declared with default access
specifier can be called in other classes of same
package.
- The scope of default access specifier id within the
package only.
- There is no keyword to specify the default access
specifier.
3] Protected access specifier :-
- The scope of protected access specifier is same as
default access specifier i.e. within the package
only.
- The protected properties of class can be called in
other classes of different package only on one
condition i.e. inheritance.
4] Private access specifier :-
- The properties declared with private access
specifier can not be called outside the class.
- The scope of private access specifier is within the
class only.

 Object oriented programming (OOP’S Concept) :-

 What is the pillars of java?
- There are four pillars of java called as oops concept.
1) Inheritance
2) Polymorphism
3) Abstraction
4) Encapsulation

 What is oops concept?

- Object means a real-world entity such as pen, chair, table,
computer, etc.

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 - Object oriented programming is a methodology or
paradigm to design a program using classes and objects.
- It simplifies software development and maintenance by
providing some concepts such as –
o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

1] Inheritance :-
- Acquiring / Inheriting property of one class into another
class with the help of ‘extends’ keyword is called as
inheritance.
- From which properties are inherited is called as super
class.
- In which properties are delivered / inherited is called as
sub class.
- Acquiring / inheriting the property of super class into sub
class with the help of ‘extends’ keyword is called as
inheritance.

o Types of inheritance :-
1] Single level inheritance –
- Inherit the property of one super class into one
sub class.

2] Multi level inheritance –

- A class inherits / acquires the property of one
super class and this super class is also inherits /
acquires the property of another super class.
3] Multiple inheritance –
- Acquiring / inheriting the properties of multiple
super classes into one sub class is called
multiple inheritance.
 Multiple inheritance is not supported in java because
of diamond ambiguity problem.

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  Object is super most class in java due to which
diamond ambiguity problem occurs.
 At the time of calling the sub class, JVM / object is
confuse and diamond ambiguity problem occurs.
4] Hierarchical inheritance –
- Acquiring / inheriting property of one super
class into multiple sub class is called
hierarchical inheritance.

 Java virtual memory (JVM) :-

- Basically it is divided into four parts.

Stack area Static pool area

Main method Static methods

declaration
Execution=>

Static and non-static Non- static methods

method definition / body / declaration
implementation

Method area Heap area

 Static method declaration process :-

- Binding is done at compilation time.
- Initialization is done at compilation time.
 Non-static method declaration process :-
- Binding is done at compilation / execution.
- Initialization is done at execution (object
creation).
 Method declaration process :-
- Binding and initialization both are done at
compilation / execution time.

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  Method overloading :-
o Declaring the multiple method having same method name and
different arguments.
o Overloading can be done with static and non-static method.
o If one method is static and another method is non-static then it
is not overloading because static method will be save in static
pool area and non-static method will be save in heap area.
o Overloading in static method will be only done with static.
o Overloading in non-static is only done with non-static.

 Method overriding :-
o Acquiring / inheriting super class method into sub class method
and changing the implementation / definition / body according
to sub class specification.
o Method overriding can be perform with non-static methods
only.
o Without inheritance overriding doesn’t takes place.
o We can’t override the main method.
o Binding occurs at the time of object creation.
o Condition - method and argument will be same.

 Method hiding :-
o Declaring a static method in both the classes i.e. super class and
sub class with same method name and same argument.
o In this, memory is not stored and inherited property can’t be
used.
o Hence this scenario is not used in the project.
o It is only done with static method.
 Super class static method inherited in sub class, its hide due to sub class
static method with same name and argument.
 Polymorphism :-
o One object / property perform the different behavior at different
stages of life cycle is called as polymorphism.
o There are two types of polymorphism –
1) Compile time polymorphism
2) Run time polymorphism

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 1) Compile time polymorphism :-
 Method declaration and method definition are binded
together at the time of program compilation based on
argument is called as compile time polymorphism.
 As the binding takes place at the time of compilation this
concept is also called as early binding.
 For static method binding and initialization is done at
compilation.

2) Run time polymorphism :-

 Method declaration and method definition are binded
together at the time of program execution based on object
creation is called as runtime polymorphism.
 As the binding takes place at the time of program
execution this concept is called as late binding.
 Non-static methods binding is done at execution.
 And initialization is also done at execution after object
creation.
 Abstract class :-
o A class having incomplete method and declared with abstract
keyword is called as abstract class.
o A class having complete and incomplete methods is also called
as abstract class.
 Abstract method :-
 When method declaration is present but method definition /
body / implementation is absent is called as abstract method.

Static method cannot be abstract –

 Static method should be declared at the time of compilation,
but abstract method cannot be declared at compilation because
definition is not present for binding.
o Static method cannot be override.
o Abstract methods are completed by overriding.
Object of abstract class cannot be created –
 Due to abstract / incomplete method which can not be
declared at the time of object creation.

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  Concrete class :-
o A class which provide the implementation to the all abstract
method of abstract class is called as concrete class.
o By creating the object of concrete class we call the all
methods of abstract class.

 Note – if a sub class of abstract class is failed to complete the all

abstract methods then this sub class is also a abstract.

 Interface :-
o It is 100% abstract (incomplete).
o All methods are by default abstract.
o All variables are by default – public, static and final.
o Constructor concept is not present in interface so, we can not
create the object in interface.

 Implementation class :-
o A class which provide the implementation to the abstract
method of interface is called as implementation class.
o By using implements keyword.
 Difference between static and default method :-
1) Static method of interface :-
 The static method of interface cannot be inherited in the
implementation class.
 So to call the static method of interface, interface name is used.
2) Default method of interface :-
 The complete method declared in interface with default
keyword is called as default method of interface.
 Default method of interface can be inherited in implementation
class.
 Implementation class can override the default method of
interface.
 So to call the default method object of implementation class is
used.

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  Generalization :-
o Extracting all the important and common properties from all the
classes and declared them in one super file is called as
generalization.
o Generalization file can be a super class or abstract class or
interface.
o But interface is preferred.
 Interface multiple inheritance is the solution of multiple
inheritance.

 Encapsulation :-
o Hiding the all data members (variables) of the class from other
classes with the help of private access specifier is called as
encapsulation.
o It is one of the OOP’S principle.
o It is for data security.
o All the properties are private.
 Abstraction :-
o Hiding the implementation code from and providing the only
functionality to the end user is called as abstraction.
o It is one of the OOP’S principle.
o It is for code security.
o Ex. While we using any web application like amazon, we can
feel the functionality, but we can’t see the implementation code
behind application.
 Casting in java :-
o Converting one data type of information into another data type
of information.
o Types of casting =
1. Primitive casting –
a) Implicit casting
b) Explicit casting
c) Boolean casting
2. Non-primitive casting –
a. Up-casting
b. Down-casting

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 1. Primitive casting –
 Converting one data type of information into another data type
of information.
a) Implicit casting =
- Converting lower data type of information into
higher data type of information.
- In implicit casting size of memory gets
increased therefore it is also called as Widening
Casting.
- byte => short => int => long => double
- byte => short => int => float => double
b) Explicit casting =
- Converting higher data type of information into
lower data type of information.
- In explicit casting size of memory gets reduced
therefore it is also called as Narrowing Casting.
- double => long => int => short => byte
- In explicit casting data can be loss.
c) Boolean =
- It is not supported in Java.

2. Non-primitive casting –
 Converting one type of class into another type of class.
a. Up casting =
- Acquiring the sub class property into super
class.
- Inheritance is compulsory for up casting.
- In up casting only those properties are up casted
to super class which are inherited from super
class.
- i.e. new properties are declared into sub class
can not be upcasted in super class.
b. Down casting =
- It is not supported in java.
- Down casting can be perform after up casting.
- Acquiring super class property into sub class is
called as down casting.

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 - Inheritance is already done from super class to
sub class that’s why it is not possible to down
cast, hence it is not supported in Java.
- Only syntax is supported.
 How to stop and restrict inheritance?
- Make a super class as a final by using final keyword.
- Make all the properties of super class as private.
- Using arguments.
- Using comments.

 How to overcome multiple inheritance?

- With the help of interface we are going to overcome the
multiple inheritance.
 This keyword :-
- This keyword is used to invoc the object of current class and to
call the static and non-static properties of current class.
- This keyword is used to call the global variable of current class,
when global variable and local variable are having same name.
 Super keyword :-
- Super keyword is used to invoc the object of super class.
- And to call the static and non-static properties of super class.
- Super keyword is used to call the global variable of super class
when global variable name of super class and sub class are
same.
 String class :-
It is a non-primitive data type which has no fixed size.
o
It is present in Java.lang package.
o
It is used to store the sequence of characters.
o
String can be declared by two ways –
o
1) Without using new keyword.
2) With using new keyword.
1) Without using new keyword =
- Syntax =
String reference variable = “Data”;
2) With using new keyword =
- Syntax =
String reference variable = new String(“Data”);
o String is used to store combination of characters.

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 o All the strings are stored inside string pool area which is present inside
heap area.
o String pool area are divided in two area =
1. Constant pool area
2. Non-constant pool area
1. Constant pool area –
- All the strings declared without using new keyword are restored
in constant pool area.
- Constant pool area don’t allow the duplicate string.
2. Non-constant pool area –
- All the string declared with new keyword are stored inside non-
constant pool area.
- Non-constant pool area allow the duplicate values.
 Methods of string :-
1. Equals =
- Syntax => .equals
- Working => To compare the variable. It is case sensitive.
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => object an object.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String.
2. Equals ignore case =
- Syntax => .equalsIgnorecase
- Working => To compare the variable. It is not case sensitive.
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
3. Length =
- Syntax => .length
- Working => To find the length of variable.
- Return type => int.
- Argument => Zero.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
4. Char at =
- Syntax => .charAt
- Working => To find the character by using number.
- Return type => char.
- Argument => int.

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 - Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
5. Concat =
- Syntax => .concat
- Working => To add variables or sentence or words.
- Return type => String.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
6. Index of =
- Syntax => .indexof
- Working => To find the starting index of letter or word or
string.
- Return type => int.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
7. Last index of =
- Syntax => .lastIndexof
- Working => To find the starting index of letter or word or
string.
- If there is no any letter or string then result will be -1.
- Return type => int.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
8. Sub string =
- Syntax => .substring
- Working => To cut and print the letters or words start from
substring value.
- Return type => String.
- Argument => int.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
9. To upper case =
- Syntax => .toUppercase
- Working => To make all the letters capital(upper case).
- Return type => String.
- Argument => Zero.
- Type of method => Non-static.

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 - Class => String

10.To lower case =

- Syntax => .toLowercase
- Working => To make all the letters small(lower case).
- Return type => String.
- Argument => Zero.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String

11.Split =
- Syntax => .split
- Working => To remove the letter or word from the variable
data.
- Return type => String [].
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
12.Is empty =
- Syntax => .isempty
- Working => To search whether the value of variable is fill or
empty..
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => Zero.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
13.Contains =
- Syntax => .contains
- Working => To check whether the string contains the word or
letter or sentence.
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => char.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
14.Replace =
- Syntax => .replace
- Working => To replace the letter or word.
- Return type => String.
- Argument => char.
- Type of method => Non-static.

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 - Class => String
15.Starts with =
- Syntax => .startswith
- Working => To check whether the string starts with that word
or letter.
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String

16.Ends with =
- Syntax => .endswith
- Working => To check whether the string ends with that letter or
word.
- Return type => boolean.
- Argument => String.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String
17.Trim =
- Syntax => .trim
- Working => To remove starting and ending spaces of string.
- Return type => String.
- Argument => Zero.
- Type of method => Non-static.
- Class => String

String class is mostly used in projects of health care

companies.
Applications / software of health care companies
and hospitals.
 Features of java :-
 Object oriented
 Simple
 Secured
 Platform independent
 Robust
 Portable
 Architecture neutral
 Dynamic

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  Interpreted
 High performance
 Multithreaded
 Distributed

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