Periodic Table — Periodic Properties and Variations of Properties Introduction © Itisa table which classifies all the known elements in accordance with their properties in such a way that elements with similar properties are grouped together in the same vertical column and dissimilar elements are separated. © The 115 known elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of their increasing atomic number. * The vertical columns are called groups. «The horizontal rows are called periods. Approaches to Periodic Classification of Elements Dobereiner’s Triads In 1817, Dobereiner classitied elements with similar chemical into groups of three called triads. He noted that the atomic mass of the middle element in a triad is the arithmetic mean of the other two. This is called Dobereiner’s Law of Triads. u Na >K At. mass of sodium = 743° - 23 “ca "sr Ba At mass of strontium = *32*40 . gp 5 a "or = At. mass of bromine = 2°°*127 _ 91.25 Newlands’ Law of Octaves In 1864. Newlands arranged elements inthe increasing order of atomic mass and noticed thatthe eighth element was similar in ph vysical an mical to ment, nodes in frusk. Ties relate called he Law of Gctawes. a “ Lother Meyer's Law In 1869, Lother Meyer classified that atomic volume is the periodic function of atomic mass.Mendeleev's Periodic Law In 1869, Mendeleev stated the law of chemical periodicity. The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses; i.e. when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses, the elements with similar properties are after certain regular intervals. This is called Mendeleev's Periodic Law. Certain anomalies of Mendeleev’s table were (Position of hydrogen (Position of rare earths Gi) Position of isotopes (iv) Position of Noble gases (v) Anomalous pairs of elements (vi) Cause of periodicity Modern Periodic Law The physical and chemical properties of elements are a periodic function ot their atomic numbers. Long Form of the Periodic Table Itis based upon the modern periodic law, i. elements are arranged according to the increasing order of their atomic number. Periods + The horizontal rows of elements in a periodic table are called periods. There are seven periods in the Jong form of the periodic table. The first period consists ot 2 elements called the shortest period. The second and third periods consist of 8 elements called short periods. The fourth and fith periods contain 18 elements each and are called long periods The sixth period consists of 32 elements and itis the longest period. The seventh period is yet an incomplete period. Groups The modern periodic table has eighteen vertical columns known as groups, arranged trom left to right in the order: IA. IIA, IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIB, VIII (three columns), IB, IIB, IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and Zero. A group is determined by the number of electrons present in the outermost shell Elements in groups 1, 2 and 13 to 17 are called normal elements. Elements in groups 3 to 12 are called transition elements. Group 18 at the extreme right contains noble or inert gases. Reactive metals are placed in groups 1 and 2 Transition elements [metals] are placed in the middle. Non-metals are placed in the upper right comer of the periodic table.Periodicity The properties which reay ir at regular intervals, or in which there is gradual variation at lar iterate called periodic properties, and the phenomenon f known asthe penodety of elements Shells/Orbits Electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus in certain selected but fixed concentric circular paths called shells or orbits. These are associated with a definite amount of energy and are also called energy Valency + Itdenotes the combining capacity of the atom ofan element. tis equal tothe numberof electrons an atom can donate or accept or share. ‘© On moving from lett to right in a period, the number of valence electrons increases from 1 to 8. + Certain elements lose electrons in steps and hence show variable valency, e.g. Cu, Fe, Ag, Au etc. © Onmoving down a group, the valence electrons and valency of all the elements in a group remain the same. Periodic Properties of Elements + Atomic size (atomic radii) Itis the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell. ‘+ Metallic Character Those elements which have a tendency to lose their valence electrons and form a positive ion are consiored as metals, -— Na" + Non.metali Character Those elements which have a tendency to gain electrons in order to attain an octet in their outermost orbit are considered as non-metals Example:Cl+e ——+ cr 2,8, 7) (2.8, 8) ‘* Chemical Reactivity In metals, greater the tendency to lose electrons, greater is the reactivity. In non-metals, greater the tendency to gain electrons, greater is the reactivity. + lonisation Energy The energy equied wo remove an electron trom a neutral folated gaseous atom and convert into a positively charged gaseous ion is called ionisation energy (IE) or first ionisation energy (IE;) ‘+ Electron Affinity (EA) or Electron Gain Enthalpy The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively Charged gaseous fo by the acktion of elocrors is called Glectron affinity.+ Electronegativity The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itselt is called its electron + Atomic Number (Z) The atomic number ot an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The atomic number is a unique property of an element, because no two elements have the same atomic number. * Mass Number (A) ‘The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom of the element. Variation of Periodic Properties in the Periodic Table In Group In Period Atomic size ‘The atomic radii of elements increase in a group on moving from top to bottom. "The atomic radi of elements \decrease in a period from left to right with an increase in atomic number. onisation energy The ionisation potential [Electron affinity ‘Electronegativity decreases ina iva group on going from top to bottor 7On going down a group, elecron atinty decreases, lek tivity of elements gradually oases from top to’ bottom. The ionisation potential increases in a period on going trom lett to right. The electron affinity increases in going from left to right in a period Electronegativity of elements increases in going from left to right across the period. Metallic character |The metallic character of ‘The metallic character ot elements increases down a _|elements gradually decreases group. lon moving from left to right. Non-metallic ‘The non-metallic character |The non-metallic character character decreases down the group. _|increases across a period. Basic nature of The basic nature ol the oxides |The basic nature of the oxides oxides of the metals increases down a |decreases across the period group. and finally becomes acidic. Chemical reactivity The chemical reactivity of the ‘metal increases and of non- metal decreases on going [down the group. The chemical reactivity of ‘elements first decreases and then increases from left to right in a period.