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Chapter 4

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8 views3 pages

Chapter 4

4

Uploaded by

eeshamaryamaman
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter #4 Chemical Bonding

A) Encircle the Most Suitable Answer.


1. (d) 6. (c)
2. (a) 7. (a)
3. (c) 8. (c)
4. (c) 9. (c)
5. (c) 10. (c)
B) Answer the Given Question Briefly.
1. Diamond and Graphite:
(a) Explain why both diamond and graphite have high
melting points.
Both diamond and graphite have high melting points because
they consist of a network of strong covalent bonds. In
diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon
atoms in a 3D structure, and in graphite, each carbon atom is
bonded to three others in layers. A large amount of energy is
required to break these covalent bonds, leading to high melting points.
(b) Explain why graphite is used in pencil 'leads' for writing.
Graphite is used in pencil leads because its layers are held together by weak van der Waals forces,
allowing the layers to slide over each other easily. This makes graphite soft and able to leave marks
on paper as the layers rub off during writing.
(c) Explain why diamond is used on the tips of high-speed drills.
Diamond is used on the tips of high-speed drills because of its extreme hardness, which is due to its
strong 3D covalent network structure. This hardness allows diamond to cut through hard materials
effectively without wearing down.
2. Metallic Bonding:
(a) Explain why metals are good conductors of electricity.
Metals are good conductors of electricity because they have a sea of delocalized electrons that are
free to move throughout the metal structure. When an electric field is applied, these electrons can
move easily, allowing electricity to flow through the metal.
(b) Explain why, in general, metals have high melting points.
Metals have high melting points because the metallic bonds, which consist of the attraction between
the positive metal ions and the sea of delocalized electrons, are strong. A significant amount of
energy is required to overcome these bonds and convert the metal from solid to liquid, resulting in
high melting points.
1. Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere. It forms covalent molecules with
the formula N2 which of the following dot-and-cross diagram best represent the
nitrogen molecule.

The correct dot-and-cross diagram that best represents a nitrogen (N₂) molecule is the one
showing three shared pairs of electrons (a triple bond) between the two nitrogen atoms. This
is because each nitrogen atom shares three of its electrons with the other nitrogen atom to
achieve a full outer shell, which results in a triple covalent bond.
In the series of diagrams provided, the correct diagram would be the one where the two nitrogen
atoms are connected by three shared pairs of electrons (indicated by three overlapping pairs of
dots and crosses). This diagram correctly represents the structure of a nitrogen molecule (N₂).
2. (a)Which two of the diagrams represent different structures of the element carbon?
The diagrams a and b represent different structures of the element carbon. Diagram a shows the
structure of diamond, and diagram b shows the structure of graphite.
(b) The substances are carbon dioxide, diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide. Name
each substance, A to D.
a. Diamond c. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)
b. Graphite d. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
(c) Name the type of bonding that occurs between the atoms in all of the substances A
to D.
The type of bonding in all of these substances is covalent bonding.
(d) Name the type of structure for each substance A to D.
a. Diamond - Giant covalent structure
b. Graphite - Giant covalent structure
c. Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) - Giant covalent structure
d. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) - Simple molecular structure

3. Analyze the differences in melting and boiling points between ionic and covalent
compounds.
Ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points because of the strong electrostatic
forces between the oppositely charged ions in the lattice structure. A large amount of energy is
needed to overcome these forces and break the bonds during melting or boiling.

Covalent compounds usually have lower melting and boiling points because the forces between the
molecules (intermolecular forces) are weaker than ionic bonds. Less energy is required to overcome
these intermolecular forces.
4. Sodium chloride (NaCl) readily dissolves in water, whereas diamond (C) does not.
Give a reason for this observation based on the intermolecular forces and bonding
present in each substance.
Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water because it is an ionic compound. When NaCl is placed in
water, the polar water molecules surround and separate the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions, leading to the
dissolution of the salt.
Diamond does not dissolve in water because it has a giant covalent structure where each carbon
atom is strongly bonded to four other carbon atoms. These strong covalent bonds do not interact with
water molecules, making diamond insoluble.
5. Why are ionic compounds typically brittle?
Ionic compounds are typically brittle because when a force is applied, it can cause the layers of ions
to shift, bringing like-charged ions close to each other. The repulsive forces between the like-charged
ions cause the structure to break apart, resulting in brittleness.
6. Design a Lewis structure for the molecule ammonia (NH₃)
and its polarity.
The Lewis structure of ammonia (NH₃) shows a nitrogen atom (N) in the
center with three hydrogen atoms (H) bonded to it. Nitrogen has a lone pair
of electrons. The structure is:
7. The factors that influence the mobility of charged particles
and their ability to conduct electricity in solid and molten
states are:
1. State of Matter:
Solid State: In ionic solids, ions are fixed in a crystal lattice structure and cannot move freely,
which restricts their ability to conduct electricity. In metallic solids, free-moving electrons
(delocalized electrons) allow for electrical conductivity.
Molten State: When ionic solids are melted, the crystal lattice breaks down, allowing ions to
move freely, thus enabling electrical conductivity.
2. Temperature:
Higher temperatures generally increase the kinetic energy of particles, enhancing their mobility
in both solid (for metals) and molten states (for ionic compounds), leading to better electrical
conductivity.
3. Nature of the Ions:
Ion Size: Smaller ions move more easily through the lattice or liquid, increasing conductivity.
Ion Charge: Ions with higher charges experience stronger electrostatic forces, which can either
enhance or hinder mobility, depending on the medium.
4. Type of Bonding:
Ionic Bonding: In molten ionic compounds, ions are free to move and conduct electricity.
Metallic Bonding: Delocalized electrons in metals allow for electrical conductivity even in solid
form.

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