ODM PUBLIC SCHOOL

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

FATTY MATERIAL IN DIFFERENT SOAP SAMPLES

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

DIVYESH KUMAR SAHOO SANJIB KUMAR DAS
CLASS – XII
AISSCE – 12660478
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled "Fatty Material

in Different Soap Samples" was undertaken by Divyesh
Kumar Sahoo, a Bonafide student of ODM Public School,
Bhubaneswar, bearing AISSCE Roll Number: 12660478.
The investigatory project was carried out in accordance
with the AISSCE norms of 2024-25 and submitted to the
Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) for partial
fulfilment of the AISSCE 2024-2025 requirements.
I certify that Divyesh Kumar Sahoo has carried out this
project under my supervision and guidance. The project
work on Chemistry contains all the required information
and meets the standards and demands of the CBSE rules
and guidelines.

SIGNATURE OF INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF EXTERNAL

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby state that this project, titled "Fatty Material in Different Soap
Samples," is solely my original work. The aim of this project is to
investigate the presence of fatty materials in various soap samples.
I am deeply grateful to Mr. Sanjib Kumar Das for his invaluable guidance
and support in successfully completing this project.
Furthermore, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my parents
and friends for their constant encouragement and support throughout
this project.
I hope this project meets with approval and achieves a successful
outcome.
 CONTENT

SER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

01 CERTIFICATE 01

02 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 02

03 INTRODUCTION 04

04 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT 05

05 THEORY 06

06 PROCEDURE 07

07 OBSERVATION 10

08 CONCLUSION 11

09 BIBILOGRAPHY 12
 INTRODUCTION

Soap is a cleaning compound resulting from the

reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium and
potassium hydroxide) with a fatty acid.

Soaps are the metallic salt of long chain fatty acids.

When mixed with water during bathing or washing

they help people and clothes to get clean by
lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin
or fabric.

Soaps are made from animal fats and vegetable oils.

There are two basic steps of making soap they are
called saponification and salting-out of soap

Some people like to make their own soap.

Soap cleans very well in soft water. It is nontoxic to

water life. It can be broken down by bacteria. However, it is slightly soluble in
water, so it is not often used in washing machines it does not work well in hard
water.

It cannot be used in strongly acid solutions. Soaps are only basic enough to
remove unwanted skin oils.

For other forms of oil this washing soap is strong enough to remove almost all
forms of oil without damaging petroleum products such as plastics. It does not
damage skin either.
 AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT

To Find and Calculate the percentage of fatty

men materials in different soap samples

A detergent or Soap molecule

 THEORY
Structure of soap:
Soap contains two parts:
1. A long hydrocarbon chain, which is water repelling called a non-
polar tail
2. Anionic part which is water-attracting called hydrophobic polar
tail

Soap may be represented as:

CH2 -CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 -COONa

Soaps are also made from animal fats and vegetable oil. Fats and oils
are ester of
higher fatty acids called Glycerides.

When oils and fats are heated with a solution of NaOH, they break down
to
sodium salt of respective fatty acid soap and glycerol. This process of
making
soap by hydrolysis of fats and oil with alkalis is called saponification.

The soap is separated from the solution by an addition of common salt

NaCl.

Salts is added in the soap solution to decrease the solubility of soap

due to which soap separates out from the solution in the form of solid
and starts floating on the surface

The crust of soap thus formed is removed and put it in mould to get
soap cakes.
 PROCEDURE

10 gm quantity of each sample was taken in which percentage of fatty

material was determined

solution of each soap in water was prepared.

10 to 12 drops of HCI in each solution was added and the solution was
heated for 5 to 10 mins.

Fatty matter float on the soap solution surface by forming upper layer
and how by filter paper was weighed for titration

The fatty material from each solution was collected by filtrate ion and
again the filter including filtrate (fatty material) was weighted and was
dissolved in the filtrate (fatty material) in ether and oil materials were
calculated.

The solution was taken in separating flask on the surface of solution

and the solution except oily material was removed Then remaining
solution was exposed in sunlight to evaporate ether from solution. Then
oily matter can be easily weighed by weighing machine

The percentage of oily materials was easily calculated by following

procedure:
 LIMITATION OF SOAP
Soap is not suitable for washing clothes with hard water because of the
following reasons:
Hard water contains salt of Ca and Mg, when soap is added to hard
water, Ca and Mg ions of hard water react with soap forming insoluble
Ca and Mg salt of fatty acids

2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 ---> (C17H35C00)2Mg + 2NaCl

2C17H35COONa + MgCl2 -----> (C17H35CO0)2Ca + 2NaCI

Therefore, a lot of soap is washed if water is hard. When hard water is

used soap forms insoluble precipitates of Ca and Mg salt from which
sticks of clothes being washed. Therefore, it interferes with the
cleansing ability of the soap and makes the cleansing process difficult.
 CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAP

The dirt in the cloth is due to presence of dust particle in fat or grease,
which sticks to the cloth.

When the dirty cloth is dipped in soap or detergent solution the soap
and dust particle come in contact with each other the non-polar tails of
the soap begin to dissolve in non-polar oil or grease while the polar
head part remains directed in water.

As more particle enter the grease each fat or oil surround by a number
of negatively charge polar head and the similar charge repel each other

The oil or grease droplets break off and are still surrounded by
negatively charged polar head of the soap molecule.

As a result, the cloth gets free from the dirt and the droplets are
washed away with water
 OBSERVATION
SL NO NAME OF THE SOAP Weight of Weight of fatty Fatty Material
Filter paper material B-A
present
[A] [B]

1 Liril 0.1059 4.6058 4.5

2 Cinthol 0.4709 8.2605 7.8

3 Dettol 0.3023 7.4043 7.1

4 Dove 0.4701 8.2701 7.8

5 Pears 0.2956 6.7956 6.5

 CONCLUSION

Soap contains alkali matter, which affects our skin and even
skin may crack. To maintain the oily and moisture balance on
our skin, fatty material required in soap. In general, the fatty
matter in soap is approximately 70% to 80% fatty matter below
70% made our skin dry, rough and skin may crack whereas
highest percentage [%] of fatty matter above 80% made the
soap sticky and oily and washing become very difficult. From
the table it is clear that the Lux international is the best soap
for bathing purpose because it contains large amount of TFM
or maximum percentage [%] of TFM.
 BIBILOGRAPHY

NCERT TEXT BOOK CLASS XI

NCERT CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

www.scibd.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.shareslide.com