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Chemistry Project

The document outlines an experiment aimed at calculating the percentage of fatty material in various soap samples, detailing the materials, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains the composition of soap, the cleansing action, and the limitations of using soap with hard water. The conclusion highlights that Lux International soap has the highest total fatty matter, making it the best choice for bathing.

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13 views8 pages

Chemistry Project

The document outlines an experiment aimed at calculating the percentage of fatty material in various soap samples, detailing the materials, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains the composition of soap, the cleansing action, and the limitations of using soap with hard water. The conclusion highlights that Lux International soap has the highest total fatty matter, making it the best choice for bathing.

Uploaded by

userdead2110
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTENT:

1. Aim
2. Material required
3. Theory
4. Procedure
5. Observation
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography
AIM:
To find and calculate the percentage of fatty material in different
soap samples

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Test tubes
Beaker
Different Soaps
Bunsen Burner
HCL Acid
Filter Paper
Weighing Machine
Separating Flask
 Water
THEORY:
1) Soap – soap are the sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids. The fatty
acid contains long chain of 16-18 carbon atom.
2) A long hydrocarbon chain, which is water repelling called a non polar tail.
3) Anionic part which is water attracting called hydrophobic. It is called polar tail.
4) Soap may be represent as:
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-COONa

5) Soap are also made from animals fats and vegetable oil. Fats and oils are ester
of higher fatty acids are called Glyceroids.
6) When oils and fats are heated with a solution of NaOH, they break down to
sodium salt of respective fatty acid soap and glycerol.
7) This process of making soap by hydrolysis of fats and oil with alkalis is called
saponification.
8) The soap is separated from the solution by a addition of common salt NaCL.
9) Salts is added in the soap solution to decrease the solubility of soap due to
which soap separates out from the solution in the form of solid and starts
floating on the surface.
10) The crust of soap thus formed is removed and put it in moulds to get soap
cakes.
11) The solution left behind contains glycerol and NaCL.
LIMITATION OF SOAP:
 Soap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water because of the
following reasons:
 Hard water contains salt of Ca and Mg, when soap is added to hard water,
Ca and Mg ions of hard water react with soap forming insoluble Ca and Mg
salt of fatty acids.
 2C17H35COONA + MgCL2 – (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2NaCL
 2C17H35COONA + MgCL2 – (C17H35COO)2Mg + 2NaCL
 Therefore a lot of soap is washed if water is hard.
 When hard water is used, soap forms insoluble precipitates of Ca and Mg
salt from which sticks of clothes being washed.
 Therefore it interfere with the cleaning ability of the soap and makes the
cleaning process difficult.

CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP:


1. The dirt in the cloth is due to presence of dust particle in fat or grease,
which sticks to the cloth.
2. When the dirty cloth is dipped in soap or detergent solution the soap
and dust particle come in contact with each other the non polar tails of
the soap begin to dissolve in non polar oil or grease while the polar head
part remains directed in water.
3. As more particle enter the grease each fat or oil surrounded by a
number of negatively charge polar head and the similar charge repel
each other.
4. The oil or grease droplets break off and are still surrounded by
negatively charged polar head of the soap molecule.
5. As a result the cloth get free from the dirt and the droplets are washed
away with water.
PROCEDURE:
1. Take 10 gm of quantity of each sample in which percentage of fatty
material has to be determined.
2. Prepare the solution of each soap in water.
3. Add 10 to 12 drops of HCL in each solution and heat the solution for 5 to
10 min.
4. Fatty matter float on the soap solution surface by forming upper layer
and how by filter paper are weighed for titration.
5. Now collect the fatty material from each solution by filtrate ion and
again weigh the filter including filtrate (fatty material) are dissolved in
the filterate (fatty material) in ether for calculating oil materials.
6. Now take the solution in separating flask on the surface of solution and
remove the solution except oily material.
7. Now, remaining solution is exposed in sunlight to evaporate ether from
solution. Now oily matter can be easily weighed by weighing machine.
8. The percentage of oily materials can be easily calculate by following
observation-
OBSERVATION:

S.NO. NAME WEIGHT WEIGHT OF FATTY PERCENTAGE


OF OF FILTER FILTER FATTY MATERIAL [%]
SOAP PAPER(A) MATERIAL(B) (B-A)

1. Santoor 0.3856 7.5856 7.2 72%


0.2956 7.5956 7.3
2. Lux 73%
0.3203 7.2701 7.5
3. Lux.int 0.4701 7.2701 6.8 75%
4. Lifeboy 68%
CONCLUSION:
 Soap contains alkali matter, which affects our skin and even
skin may crack.
 To maintain the oily and moisture balance on our skin, fatty
material required in soap.
 In general the fatty matter in soap is approximately 70% to
80% fatty matter below 70% made our skin dry, rough and skin
may crack where as highest percentage [%] of fatty matter
above 80% made the soap sticky and oily and washing become
very difficult.
 From the table it is clear that the Lux international is the best
soap for bathing purpose because it contain large amount of
TFM (Total Fatty Matter) or maximum percentage[%] of TFM.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Introduction of chemistry by
comprehensive.
 The complete reference chemistry by
S.Chand.
 Icbse.com

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