Table of Contents

Defining Purposes ....................................................................................................................................... 1

To inform .................................................................................................................................................. 1
To Educate ................................................................................................................................................ 2
To Persuade or Convince .......................................................................................................................... 2
To Activate................................................................................................................................................ 2
To Inspire and Motivate ............................................................................................................................ 3
To Entertain .............................................................................................................................................. 3
Analyzing Audience and Scale ................................................................................................................... 3
Organizing Contents ................................................................................................................................... 5
Preparing an Outline .................................................................................................................................. 8
Visual Aids ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Understanding Nuances of Delivery ....................................................................................................... 10
Extemporaneous .................................................................................................................................... 11
Advantages .................................................................................................................................... 11
Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................ 11
Manuscript............................................................................................................................................. 11
Advantages .................................................................................................................................... 12
Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................ 12
Impromptu............................................................................................................................................. 12
Advantages .................................................................................................................................... 12
Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................ 13
Memorization ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Advantages .................................................................................................................................... 13
Disadvantages ................................................................................................................................ 13
Kinesics ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Personal Appearance ................................................................................................................................ 15
Posture ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
Gesture ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
Facial Expression ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Eye Contact................................................................................................................................................ 16
PROXEMICS ............................................................................................................................................ 17
Sample Speech ........................................................................................................................................... 21
CHRONEMICS......................................................................................................................................... 22
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Effective Presentation Strategies

Introduction:
Whether you work in a business organization or an educational institution, or you are a student, it
is essential that you possess good public speaking skills. Throughout your career, you are bound
to encounter innumerable situations which demand effective presentation. To mention a few, as a
team leader you may have to present before the corporate body, a product which tour team has
brought out; as one of the top administrators of your institution, you may have to present the
goals, activities, and achievements of your institution to an important visitor; as project manager
you may have to present before a committee the result of a project recently undertaken by your
company, and so on. In addition, as a student you may have to attend a seminar or you may have
to present your project to your follow students and faculty members. These situation calls for
effective, memorable presentation. Though these circumstances differ in purpose, the strategies
you need to make good presentations do not differ much.

The ability to make effective oral presentation is one of the most important qualities you
need to develop for a successful career. Constant practice is the key to acquiring this skill.

The more successful your career, the more-often will be composing to make
presentations for a variety of situation and audience.

Defining Purposes

When you are doing a presentation, you always have a goal. You are trying to get a message
across. You are trying to teach your audience. Or you are trying to sell something. There is
always a presentation goal.

There are different goals for a presentation. Here are six types of goals. Each of them has their
own purpose. And each of them should be handled in a different way. In this article, I will
explain how they work and how you as a speaker can benefit best.

1) To Inform

Most of the presentations in business are about informing the people in the room. A client or
your manager asks you to come and present on the progress of the project. What they expect is to
get informed. They aren’t looking for inspiration or funny videos. What they want is a clear
explanation of what the status of the project is. There are more examples of presentations that are
about informing the audience. Like presenting financial results or presenting the findings of a
research. Or when you are a teacher and informing the parents of all the things that are going on
in your school.

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These talks are often short and to the point. If there is too much information, people won’t
remember much. They should be easy to understand for those in the room. The talks focus on the
facts. The goal is to give the audience these facts.

2) To Educate

When the talks become a bit more complicated, that is usually because they aren’t only to
inform. They are to educate. The goal is to have the audience go home understanding more about
what they heard. They need to leave knowing a lot more.

This goes beyond stating facts. You want the audience to learn, so you have to pay attention to
this. You need to teach or instruct the group of people in front of you. That means you need to
know a lot about your topic.

There are many different examples of this talk. A workshop or training session is the most
logical one of course. But also instructing your staff on new policies is an example.

Presentations to educate are often longer. Because you want the audience to remember what you
teach them, you will use more examples and go more in depth. Often, they are also more
interactive since interaction helps the understanding. What is more important than the length, is
how thorough you are on the topic.

3) To Persuade or Convince

There are a lot of presentations that have the goal of persuasion. Speakers want to convince the
audience to understand or believe their stand on a topic. Or simpler: to buy a product or service.

These types of presentations you can often see in politics. The politician wants to convince the
listener to vote for them. But you can see it as often in business. Each sales presentation is about
persuading the potential client. You want them to choose your product or service.

A persuasive speech is working towards a solution. You show the problem. Then offer the
audience the solution by presenting your views and methods. A persuasive speech offers
evidence, logic and has emotion in it.

4) To Activate

Close to persuasion is activation. These speeches present the audience with information that
makes them want to take action. Fundraising presentations are good examples, but you can see
them in politics a lot as well. Politicians want people to take action. Or vice versa, people want
politicians to take action.

To make this type of presentation work, one of the most important ingredients is to tell them
what to do. If the audience doesn’t know what to do, why would they act? Another important
ingredient is passion. You are trying to make people move. They will only do that if they feel
you believe.

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5) To Inspire or Motivate

In essence, every speaker wants to inspire. Inspiration, after all, is one of the most powerful
emotions. It is great if you are able to inspire people to think, move or change their behavior.

These types of speeches are often seen at TED Conferences. More often you see them at events
aimed at personal improvement. There are many motivational speakers there. You can also see
motivational speeches within businesses. When management is trying to inspire the staff to work
harder or better. The best examples of motivational speeches you find in locker rooms. When
coaches are trying to get their teams out on the field full of positive adrenaline.

Talks that are inspiring are often very personal. Overcoming hardship usually does very well.
But it doesn’t have to be about something bad that has happened. It can be about the future. The
speech Martin Luther King gave was about a dream. In the future. That can be just as inspiring!

6) To Entertain Know your audience:

• What is their interest likes and dislikes?
The last type of presentation is to entertain. • Are they familiar with the topic?
Everybody likes to be entertained. And one • Is their attitude hostile or friendly?
way of entertaining is to have a great • What is the size of the group?
speech. • Age range? Gender distribution?

Many of these types of presentations are

done in personal settings. When you are entertaining guests for example. Or when you are doing
a speech at someone’s (or your own) wedding. But you can see the entertaining speeches in
many places. Standup comedy, theatre, but also presentations at an opening of an event. They are
meant to entertain. To make the audience laugh and feel happy.

To make this presentation work, you have to give the audience what they are looking for: a good
feeling. Sometimes you can accomplish this by telling jokes. But be careful, not everyone has the
same humor. And especially these days, people are hurt easy.

To be able to make people feel good, you need to understand who is in the room and what makes
them tick. You need to do your research here!

Analyzing Audience and Scale:

All audience has one thing in common. They are receiving your communication. They maybe
your friends, foes, clients’ colleagues, unfamiliar faces or a medley of all these. The nature of
your audience has direct impact on the strategy you devise for your presentation. Hence it is
necessary to have some prior knowledge of the audience characteristics.

If you are going to speak before an unknown group, ask your host to organize and analyze the
audience

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Whether you present local or foreign knowledge you can expect at least some members or
cultural background affection.

Those who are not very intelligent will not appreciate your effort. For instance, people from a
particular culture may feel uncomfortable asking questions or may not reveal their feelings
through facial expressions.

If you know your audience how your audience is is likely to react, you can structure your
presentation and adapt your style to help them feel comfortable. You too are less likely to feel
distressed by their reactions.

If your audience is from your organization, you will already have information about their
characteristics. Estimate their interests, likes and dislikes, determine their degree of knowledge
of the topic, know whether there is hostility toward the topic or toward you, be aware of gender
of the group and approximate ages and consider the size and composition of the audience. All the
above steps are essential because you’ll be gearing the style and content of the speech to your
audience’s background, needs, interests and attitudes.

We communicate to inform, persuade or entertain. Whatever may be the purpose, give the
impression to your audience that you want to share their views with them. Fathom out their
experiences and knowledge of the subject matter. What do they know about the topic already?
What more will they want to know about the topic? What do I want them to know by the end of
my talk? Now prepare your material accordingly.

At the start of your presentation make eye contact with your audience. This will help you to
assess whether they are excited, resistant, hostile or dull. Always begin with a smile and greet
them in a pleasant tone.

If you get the expression that they are not interested in what you are saying try to change your
tone. Work to achieve effectiveness in your communication by responding to audience feedback.
For example, you must watch for signs that your audience wants to interact, ask questions, or
even to end your presentation.

Even though they are well educated, don’t go for words rarely used in conversation. Instead of
creating a good impression, you will only confuse or irritate them. The more meticulous you in
choice of your words, the greater are the effects of your oral presentation. If you feel that
audience is not interested in your speech, try to catch they’re by giving it a personal tinge to
which they can easily relate. Anecdotes can work wonders for wandering attention of the
audience. Remember that while a person reading a written report can review what he has read ,
skip pages and go forward , or stop to ponder the meaning of words , a listener cannot reply what
he misses when his attention wonders , since it is invite able that is attention will wonder , you
must prepare your presentation specifically for listener , even before the content is presented , the

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structure and organization of your presentation must declare , key points should be emphasized
and repeated appropriate moments .

If you are going to speak about something controverter, you have bad news, perhaps, set aside
sometimes before your presentation on those who will be affected.

This will help you to;

• Build sports
• Consider strategies.

Testing the waters before hands, so to speak will help you to find who your approach. Speak
with confidence and conversion. Make your point’s crystals easy to understand. Maintain an
attitude of alertness and confidence, encourage questions in audience presentation opportunities
to clear up any misunderstanding. In addition to an overall understanding of audience you need
to find about the presentation.

Every location has its unique physical environment, you may present in many magnificently
large editors an auditorium.

Organizing Contents:
People vary in their ability to speak confidently in public, when you face the audience, you
should expect to feel a little nervous. without a little nervous excitement, you could end up
making a dull, lifeless presentation. Always share more material than required, as this will help
you feel confident. When you get on stage since take your time to arrange your notes. Before you
start speech take a deep breath. Your first word will be sound louder. This intake oxygen will
also help you concentrate. Make eye contact with one person for a few second before you move
up on to the next. Begin with a smile by which you offer them a warm welcome that helps them
and you to relax. if you are a novice, memorize the first few sentences so that you can move
ahead easily. Arrang the contents of your presentation into three major parts namely
introduction, main body, and conclusion. In the words, say what you want to say; say it; then say
what you’ve already said,
Ways to control anxiety
• Make sure you are well-rehearsed.
Panic sets in if you are not fully prepared work on your timing. Rehearse in front of a
practice audience.
• Warm up with relaxation exercises
Relax lenses muscles with simple exercises. they will help to avoid looting nervous and
shaky
• Expect the unexpected
Accept that things may not go according to plan. Keep your hum our intact.

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Introduction:
the introduction comprises the porch or the opening statement, the aim, and the layout. The porch
can be a question, a sincere greeting, or a starting statement. This catches the attention of your
audience and prepares there to listen to the rest of your presentation. Depending upon the topic,
you can use a question, a quotation, a statement, or an even an accolated to grab the attention of
the audience. For example, if you deliver a presentation on the topic ‘the new performance
appraisal system, you can begin your presentation with the question:
what are the benefits of the newly introduced performance appraisal system? or with the
statement. The new performance appraised has bought in lot of charges.
Imagine that you are giving a presentation on the topic, the role of Emotional Intelligence in
Developing leadership skills. You can start your presentation with an anecdote similar to the
given below;
On Friday, when I was attending the meeting, I could barely control my open appreciation of
Ms. Veena, the chairperson. You may wonder why I will tell you now. She was able to resolve the
conflict between two participants amicably simply by using intelligence to understand their
emotions. Yes, friends, in today`s business world, emotional intelligence plays a very important
role in cultivating various skills – leadership skill is one among them.
After the porch, state clearly and precisely the purpose of your presentation. For instance, it can
be as pointed as this --- one reason brings me here today: to inform you about our new
performance appraised system. End your introduction by giving an overview or road map of your
presentation.
A good introduction is a vehicle to lead the audience into the main body of the speech. Consider
the following examples:
I am here to brief you about the details of this appraised system. I will start by giving a brief idea
about the earlier system and then procced to discuss the highlights if the new system.
After giving a preview, make sure that you provide a smooth transition to the main body of the
speech.
Among the highlights, let me begin with the most important one, that is , the frequency of
appraisal.

Main Body
The main body the discussion or the text parts follow the subsequent discussion and supports
your aim or specific purposes. The major points you highlighted in your opening will be
expanded upon here. In depending upon your topic and your introduction, you can choose from
any of the following organize the main body of speech.

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• Chronological:
You can have the pattern for organize the detail which you can
arrange the order in which the events occurred or approval. The entire presentation can be
arranged chronologically. This method useful for topic like the profile of your instructors the
enclosing lies of the earth and history of sports.

• Categorical:
This s one of the easiest and most commonly adopted pattern for the
entire presentation can be divided into varies topics arranged on the basic of subordination and
coordination. This can be visual for topics like the role of advertising environment production,
professional presentation etc.

• Cause or effect:

You can adopt this method whenever these exists it causes and
effect related here you have to explain the causes of due adaption and focus on the
effects. It is relevant for topic like effect of internet- boon or bane, smoking in
children etc.

• Problem Solution:

Here you divide the presentation into two parts:

In the first part describe and analysis the cause and effect of the problem after the
analysis you move to the main objective of your presentation to suggest or provide the
solution in this topic.

This is very useful and effective way for presentation. For topic like ‘papulation explanation’ this
method can be used. You can boaster your argument or ideas by providing examples, statistics,
analogy, or definition.

Resist the temptation too many points in the restrict yourself to four or five main points. You can
help your preparation by summarizing your points as you go along is a unit of thought, its
essential part of speech. Each point should be stated independent of other main points. Balance
the time accordingly.

Plan how you will bridge on link points to that you move smoothly from part of your
presentation to the next. Make use of transition expressions like therefore, because, in addition
to, apart from that, next.

Internal presentation summarizes and help not only you in understanding where you are in the
speech, but also the grasping the topic. For example: you can say, before taking your through

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the advantages of the new approval system, let me just recapitulate what I had told you about the
eliciting one. The existing appraisal system, in a nutshell, important aspects such as the
candidates, communication skills, their ability to motives their subordinates and their analytical.
This statement would servants an internal preview as well as an internal summary.

Similarly, when you say, there are four advantages:

He I had already said, having discussed the first two of them, let me move on to the third
advantages the statement would serve as a tell the audience that you have completed two and
there are two move to go.

Conclusion
You can conclude your presentation by reviewing the main points. Give
signals such as to sum up, to conclude, to review. As you conclude, remind the audience briefly
the purpose of presentation, which could be either to persuade them or to inform them. Tell them
what you want to do, think, or remember based on your presentation. You can also conclude with
quotation, tell earlier story, joke with which you commenced your presentation to bring it to a
full circle. Very often presentation followed by question period. Questions provide you with vital
feedback about the idea that you have put forth in your presentation. preparing for questions,
therefore, is as important as preparing for your presentation.
How does a presenter copy with difficult questions? This is every presenter but one every
seasoned speaker has to overcome to emerge more confident and self-assured, if a questioner
tries you up with a difficult question, maintains polite but firm attitude. Do not reveal annoyance,
but as soon as possible, divert to other members of the audience.
It is also important that you learn how to quickly divert irrelevant questions, so as to avoid
waiting everybody’s time. If any person in the audience tries to question time, you have to learn
to handle too loading that each questioner has to give a fair desire.

Preparing an outline
An outline is a mechanical framework. Outline aid the process of writing by revealing the
overview of your argument and helping you analyze it, by helping you see what is missing or out
of place, and by showing how ideas are connected.
You can put together an outline when you are excited about the project and everything is
clicking; making an outline is never as overwhelming as sitting down and beginning to write a
twenty-page paper without any sense of where it is going. An outline helps you organize multiple
ideas about a topic. Outline will help construct and organize ideas in a sequential manner and
thoughtful flow. Doing so to allow you to pick a relevant information or quotes from sources
early on, giving writers steady foundation and groundwork when beginning the writing process.
How do I write an outline?

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1. Identify your topic or thesis statement.

2. Decide what points you would like to discuss during your paper.
3. Put your points in logical, numerical order so that each point connects back to your main
point.
4. Write possible transition between paragraphs.

Your outline can be in the form of words, phrases or sentences:

1. Introduction
2. Product appearance
3. Various parts
4. Functioning
5. Facilities
6. Conclusions

You have to work out the sub headings under each or some of these main topics. But as already
said, you should ready to skip if your audience wants to do so.

Visual Aids
Our is a visually oriented society and an audience, boost their understanding of your content,
ignite an emotional response, and help you to convey important messaging but it is never a
substitute for preparation. visual aids help readers clarify and comprehend information because
they are able to develop their own perception of the content and avoid misinterpretation.
• Improves audience understanding and memory
• Serves as notes
• Provides clearer organization.
• Facilitates more eye contact and motion by the speaker.
• Contributes to the speaker credibility.
Like to hear as
The importance of visual aids:
• Increase audience interest
• Illustrate key points
• transition from any part to the next;
• Help listeners retain information
• Help your present ideas without depending on notes and
• For those not familiar with your language or accent, turn the incomprehensible into
something else.

Well as see information, someone said that the people that people trust their ears less than their
eyes. His words ring true today as well.

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When choosing visual aids select those which suit the style and content of your presentations.
Try to get visual aids for any point that sounds vague and requires discussion in detail, ensure
that it is well designed and professionally generated.
Don’t use visual aids as a verbal crutch for the speaker!
This table given below provides you some tips pertaining to the types of visual aids you may
commonly use in your presentation:
Your smile and the handshake are the nonverbal means of communication which enhance the
impact of your verbal communication. Sigmund enhanced the impact of nonverbal
communication he stated, he has the eyes to see ears to convince himself, mortal and keep it
secret if his lips are silent, he can chat with his fingertips and with every pore.
The nonverbal part of an oral presentation is not as deliberate as verbal communication that
occur without the use of word.
Nonverbal communication is with body moments space and vocal features. It is important that
we know more almost these features of body language because the verbal components of oral
communication carry less than 35 percent of the social meaning of the situation while more than
65 is carried on the nonverbal band
Body language
When a speaker presents himself, we see him before we start hearing him. Immediately we begin
developing impressions of this abilities and attitude based on the no verbal signal. This is why
body language is so critical.
Body language include every aspect of our appearance, from what you wear how to stand, look,
and move to your facial expressions and physical habits such as nodding your head, pulling your
necktie. you use space and gestures or other key concerns.

Understanding nuances of delivery

All of us have listened to more than our share of bad presentations. We have not through
presentations that were delivered so haltingly that we could not care what was being said: We
would also have come across presentations which were delivered smoothly but which had
practically for us to steep, as the presenter droned on endlessly.

What is it that makes you position bolt his attentions and interest of your audience? Your manner
of presentation, your vocal inflections, and your fancily timed pauses your facial expressions,
and your gestures. All these are part of expert delivery. Even a dull and draw topic, worn out to
be more interesting if presented well, whereas a really interesting toe may appear to be dull
because of poor delivery. So, one thing becomes clear-having something to say is not enough;
you must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys your
ideas clearly, interesting and without distracting the studious. Most audiences proffer delivery
that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation--

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directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of
communication.

There are four modes of delivery which can be used for making presentations:

• Extemporaneous
• Manuscript
• Impromptu
• Memorization

Extemporaneous
Extemporaneous presentation is by far the most popular and effective method. When
carefully prepared. When speaking extempore you must prepare the notes beforehand and
rehearse your presentation. There is no need to learn every word and line by rote: Your
presentation will sound quite spontaneous to the audience, as after thorough preparation, you are
speaking while thinking. This is the result of assiduous planning and exacting practice, where
you collect the material and organize it meticulously. Let us look at some of the positive and
negative aspects of this mode of presentation.

Advantages
• As you have enough time to prepare for the presentation, you work hard. The
theme/central idea. You can present the theme in the best possible structured way.
• Through preparation on your part makes you feel secure and you carry out your
responsibility with great aplomb. Adaptation is also possible if the need arises. In other
words, the language of any written text does not bind you. You can be flexible in your
use of language.
• The supporting material helps to present your points clearly and also adds weight to your
agreement. Appropriate selection of quotations; illustrations, statistics, etc. helps you to
substantiate your point.
• Your delivery sounds natural and spontaneous to the audience as it allows you to
establish a' rapport with the audience through more eye contact.
• It enables one to move freely, with ease.
Disadvantages
• If preparation is inadequate, you can get lost and find yourself uncomfortable.
• If you rely too much cloud start reading out from them instead of just consulting them of
reference, then your speech will lose its contentedly.

Manuscript
In manuscript presentation, material is written but and you-art suppose to read it out
aloud verbatim. You are not supposed to memorize the speech and then recollect. It's there in
front of you to read. But you should be wise enough to attempt to read a speech until you have

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become a proficient reader unfortunately, most speakers are not good readers. They make it
uninteresting reading a dull and monotonous way. However, you can overcome this problem
with consistent efforts you can may be Rehanis with a colleague.

Advantages
• It's a permanent and accurate record of whatever you have to say.
• There is no chance of tampering with the facts and figures.
• The material is organized systematically: Keep in mind the step-by-step development of
main points.
• Language gets polished because you can write and rewrite your material, until you feel
satisfied on all counts.

Disadvantages
• Since you will be reading from the manuscript, you get less time for making proper eye
contact, which is essential to feel the pulse of your audience.
• Since you are reading to the audience, you cannot talk to them. There is not much scope
either for non-verbal communication.
• Adaptation is, rather difficult, if the need arises, to give a different twist to your material.
• In the absence of effective reading skill, you fumble over words, loss your pace, and miss
punctuation marks, etc. This adds up to an uninteresting speech and loss of audience
attention.
• Conversational flavor along with vocal inflection takes a back seat here, which is a great
asset for you as a speaker.
Impromptu
The impromptu mode, as the word suggests, is what you use when you have delivered an
informal speech without preparation. For example, at a formal dinner party you may be invited to
deliver a vote of thanks. Don't panic and table something in an unmethodical way. Instead,
calmly state your topic and the preview the points you are to make. Support your points with
whatever example quotes, and anecdotes you recall at that time. Ten briefly summarize or restate
your points and end with a smile. Remember, it is not difficult for you to anticipate certain
occasions where you may be asked to speak a few words. Be as brief as possible during your
impromptu presentations.

Advantages
• You sound very natural because you do not get enough time to make any elaborate
preparation.
• You get a chance to express your thoughts irrespective of what others think or say about
that particular topic.
• You are spontaneous as you say what you feel, not what you ought to say.

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Disadvantages
• The presentation lacks organized development of ideas because of the shortage of time.
• There is no supplementary material (no data, ho statistics, no illustrations, no figures) to
substantiate the speech.
• Chances of rambling are very high, Various points may hang-loose,
• There is frequent use of vocalized pass.
• The presentation may turn out to be a failure if you have inadequate proficiency in the
language you use.
• Bear in mind that gaining a reputation for being a good impromptu speaker can do a great
deal for your career aspirations. It has been shown that there is a positive correlation
between communication effectiveness and upward mollify so do He to the challenge.

Memorization
This method of presentation is very difficult for most of us. Probably only a handful of you can
actually memorize an entire speech. Usually, you memorize only the main parts and are in the
habit of writing key words on your cards to help you out through the actual presentation. In some
cases, if you wish to quote somebody or narrate an anecdote or a joke, it's better to memorize
these for your presentations.

This type of delivery stands somewhere between extemporaneous are manuscript presentation.
Speech is written out beforehand, then committed memory and finally delivered from memory.

Advantages
• It's very easy for such-speakers to maintain an eye contact with the audience throughout
the presentation.
• The speaker can easily move and make use of appropriate non-verbal communication to
add extra value to the speech.
• It is possible to finish the speech in allotted time.
Disadvantages
• Memorization requires too much of time.
• There are chances of making it a dull and monotonous presentation because you go
exactly by whatever you have memorized.
• Even your mnemonic skills fail you if you have not rehearsed adequately. (The use of
mnemonics is explained in Chapter 8 )
• No flexibility or adaptation is possible during the speech.
• The speaker gets flustered if he forgets a word, sentence, or a whole paragraph.
• Among all the four modes of delivery, extemporaneous is the best because of its flexible
nature and its effectiveness. Hence it is always better to use and made to make your
presentations livelier effective, and memorable.

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Kinesics:
Kinesis is the name given to the study of the body physical movement. In other words, this is the
way the body communicates without words. I.e., through various movements of its parts. As is
well said by Watzlawick and his associates. You cannot communicate. You can communicate
just by being. Nodding your head, blinking your eyes, shrugging shoulders, waving the hands
and physical activities are all form of communication. Some kinesics behavior is deliberately
intended to communicate. As when your node your hand for accepting. Understanding nonverbal
cues will develop your ability to use there more effectively during your presentation.

While speaking, listening, reading or writing we consciously use to receive or send ideas. Why
do we use words? Because they are the primary forms that convey your thoughts on paper, words
remain static; punctuation marks are used to convey pauses, expressions, emotions, etc.

But in face-to-face communication the message is convey on two levels simultaneously. One is
verbal and other is nonverbal. For example, you are congratulating two of your friends on their
success in their interviews if you extend to your hand to them with a big smile on your face
along with your utterance. Congrats your appreciation Has more impact on them then the word is
isolation. Your smile and the handshake are the nonverbal means of communication which
enhance the impact of your verbal communication. Sigmund enhanced the impact of nonverbal
communication he stated, he has the eyes to see ears to convince himself, mortal and keep it
secret if his lips are silent, he can chat with his fingertips and with every pore.

The nonverbal part of an oral presentation is not as deliberate as verbal communication that
occur without the use of word.
Nonverbal communication is with body moments space and vocal features. It is important that
we know more almost these features of body language because the verbal components of oral
communication carry less than 35 percent of the social meaning of the situation while more than
65 is carried on the nonverbal band
Body language
When a speaker presents himself, we see him before we start hearing him. Immediately we begin
developing impressions of this abilities and attitude based on the no verbal signal. This is why
body language is so critical.
Body language include every aspect of our appearance, from what you wear how to stand, look,
and move to your facial expressions and physical habits such as nodding your head, pulling your
necktie. you use space and gestures or other key concerns.

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Personal Appearance

Personal appearance plays an important role; people see you before they hear you. As you adapt
your language to an audience, you should also dress appositely. Appearance includes clothes,
hair, jewelry, cosmetics, and so on. In today society the purpose of clothing has altered from
fulfilling a basic need to expressing one clothes accent the body’s movements.

You should expect appearance to be a part of the message you communicate. Plan your
appearance in such a way that it communicates effectively to others. Even before the
speaker utters his first syllable you begin to form an opinion about him and visualize the
way he is going to talk. One’s appearance may put the audience into a resistant or hostile
attitude or induce in them a receptive mood. You should be clean and well groomed,
conforming to the need of the occasion. Appearance communicates how we feel about
ourselves and how we want to be viewed.

Posture

Posture refers to the way we hold ourselves when we stand sit or walk. Novice speaker are
unsure of what to do with their body. Certain mannerisms.
creep in, usually from nervousness-pacing constantly, bobbing the shoulders, fidgeting with
notes, jingling’s coins, either constantly moving or other remaining static. Truly, what one
speaks is very important but what you do just before. You begin and after you have finished is
equally important.
You need to analyze, the effect of body shapes and posture to understand their role their role in
non-verbal communication. When you are with your friends you are probably spontaneous. You
are unaware of your posture. But when you encounter an unfamiliar situation. You become more
conscious of your posture. Stiff, unnatural position such as the big leaf. Send the message that
you are unsure of yourself and your message. Also being comfortably upright equally in
audience.

Move occasionally to hold attention, suggest transition and increase emphasis.

The way you sit, stand or walk about you.

• Slumped posture
• Erect posture
• Lean forward
• Lean backward
• Crossed arms
• Uncrossed arms

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Gesture
Gesture is the movement made by hands, arms, shoulders, and head. Gesture can add to the
impact of a speech. Well-times gesture not only drives a point but also enhances the impact and
add greater value to what is being said. Similarly, ungainly gesture (like playing with your key
chain or button) can the destroy effectiveness of the message.
Gestures clarify your ideas or reinforce them and should be well-suites to the audience and
occasion. Gestures are numerous than any other form of verbal communication and the meaning
attaches to them diverted. It has been observed that there are many as 700,000 hand gestures
alone and the message derived from them vary from individual to individual.
Gesture should not divert the attention of the listener and distract from your message. You
gesture should be quite natural and spontaneous. Be aware of it and avoid irritating gesture like
playing with a ring, twisting a keychain, clasping the hands tightly, or cracking your knuckles.
Gesture can roughly be divided into following types:
• Enumerative-numbers
• Descriptive-size of the object
• Symbolic-abstract concept
• Locative-location of the object
• Emphatic-emphasis

Facial Expression:
Along with posture and gesture, facial expressions also play an important part. The face is
the most expressive part of your body. A smile stands for friendliness, raised eyebrow for
disbelief, tightened jaw muscle for antagonism, etc. Facial expressions are used in variety of
ways: to aid or compliment your communication. The face rarely sends a single message at a
time. Instead, it sends numerous of messages-your facial expression may show anxiety,
recognition, hesitation, and pleasure in quick.
Facial expression is difficult to interpret. Though there are only five basic expressions. Also,
people tend to hide their true feelings and reveal only those expressions required at a
particular moment. The five basic expressions are:
• Inhibited – nonspontaneous
• Uninhibited – spontaneous
• Pleasure – happy with a long face
• Frozen – no change in expression
• Blank – no expression at all

Eye Contact:
The eyes are considered to be very important part. You look to the eyes of a speaker helps to
find out the truthfulness of his speech his intelligence altitudes and feelings. Eye contact is a

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direct and power full part of non-verbal communication. Your eyes are the rich source of
feedback.
Looking directly at listeners report prolongs the eye contact for three to five seconds.

PROXEMICS
Proxemics is the study of physical space in interpersonal relations. Space is reduced to
behavioral norms. The way people use space tells you a lot about them, in a professional setting,
space is used to signal power and status. For instance, the head of a company has a larger office
than more junior employees, and you, a speaker, will have in open spaces before you when
addressing an audience. Should use the psychological power of this meet your advantage.

Your gestures should be in accordance with the space available. When you have plenty of space
to maneuver, move more bodily and expand your feature. When gated air teasellers. Even her,
though, you stay reach out over the table to extend your apnea. These expresses control and
authority moving closer to no nucleons is useful to invite discussion, to express agrees PPHA
size pin Hinder. Underarm din close position when you make an important point or conclude
your presentation. This encourages lie audience to downplay the importance of your point.

You can learner gent aeolianite how to use spice to great change by: Observing dynamic,
influential speakers. It is interesting to note that like kinesis, Proxemics also has cultural
variations. A Latin American or French is likely to stand closer to another person when
conversing than an Anglo-Saxon would the same situation. Americans, addressed Growth in
close distance, may feel offended or become aggressive. Studies show that Americans unlike
many other nationals avoid close contact with one another in public places.

Edward T. Hall in his The Hidden Duran divides space into four distinct zones.

1) Intimate: This one starts with personal touch and eateries just to 18 inches (one
and a half feet). Members of the family, lovers, spouses, relatives and parents fall
under this zone. The best relationship that describes it is the mother-child
relationship. No words are spoken; if at all something is spoken, it is just some
whispering sounds. Other individuals come close for a very brief period and only
under special circumstances when they want to congratulate you, sympathize with
you, or console you. A handshake, a pat on the back, or a hug all comes into this
zone.
2) Personal: This zone stretches from 18 inches (one and a half feet) to 4 feet. Your
close friends, colleagues, peers, etc. fall in this tier. Instead of whispering sounds
or utter silence, normal talking takes place, though this zone is personal, it is quite
a relaxed and casual place. It permits spontaneous and unprogrammed
communication. Sitting or standing so close brings you closer to the listener and
gives the impression of friendliness and warmth,
3) Social events take place in this radius of 4 feet to 12 feet. In this layer,
Relationships are more official. You tend to become more formal; People are

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more cautious in their movements. You should be smart enough to conduct it a

with less emotion and more planning. Here the number of people decides whether
it should be sitting-sitting or sitting-standing position. It is through experience
that you decide which position to take. If the number of people is Tess and you
can maintain, eye contact, you could go in for a sitting position. If you have to be
authoritative and the audience is large, you can go for the sitting standing
position.
4) Public this one starts from 12 feet and may extend to. 30 feet or to the range of
eyesight and hearing Events that take place in this sortie are formal, Here the
audience views what is happening as an impartial observer. The degree of
detachment is very high: The audience is free to do whatever it feels like. Here
the speaker his to risk his voice to communicate to others purse a microphone.
Public figures like the Prime Minister of a country, for example, have to maintain
this distance for security reasons.

• PARALINGUISTICS
Paralinguistic features are non-verbal vocal cues that help you to give
urgency to your voice, your voice is your trademark; it is that part of yourself that
adds human touch to your words. Writing does not have that immediacy because
the words are static on a page. Voice gives extra life to your delivery. Therefore,
you Effective Preseason Strategies may find it useful to understand the
characteristic nuances of voice, nacre get volume, rate, pitch, articulation,
pronunciation, and pauses.

Paralinguistics are the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. These may
add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. Some definitions limit this to verbal
communication that is not words.

The 3 categories of paralanguage Nonverbal Communication

Body Language.

• Facial Expression.

• Gesture.

• Kinesics.

Quality

Quality is a characteristic that distinguishes one voice from her. Each one of us has a unique
voice and its quality depends upon its resting machan While the of one's voice cannot be

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changed; eques be and for opus impact. It may be rich and resonant, soft and alluring, thin steal,
head husky, or harsh and irritating. Very few people are nutty lead with d and resonant quality,
everybody can improve upon the quality of the voice develop it to its fullest potential. Abraham
Lincoln and Wire Cu example, adapted the quality of their voices to be cue peat costume.

Quality is the value of things relative to their purpose. Any product, service, experience or asset
can be described in terms of its quality or lack of quality. Quality includes both tangible aspects
such as features and intangible aspects such as the taste of food.

Volume

Volume is the loudness or the lines of the voice. Your voice should always project but need not
always be loud. If the place you are sprain is frost open, the volume should be high, and if the
place is mall and clow volume, should be low. If your volume is too high you may cost boots are
insensitive, whereas if it is too low you may convey an impression of cantic which has no place
in the business world. It also gives the impress that you’re not well prepared and lack the
confidence to express yourself, vary your volume so as to make your voice audible and clear One
way to improve your voice and speaking style in through carding duo Round children's stories,
giving each character a unique way of speaking, to develop vocal variety. Reciting tongue
twisters such as she sells sea shells a the censado improves diction.

Every three-dimensional object occupies some space. This space is measured in terms of its
volume. Volume is defined as the space occupied within the boundaries of an object in three-
dimensional space. It is also known as the capacity of the object.

Finding the volume of an object can help us to determine the amount required to fill that object,
like the amount of water needed to fill a bottle, an aquarium or a water tank.

Pace/Rate
Rate is the number of words which you speak per minute. It varies from person to person and
from 80 to 250 words per minute. The normal rate is from 120 to 150 Communication words.
Cultivate your puce so as to fit in this reasonable limit. If a person speaks too slowly and
monotonously, he is most likely to be considered a dull speaker even though the contents of his
speech may be highly interesting. Similarly, a fat speaker also causes discomfort because the
listeners do not get time to grasp the thoughts and switch from one thought to another. Under
these circumstances, listeners may just stop listening to you and their attention may go astray.
It is best, therefore, to vary your speaking pace. Use pauses to create emphasis. A well-placed,
varied message suggests enthusiasm, self-assurance and awareness.
Pitch
Pitch refers to the number of vibrations per second of your voice. The rise and fall of the voice
convey, various emotions, "Thank you' is such a phrase. You can find out the difference when

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you utter it in differently and when you say it with sincerity flections give warmth, luster,
vitality, and exuberance to your speech. Lowness of pitch can indicate sadness, shock, dullness,
guilt, etc. If you are excited, joyous, ecstatic, triumphant, and even angry, then your pitch,
automatically becomes high. A well-balanced pitch results in a clear and effective tone. It helps
you avoid being monotonous: Intonation refers to the rising and falling pitch of the voice when
somebody says a word or syllable. By learning and adopting an appropriate intonation pattern,
you will be able to express your intention very clearly.
Pitch is also influenced by your air supply; if you run out of air, you cannot control the pitch of
your voice. Like the strings of a guitar, if you tense the vocal cords, a higher pitch results, and if
you relax the vocal cords, a lower pitch result. Tilting your chin up or down reduces your ability
to control pitch. Use a variety of pitches to hold your listeners attention. Avoid raising the pitch
of you voice as your-end a sentence. This vocal pattern, called pitching up, makes your remarks
sound tentative or unfinished.
Articulation
Speakers should be careful not to slop, slur, chop, truncate, or omit sounds between words or
sentences. If all the sounds are not uttered properly, the flow of understanding gets interrupted
and deters the listener from grasping the meaning of the message. The result is similar to the
negative impression that written errors leave with a reader. Lazy articulation, slurred sounds, or
skipping over words will lower the credibility of the speaker Develop in yourself the ability to
speak distinctly produce the sounds in a crisp and lucid manner without causing any obfuscation.
Your audience will better understand ‘I do not know’ and ‘I want to g’o than ‘I dunno’ and ‘I
wanna go’

Voice Modulation

While intonation refers to the tonal variations, modulations, regulate, vary, or adjust the tone,
pitch, and volume of the speaking voice. Modulation of voice brings flexibility and vitality to
your voice, and you can express emotions, sentiments like impatience, careful planning,
despondency, suspicion, etc. in the best possible way. If you do not pay special attention to the
modulation of your voice, then your voice becomes flat and you merge as a languid speaker with
no command over your voice. Word stress and stress also play an important role in voice
modulation. For example, by arranging one or two words in a Sentence (e.g., in the sentence
“This company produces 60 cars every day, you can stress ‘this’ and ’50 cars’), you can
effectively, bring in modulation in your voice. If you are a novice in professional presentations, it
is better initially underlining the words that you may like to stress during your presentation. This
will help you to avoid ‘sounding dull’.

Pronunciation

If articulation means speaking out all the sounds distinctly, then pronunciation inspiring us to
speak out sounds in why that is generally accepted. The best way is to follow is British Received

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Pronunciation. (Received Pronunciation or Educated Southern British English, is a form of

English socially acceptable to all parts of the country). One should be careful enough to
pronounce individual sounds along with word stress according to the set porms. Don’t be taken
in by fancy then you know the correct pronunciation of all words. Whenever there is constant
always consult a good dictionary and try to pronounce it accordingly. Given below are few
commonly mispronounced words along with their correct pronunciation:

Word Common Error Correct pronounced

arctic ar-tic arc-tic
gesture ges-ture jes-ture
3 tier 3-tyre 3-tear
Gigantic jai-jan-tik jai-gar-tik

Pauses:
A pause is a short silence blanked by words. A pause in speaking low the frequency reflection
list message and digest it accordingly. It helps you glide from one thought to another one. It
embellishes your speech because it is a natural process to give a break. Be spontaneous, if you
become too self-conscious, this process becomes artificial. To recapitulate, oral presentation is
an art that require careful planning preparation, and a great deal of practice. This tool is both
valuable and relevant. Apart from communicating the main purpose of your presentation, they
are various factors that you need to blend inextricably to convey your message clearly. These
features are audience analysis, organization of matter preparation of an outline, nuances of
delivery, paralinguistics, and visual aids. Your aim should be to keep all these threads intact,
neither too loose nor too tight. With care and patience, you can achieve wonders with your oral
presentations.

Sample Speeches
Informative
Informative speeches are designed to impart new information, a new skill, or a fresh way of
thinking about something. Thus, an informative speaker resembles a teacher whose primary goal
is to communicate and share knowledge with an audience—to give listeners information not in
their possession prior to the presentation. Speakers deliver informative speeches when they want
to explain a process, procedure, organization, or function; when they describe a person, place or
thing; or when they define a word or concept. Most informative speeches are not controversial.
They occur in virtually all classes you take and are equally common in work and community
settings.

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› Sample Informative Speeches

Persuasive
Persuasive speeches are designed primarily to change the thoughts and/or the behaviours of
receivers. The persuasive speaker hopes to alter not only what the audience members know, but
also how they feel and/or act. Persuasive speech topics are more controversial than informative
speech topics because others may oppose what the speaker advocates. Thus, while a speaker may
deliver a speech supporting organ donation, a number of audience members may hold very
different opinions about the subject. Just because a speaker wants audience members to support
pro-choice candidates does not guarantee acceptance of the idea by listeners.

› Sample Persuasive Speeches

Introduction
Speeches of Introduction are designed to create a desire among audience members to listen to the
featured speaker. By serving, in effect, as a “warm-up” or “advance agent” for the main speaker,
you pave the way and psychologically prepare receivers for that speaker’s presentation. In a
classroom setting, speeches of introduction are often structured as an ice-breaker exercise for
students to introduce themselves.

CHRONEMICS
Chronemics is the study of how human beings communicate through their use of time. How do
you communicate with others? What does time mean to you? In order to use time as an effective
communication tool, you should understand the impact it has and then act accordingly. We
attempt to control time, trying to use it more effectively.

In the professional world, time is a valuable commodity. When you are lateen appointment,
people react negatively. If you arrive curly, you are considered; either over-eager or aggressive.
So always be on time. Through time, you! Communicate both subtly and explicitly.

People have their own 'time language'. To one person who wakes up at 8:00 a.m., 6:30 a.m. may
be early; to another, 8: 00 a.m. may be late if he wakes up at! 5:00 a.m. every day!

Time language also varies from culture to culture. In other countries, meetings usually begin well
after their appointed time. Everyone knows this. It is customary, and no one is offended by the
delay. In Scandinavia or Germany, on the other hand, strict punctuality is the rule, and tardiness
is frowned upon.

As a speaker, your awareness of schedules is a chronemic element. Good timing is crucial, and
you should rehearse a formal presentation until it is a little underline, because staying within time
limits is a, of courtesy and professionalism. If, at the beginning of your presentation, you assure
the listeners that you will be giving them time at the end of your presentation and then keep

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talking till the time is all gone, without allowing scope for the audience to respond, you will,
undoubtedly annoy the audience.

The shorter the time allowed, the more difficult the task. The more difficult the task, the greater
the need not just for careful planning and effective but also for diligent rehearsal.

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