Peery Lesson Two een Explain the metalic bond Diferertiata betwen metals and nonmetae Describe bronze alo. Diferentate between the properties of each ofthe acids and the alas Recognize pH ane its relation with acity and basity, Describe the propetias of the salts Distinguish between acids, alkalis and salt solutions by using cherical indicators. Recognize a proto ofthe scntist Soren Sorenson © GREERDT a a + Metal + Nonmetal + Metallic bond, + Alloys. Skills : Discovery - Conclusion - Dedluction. Value : Collaboration. Issue : The environmental effects of mining. © GEES sc. Differentiate between the properties of each of the metals and ‘the nonmetals, Identify the metallic bond. Describe the formation of the alloys. Identify the importance of metals recyciing ‘What Is the relation between bronze and copper? Is copper a metal or a nonmetal ? Why are the statues not made of nonmetals ?DEC Cic ly Properties of Metals &® > The last energy level in their atoms ends with 1, 2or 3 electrons of electricity (electrical conductors) 1750) 1300 > Their melting points = Properties of Nonmetals The last energy level in their atoms ends with 5, 6 or7 electrons, with the exception of hydrogen (1 electron) and Sodium at Chlori a Ne °™ carbon (4 electrons). atom yCl > Allof them are solids, > They are either solids or except mercury gases, except bromine = element, "the only element, "the only liquid liquid metal. Marcon nonmetal. Neon > They have metallic €) “3 > They do not have luster luster (shiny). (opaque). ‘Sodium Carbon (graphite) > Malleable, ductile and > Not malleable or ductile oe formable. (brittle). Copper Sulphur > Good conductors of pytuey > Bad conductors ae 1 sig heat (thermal of heat. 1 Copper conductors). an [Speeonteeine p Sood niet oat” | oteteaticty, SI conductors Proce of rine except graphite * Piece of sulphur which is used in dry cells. Their melting points are low. are high, 2 isp Examples : Examples : = 000 * Carbon. + Sodi E750 . Sodium a J Sulphur. + Copper. F 350 + Phosphorus. +Zine, oT SG e+ Bromine. * Silver. Melting points of some metals Iodine. * Iron. and nonmetals Ore reslenl (Hammering a piece of sulphur. The piece of sulphur crumbles easily, because sulphur is a brittle nonmetal (not malleable). Qire ier? Apiece of copper . Copper is a metal can be easily shaped Because > and is malleable, into various forms. ductile and formable. Graphite is used in ‘i pl Graphite is the only manufacture of the 5 >> good electrical dry cells despite belnig a nonmetal; conductor nonmetal. Dry cell Le Tied SLU (Q7) In the shown electrical circuit : The electric bulb lights up when the ends (X) and (Y) are connected with each of a the following substances, except Mass Battery @ zine. © graphite. © phosphorus. @ silver. Electric bulb Idea of answering: «, Zine and silver are metals and are good electrical conductors. ©. The choices (@) and @) are excluded ++ Graphite is the only good electrical conductor nonmetal The choice ®) is excluded (A) The correct choice is : © 10 | Unit 1: Chemical Substances@ The table below shows the properties of 4 elements: Element Physical state Electrical conductivity Colour w Solid Bad conductor Coloured a) Solid Good conductor | Black Gas Bad conductor Colourless. @ Liquid Good conductor Coloured Which of the following represents some of these elements? ® (W): Sulphur, (Y) : Hydrogen , (Z): Bromine. ® (W): Carbon, (Y) : Hydrogen , (Z): Mercury. © (X): Carbon , (Y) : Oxygen @ (X): Sulphur , (Y) : Oxygen , (2): Mercury. , 2): Bromine. Idea of answering: *: Mercury is the only liquid metal, and bromine is the only liquid nonmetal, and the metals are good electrical conductors. «. (2) represents mercury not bromine. 2. The choices @ and @ are excluded. “+ Carbon is a solid nonmetal that is a good conductor of electricity and is black in colour. 1. (X) represents carbon. ©. The choice (6) is excluded. A) The correct choice is : ©) + Important terms ... * Important comparisons ... + Important explanations ... + Important diagrams ... + Important conclusions ... Comprehensively in the Note book Lesson’: MetalsandNonmetals | 11The atoms of solid metals are gathered in an arrangement known as metallic crystal lattice, where they exist in the lattice as cations (positive ions) surrounded by a cloud of free-moving valence electrons. The attraction force between these positive metal ions (cations) and the surrounding negative valence electron cloud is known as the metallic bond. a, ger Copper metal The crystal lattice Metalllic bond of copper metal 1 Metallic Bond + The attraction force between the positive metal ions and the negative valence electron cloud which surrounds them. ‘Some physical properties of metals are attributed to (due to) the fact that their atoms bind together through metallic bonds. The metallic bond is responsible for the metals hardness and their high melting points. As the number of valence electrons in the metal atom increases, the strength of its metallic bond also increases, consequently, the metal is harder and its melting point is higher, as illustrated in the following table: Metal Sodium «Na Magnesium +Mg+ Aluminum . Al —* @e. 9: <1 99°39 0900 00:69 ‘oo “eo “Oo: Melting 98°C 650°C 660°C point “or itusraton a The strength of the metallic bond increases with increasing the number of the valence electrons of the metal Chemical Substanceseo + Pure metals are soft, almost unfit for the industrial uses, therefore, one metal melt or more is added to another metal melt to form what is known as an alloy, whose properties are differ from the properties of the original elements forming it. + Alloys are mixtures not compounds, Alloy: thus most of them are not expressed in Amixture composed of the melts molecular formulas. of two or more metals. Bronze alloy : f Components It is composed of copper (95%) and tin (5%) Properties Itis characterized by being harder than copper and resistant to rusting (does not rust) Uses Pie Itis one of the well known alloys used in jewellery, ‘ofbronze. medals and statues. Life Application : Metal Recycling Recycling 1 The process of the conversion of the wastes into new usable substances. ‘Some metals, such as copper, aluminum and iron, are recycled for the following reasons : 1 2 3 Decreasing of | ifficulty of |_- The lower cost their abundance extracting _—of recydling them (percentage) them from compared to. Sauce inthe Earth's theirores. _—_-extracting them crust. from their ores. Lesson 1: Metals andNoametals | 13,Test ? Your, Understanding pa @ Choose the correct answer : (1) What is the similarity between metals and nonmetals ? @ They do not have metallic luster. @® They are good conductors of heat. © They are malleable, ductile and formable. @ The last energy level in their atoms is not filled with electrons. (2) All the following are properties of graphite, except that it @is brittle ®is a bad electrical conductor nonmetal. @is black in colour. @ does not have metallic luster. (3) The liquid element that has metallic luster is @ mercury. @® bromine. © lithium. @ chlorine. (4) If the hardness of sodium ,,Na on the hardness scale is 0.5, then the hardness of aluminum ,,Al is @oA1 ®025 ©0s5 @275 (5) The bronze alloy is formed by adding a small percentage of metal (X) to metal (Y). Which of the following identifies the metals (x) and (Y)? @ (X): Copper, (Y): Tin. ® (X): Copper, (Y): Sulphur. © (X): Sulphur, (Y): Copper. (X): Tin, (Y): Copper. @ Give reason: The melting point of magnesium is higher than that of sodium. 14 | Unit 1 - chemical Substances@ Choose the correct answer for the questions from (1): (5). (1) All the following are properties of sodium element, except @ a metal (© has metallic luster. © bad electrical conductor. @ formable. (2) Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the hardness of sodium ,,Na, magnesium ,.Mg and aluminum ,,Al ? @Na > Mg > Al @DAI> Mg> Na ©Mg > Na>Al @Al> Na>Mg (3) Element (X) its boiling point is 2807°C and its melting point is 1064°C Which of the following is a property of element (x)? @) Bad electrical conductor. ® Brittle. © Duetile @ Opaque. (4) Which of the following questions helps in the classification of some elements to metals and nonmetals ? @ Is it solid 2 (Is it liquid ? ©)ls it coloured ? @Isit brittle ? (5) What is the common property of both sodium and copper ? @ Colour. ® Density. hysical state. © Metting point. @ © Compare between metals and nonmetals, in terms of: * Electrical conductivity. + Malleability, ductility and formability. + Metallic luster. © The opposite figure illustrates the composition of the bronze alloy: (1) What are the elements (X) and (Y) ? (2) Why are alloys preferred to be used more than the pure metals ? ‘Lesson 1: Metals and Nonmetalsg © The table below shows the properties of 3 elements (a metal, a nonmetal and ametalloid) without order: Element Properties (x) |+ Solid atroom temperature. + Shiny. + Brittle. + Heat conductor. (Y)__|+ Solid at room temperature. + Shiny. *Soft. __* Electrical conductor. e | Solid at room temperature.» Opaque * Brittle + Bad electrical conductor. Identify the metal and the nonmetal of these elements, with explanation. (ele eer col ) (Answered GB Write the scientific term for each of the following statements : (1) Elements that have metallic luster and are good conductors of heat and electricity. (2) Brittle elements that are not malleable or ductile or formable. (3) Anonmetallic element that is a good conductor of electricity. (4) The attraction force between positive metal ions and the negative valence electron cloud which surrounds them. (5) A mixture composed of the melts of two metals or more. (6) The process of the conversion of the wastes into new usable substances Choose the correct answer: (1) The last energy level of metal atoms contains @ 1: 3 electrons. © 3:5 electrons. ©5:7 electrons. @ 8 electrons. (2) Which of the following represents pure silver element ? @ Soft, conducts heat, opaque. (®) Conducts heat, has metallic luster, brittle. © Soff, conducts heat, has metallic luster. @ Conducts electricity, opaque, brittle Element with metallic luster (3) Based on the opposite diagram Which of the following represents magnesium element ,.Mg? @(A). ®@) ©(C). @(). (a) 16 | Unit 1 : Chemical Substances(4) The liquid element which is bad conductor of heat and electricity is bromine. ® chlorine © mercury. @ lithium. (5) In the opposite electrical circuit : ins Which of the following substances, when connected to the points (A) and (B), will ight the bulb ? @ Graphite and sulphur. ) Sulphur and copper. a) © Graphite and aluminum raphite and bromine, | Per @ 7®) (6) The metallic bond exists between @ atoms of different metals. (® atoms of the same metal. © positive ions and negative ions. _@ atoms of metals and hydrogen. (7) The strength of the metallic bond increases with the increasing the number of the @ protons in the nucleus. ® valence electrons. © energy levels. @ neutrons in the nucleus. (8) The hardest element of the following is @ Al ®,Cl © Ma @ Na (9) Copper is a component of the bronze alloy, its percentage is @5% © 15% © 65% @ 95% (10) Which of the following describes the metal that is not preferred to be recycled 7 . Its percentage in Ease of extraction from Chielces the Earth's crust its ores Cost of recycling @® High Easy Medium © Low Difficult High © Low Difficult Low @ Medium Difficult High Choose from column (B) what suits it in column (A): (a) (8) (1) Carbon —_| (4) Itinters in the composition of the bronze alloy with a small (2) Mereury percentage. (3) Tin (2) A liquid element that is a bad conductor of heat (4) Sulphur —_| (3) A brittle nonmetal that is a bad conductor of electricity. (4) A brittle nonmetal that is a good conductor of electricity. (5) A liquid element with metallic luster. Fatal poteot [17g Complete the following statements : (1) The outermost energy level of most nonmetallic elements contains more than electrons and less than electrons. 2) The elements are bad conductors of heat and electricity, except which is a good conductor of electricity. @) are characterized by being ductile, malleable and formable, while are characterized by being brittle (not ductile or malleable or formable) (4) As the number of valence electrons of the metal atom , the strength of its metallic bond (5) The bronze alloy is formed by adding metal to metal. Gi Mark (V) or (x) for each statement, with correction : (1) Lithium and sulphur can be differentiated by electrical conductivity. (2) Sodium is a soft metal with a melting point lower than that of nonmetals. (3) Sulphur is used in dry cells, (4) Bromine is a liquid element with metallic luster. (5) Magnesium is harder than sodium because the number of valence electrons in magnesium is less than that in sodium. a) (6) The hardness of a metal and its high melting point are due to the bonding of its atoms with each other by ionic bonds. () (7) Pure gold metal is harder than gold alloys. () Give reasons for each of the following : (1) Magnesium ,.Mg is a metallic element, while sulphur ,,S is a nonmetallic element. (2) Graphite is used in dry cells despite being a nonmetal (3) A piece of sulphur easily crumbles when hammered, while it is difficult to fragment a piece of iron (4) Aluminum ,,Al is harder and has a higher melting point than sodium ,,Na (5) Alloys are preferred to use in industry instead of pure metals (6) The bronze alloy is used in jewellery and statues instead of copper metal. (7) Recycling some metals. A What is meant by each of the following : (1) Metals. (2) Nonmetals. (3) Metallic bond. (4) Alloys. (5) Metal recycling. Gl What happens when: (1) A piece of sulphur is hammered. (2) The number of valence electrons in metal atoms increases “In order to: Their melting points" (3) A metal melt is added to another metal melt. 18 Chemical SubstancesEd Choose the odd word out, then state the relation between the rest: (1) Magnesium / Copper / Mercury / Silver. (2) Lithium / Sodium / Calcium / Carbon. (3) Aluminum / Nitrogen / Hydrogen / lodine. (4) Graphite / Sulphur / Chlorine / Oxygen State one difference between each of the following: (1) Sulphur and copper. 2) Sodium and graphite. (3) Zinc. and phosphorus. Compare between each of the following: (1) Metals and nonmetals "In terms of: Number of electrons in the outermost energy level - Physical state - Metallic luster - Thermal and electrical conductivity - Formability - Melting point." (2) Mercury and bromine "In terms of: Type of element - Physical state - Metallic luster.” (3) Carbon and copper "In terms of: Type of element - Thermal conductivity - Electrical conductivity." Study the following figures, then answer the questions: @) I the opposite figure What happens to illuminate the bulb, with explanation when the substance (X) is replaced with each of the following : (1) A piece of graphite Dry battery 2) Apiece of sulphur. recoils clip Subwanse 00 (@) From the opposite figure: (1) What does the figure represent ? (2) What is the name of the element from which part (A) is made? What is its important property? “ (@) From the opposite figure: @ ©. or 3 @ What does the figure represent ? o@ $0 And what is its effect on silver metal? @ Variant questions : q @ State the properties of each of the following: (1) Metals. (2) Nonmetals. @ State the importance of each of the following: (1) Graphite. (2) Bronze allloy. @ The metallic bond is responsible for the hardness of metals, State the relation between the number of valence electrons in the metal atom and both the hardness and the melting point of this metal. Lesson: 19© tiher-order auestions IEEE Choose the correct answer: (1) Sulphur ,, element differs from calcium .,Ca element in all the following, except @ physical state. ® ductility and malleability. © thermal conductivity. @ metallic luster. (2) The properties of some different substances are recorded in the following table: Substance (1) Substance (2) Substance (3) Substance (4) Physical staté)| ‘Solid Solid | Liquid | Brittle solid Colour Shiny gray White | Silver Black Electrical Good conduciniy | C204 Conductor Bad conductor Good conductor Gr ettor | Which of the following are metals ? @ Substances (1), (2) @ Substances (2), (4). © Substances (1), (3). @ Substances (3), (4), (3) The element (X) is shiny and can be hammered into sheets. Which of the following describes the properties of element (X)? Choices Goodelectrical conductor Melts at a temperature below 25°C ® v v ® | v x © x v @® x xK (4) Which of the following elements contains a metallic bond ? @ Carbon. ® Oxygen. © tron. @ Nitrogen. (5) Which of the following represents the composition of a solid alloy 2 @0 o & @ 2°50 & oe @ ® i Give reasons : (1) Some metals are used in making cooking utensils. (2) Some electrical wires are made of aluminum. (3) Jewellery is made of some metallic elements. 20 Chemical Substances‘Lesson Terminology + Atomic group (Polyatomic). + Acid, + Akal + Oxyacie + Acidic oxide. + Bose «Acid rain. B incuded Sls Values nd isues + Skills: Discovery - Prediction - Process. + Values : Appreciation of scientists - Collaboration. « Issue : Economic effect of acid rain, 2 cross cuting Concent * Cause and Effect. Wesson objectives: By the end ofthe lesson the student should be able to || Identify Atomic (polyatomic) groups. 2. Conclude the molecular formulas of acids and alkalis. 3. Name the molecular formulas of the acids by knowing the names of their onions 4, Distinguish between acids and alkalis by using two litmus strips, 5, Recognize the difference between acids and alkalis, 4. Recognize the relation between metal and nonmetal oxides and each of acids ond alkalis 7. Compare between the electrical conductivity of each of strong acids and weok acids 8. Recognize the harmful impacts of the acid rain Cation (from a metal) or Anion (from a nonmetal). > The following are examples of some cations and anions : Cations (positive ions) Anions (negative ions) (Metallic element ions) (Nonmetallic element ions) Lithium iz wf Fluoride r Sodium. Nat* Potassium Kt Chena Silver. Ag” Bromide Magnesium, Mg” lodide Calcium Ca* Zinc Zn* Oxide Barium Ba* Sulphide Aluminum . AP A Take care: " -All nonmetallic element ions end with the suffix (-ide). : «The hydrogen cation H’ is the only positive ion derived from a nonmetallic element. Atomic Group + An ion that composed of more than one atom of more than one element is referred to as a polyatomic ion or an atomic group. Atomic group 1H An ion composed of more than one atom of more than one element. Hydroxide ‘group * The atomic group carries a number of positive or negative charges 22 | Unit 1 chemical SubstancesExamples of some atomic groups and their molecular formulas Atomic group Molecular formula | Atomic group Molecular formula Hydroxide oH Carbonate Nitrate NO, Sulphate Nitrite No, Sulphite Bicarbonate HCO,” Chlorite ao, Phosphate Po Ammonium NH, I” Asimple method to remember the charges of the atomic groups to be studied Phosphate 3 specific atomic groups Other group (Carbonate, Sulphate, Sulphite) atomic groups ‘ y Y | Except ammonium: 3 -2 i [=e & Take care: Ammonium group is the only positively charged atomic group that you should know this year. Paw e The scientist Arrhenius clarified that : Acids @ ‘ ®& Alkalis F/I ) Substances that w Substances that dissolve in water and dissolve in water and give positive hydrogen ping give negative hydroxide ions H* ions OHT Lesson 2: Acidsand alalis | 23poy Names of ac > The name of the acid is related to the name of, » The anion which composes it, whether it is : + An anion of one of the nonmetallic elements (excluding oxygen). * An anion of one of the negatively charged atomic groups, (excluding hydroxide group), * The acids which are composed of atomic groups containing oxygen are called oxyacids. As illustrated below : Acids that do not contain oxygen Acids that contain oxygen (Oxyacids) The name begins with a word The name begins with the name composed of the prefix"hydro", then _of the anion (The negatively charged the name of the anion, followed by atomic group), followed by the word “acid” the word "acid" With * Replacing the suffix (-ide) of * Replacing the suffix (-ate) of the anion the anion with the suffix (-ic) with the suffix (-ic) in the acid in the acid. * Replacing the suffix (-ite) of the anion with the suffix (-ous) in the acid + Prefix : Letters added at the beginning of a word. + Suffix : Letters added at the end of a word. Application > } ,y 7 ~y Chloride ~'%©) Hydrochloric | Hydrogen‘ |, Nitrate -ate ( anion “ acid cation ‘F) anion “Gye? Nitricacid Hydrogen ‘, Nitrite - ite ( cation IF) anion pap Nitroysacia 24 | Unit 1 - chemical SubstancesWriting the Molecular Formulas of A > The molecular formula of an acid begins with i a) the symbol of ----» Hydrogen cation H* } Followed by...» the symbol of the anion of the element, or the formula of the anion of the atomic group } It should be noted that : * The number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule of the acid equals the magnitude of the charge of the anion (or atomic group) that forms it * The total charge of the acid equals zero. Sulphurous acid Hydrogen Sulphite cation anion | Ww + Hydrobromic acid J | oe | we ut 3 hei Hydrogen Bromide }| | cation anion BaD, + me) ower = zero Ta («3 off] [2x (+1) + (-2)] zero Jota HBr [@1) + (A)] = zero Total Phosphoric acid charge a Hydrogen Phosphate cation anion ARO, [3x(41) + (3) = — zero a * The following table shows examples of some acids that do not contain oxygen and the anions which compose them , Name of the compound in Name of the compound in ee an the gaseous state solution form (Name of the acid) Chloride Cr Hydrogen chloride HCl Hydrochloric acid HCl Bromide Br Hydrogen bromide HBr Hydrobromic acid HBr Sulphide s? Hydrogen sulphide H,S Hydrosulphuric acid H,S eo paleo 2+ The following tables show examples of some anions and their oxyacids : Anions ending with the suffix (ate) oii ae anions Nitrate * NO, > Nitric acid Sulphate... $92 —+ Sulphuric acid —. Phosphate Po; —+Phosphoric acid Anions ending with the suffix Nitrite Sulphite fe led Lue rl Acids of these anions (ite ) | rave the sume “NO, + Nitrous acid SO} — Sulphurous acid (ic) “HINO, - 1,80, HPO, (ous) ~ HNO. » - H,SO, Q) Write the formula and name of the acid that contains each of the following anions : (1) lodide I- (2) Carbonate Co, (3) Chlorite C10,- Anion Acid formula Acid name (1) lodide 1- HI Hydroiodic acid (2) Carbonate Co, HCO, Carbonic acid (3) Chlorite Clo, HCIO, Chlorous acid [[ the importance of acids in our lives ) Acids play an important role in the human body, including : 1 Hydrochtoric acid Itis secreted by the stomach, which participates in food dige: stion. 26 | Unit 1 « chemical Substances2 Lactic acid It provides the muscles with the necessary energy during their lack of oxygen however, its accumulation in the muscles causes muscle cramps. ty Names of Alkal b The name of the alkali is related to the name of ------» The cation which composes it (excluding hydrogen cation), As illustrated below : > The name begins with the name of the cation, followed by the word hydroxide. {© Application : sodium hydroxide. wri \g the molecular formulas of alkal \ The molecular formula of the alkali ends with the formula of » The hydroxide anion OH ) It should be noted that : * The number of hydroxide groups in the alkali molecule equals the magnitude of the charge of the cation (or the atomic group) that composes it * The total charge of the alkali equals zero. {© Application —{ Calcium hydroxide Calcium, cation [(42) + 2x(A)] = zero S Lesson 2: Acidsand alalis | 27+ The following table shows examples of some alkalis and the cations which compose them: Cation Alkali molecular formula Alkali name Sodium Nat NaOH Sodium hydroxide Magnesium Mg* Mg(OH), Magnesium hydroxide ‘Ammonium NH,* NH,OH ‘Ammonium hydroxide A Take care: When the hydroxide anion is repeated in the molecular formula of the alkali, ; the ion is written in brackets and below it is the number indicating the number | Of repetitions. Test ? Your, Understanding) 4 Pz @ Choose the correct answer : (1) Which of the following atomic groups carries the same charge as hydroxide group ? @ Ammonium. © Nitrate. © Sulphate. @ Phosphate. (2) The combination of hydrogen with each of the following nonmetals produces acids, except @ chlorine. ® bromine. © oxygen @ iodine. (3) The compound HBr in its gaseous state is known as @ hydrogen bromide. @® bromide hydride. © hydrobromic acid @ hydrobromide acid. (4) Each of the following is a correct name of acids, except @HNO, nitric acid ®H,CO, carbonic acid. @ Hi hydroiodic acid. @ HPO, phosphoric acid (5) What is the molecular formula of the acid secreted by the stomach and participates in food digestion ? @ HBr ©H,sO, @H,s (6) Each of the following is a molecular formula of an alkalis, except @NaOH (HOH ©Me(OH), @NH,OH @ What are the consequences of the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles ? 28 Chemical SubstancesSeer ne There are many acids and alkalis in your home Acids Examples of acidic substances = + Lemon. + Ketchup + Grapes. -~ An acid Is a substance whose dissolution in water increases the percentage of hydrogen cations H* in the solution Alkalis Examples of alkaline substances : + Detergents. + Toothpaste + Baking soda. An alkali Is a substance whose dissolution in water increases the percentage of hydroxide anions OH~ in the solution. Applications Dissolution of hydrogen chloride gas in water + When hydrogen chloride gas HCl dissolves in water, H* cations and Cl- anions are formed + When sulphuric acid H,SO, dissolves in water, H* cations and SO} anions are formed. Dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water + When sodium hydroxide NaOH dissolves in water, Na‘ cations and OE anions are formed. * When magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH), dissolves in water, Mg”* cations and OI anions are formed. ids and alkalis | 29It is clear from the previous that The dissolution of all acids in water The dissolution of all alkalis in water leads to an increase in the percentage leads to an increase in the percentage of II" cations in the solution, which are of OH anions in the solution, which are responsible for all the properties of acids, responsible for all the properties of alkalis, such as the effect on blue litmus strip such as the effect on red litmus strip _How can you differentiate between 2 An acid solution and an alkali —H < ~* solution by using litmus strips. Acid solution Alkali solution Turns blue litmus strip to red Tums red litmus strip to blue Sodium Hydrochloric hydroxide acid solution Blue litmus Red litmus strip strip Evaluate Your Understanding Which of the following solutions : NaOH HCI NaCl HNO, Ca(OH), (4) Tums blue litmus strip to red (2) Turns red litmus strip to blue. 30 | Unit 1; Chemical Substances+ Acids and alkalis conduct electricity to variant degrees according to their strength , acids can be classified according to their ability to conduct electricity into : Strong acids Weak acids Acids that are good electrical Acids that are bad electrical conductors. conductors. Examples +Hydrochloric acid. —_« Nitric acid. + Vinegar (dilute acetic acid) + Sulphuric acid +Nitrous acid.» Sulphurous acid. Question 2 Answer (@ Compare between the electrical conductivity of sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide, with an explanation. (A) The electrical conductivity of sodium hydroxide is stronger than that of ammonium hydroxide, because sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali, while ammonium hydroxide is a weak alkali Reaction of acids with alkalis salt > Acids ——>| react —with—> alkalis ——> forming» J een) Water D Application Hydrochloric acid HCI reacts with sodium hydroxide NaOH forming sodium chloride NaCl and water H,O A Take care: ; Acids do not react with each other, and likewise, alkalis do not react with each } other.@ Medical Application Milk of magnesia is used as a temporary treatment to neutralize gastric acidity, as it contains magnesium hydroxide Me(OH), Metals and Nonmetals Oxides When a metallic or nonmetallic element burns in the presence of oxygen, a compound is formed known as an oxide. There are several types of element oxides, including : Metal oxides Oxides produced from the buming of metals in the presence of oxygen are mostly known as basic oxides and what dissolves in water form alkalis Basic oxides Metal oxides, some of which dissolve in water forming alkalis. Applications Magnesium burning Magnesium burning forms magnesium oxide MgO, which dissolves in water forming magnesium hydroxide solution Mg(OH), which turns red litmus strip to blue Nonmetal oxides Oxides produced from the burning of nonmetals in the presence of oxygen are mostly known as acidic oxides, which dissolve in water forming acids Acidic oxides Nonmetal oxides that dissolve in water forming acids. Sulphur burning Sulphur burning forms sulphur trioxide SO, , which dissolves in water forming sulphuric acid solution H,SO, Which tus blue litmus strip to red Take care db Metal oxides react with acids but they do not react with alkalis 32_| Unit 1: Chemical Substances Nonmetal oxides react with alkalis but they do not react with acidsBurning of fossil fuels (such as petrol and coal) in cars, power plants (power stations), and factories causes the evolution of acidic oxides such as nitrogen dioxide NO, and sulphur dioxide SO, The dissolution of these oxides in atmospheric water vapour and their accumulation in the clouds leads to precipitation (falling rains) known as acid rains ~~ Acid Rains _— Rain resulting from the dissolution of acidic oxides in atmospheric | | water vapour. i Harmful impacts of acid rains Acid rains cause severe damage, including : f ol 3. Corrosion of buildings. \ , & || 4. Health problems in the human respiratory system. "the = Impact of acid rain on statues.Test 9 Your Understanding) 2 pa @ Choose the correct answer : (1) The ion present in lemon juice that causes the colour change in litmus strip is @NH, ®o~ © @ On (2) Which of the following is a property of sodium hydroxide 2. @ It dissolves in water, producing H" ions. © Its aqueous solution turns blue litmus strip to red. © Its solution reacts with hydrochloric acid forming salt and water. @ Its solution reacts with lithium hydroxide solution forming salt and water. (3) The red litmus strip turns blue when placed in each of the following, excee @ oven cleaner. @ ketchup © toothpaste. @ baking soda solution. (4) What is the substance which dissolves in water and turns it into an alkaline solution ? @ MgO ®so, @No, @co, (5) Which of the following oxides, when dissolved in atmospheric water vapour, produces acid rains ? @s0, ®eao @Na,o @Mgo @How can you differentiate between nitric acid and nitrous acid ? Chemical SubstancesQuestions ip) le SL asa ed @ Choose the correct answer for the questions from (1): (5). (1) If the anion which composes the acid HCIO is called hypochlorite, then the acid is called @ hypochlorous acid. yypochloric acid. © perchloric acid. hlorous acid. (2) What is the ion whose percentage in the solution increases when an acidic oxide dissolves in water ? @u ®ow ©cr @Na* (3) Element (x) forms the oxide XO which reacts with acids Which of the following represents (x) and XO ? @ (X): Metal, XO: Acidic oxide ® (Xx): Nonmetal, XO: Acidic oxide. © (x): Metal, XO: Basic oxide. @ (X): Nonmetal, XO: Basic oxide. (4) On dissolving calcium oxide in water, and placing two litmus strips in the solution, the colour of one of them changes into @red © purple © blue @ yellow. (5) Which of the following are properties of solid sodium hydroxide ? @ It dissolves in water, and reacts with HCI acid. © It dissolves in water, and does not react with HCI acid © It does not dissolve in water, and does not react with HCI acid. @ It does not dissolve in water, and reacts with HCI acid. @ Write the names of the following acids and alkalis: (1) H,co, (2) HF (3) MeOH), (4) LiOH © Write the chemical formula of each of the following compounds : (1) Sulphuric acid (2) Sodium hydroxide © Can the type of potassium hydroxide solution be identified by using the blue litmus strip ? Explain. © Element (x) oxide has the following properties : + It can react with acids. + It does not react with alkalis. Is element (x) sulphur or copper ? Explain. Lesson 2: Acidsand alalis | 38g @ The opposite figures show the same statue left in open air for nearly 100 years Why did the details of the statue disappear according to what you have studied ? Questions Bank of Write the scientific term for each of the following statements : + The molecular formulas of acids and thelrimportance (1) An ion composed of more than one atom of more than one element. (2) A scientist who clarified that alkalis are substances that dissolve in water and give (produce) hydroxide ions. (3) Acids produced from the combination of hydrogen with one of the negatively charged atomic groups, excluding hydroxide group. (4) An acid secreted by the stomach that participates in food digestion (5) An acid formed in the muscles of the body during their lack of oxygen, causing muscle cramps Properties of acids and alkalis (6) Asubstance whose dissolution in water leads to an increase in the percentage of H' cations in the solution (7) Asubstance whose dissolution in water leads to an increase in the percentage of OH anions in the solution (8) Acids that are good electrical conductors. (9) Metal oxides, some of which dissolve in water forming alkalis. (10) Nonmetal oxides that dissolve in water forming acids. (1) Rains which result from the dissolution of acidic oxides in the atmospheric water vapour. Choose the correct answer: — Themolecular formulas of acids and thelr importance (1) All the molecular formulas of the following ions are correct, except @ sulphate so,7- (® phosphate PO,>> © hydride OH” @ nitrite No, (2) Which of the following expresses sulphite and nitrate ions respectively ? @so;,NO, ®s0,; ©s0,°,No, @s0,,No;> 36 | Unit 1 ; Chemical Substances(3) The structures of all the negative atomic groups which you have studied include @ hydrogen element. © oxygen element. © nitrogen element. @ sulphur element. (4) Carbonate group and sulphate group are similar in @ charge and number of elements only. © charge and number of atoms only. © number of elements and number of atoms only. @ charge, number of elements and number of atoms. (5) The molecular formula of hydrochloric acid is @ucl ®HCIO @©UuCIO, @UHCIO, (6) The correct name of H,SO, acid is @ sulphuric acid. ® hypochloric acid. © sulphurous acid @ hypochlorous acid. (7) Which of the following is the correct formula for an oxyacid ? @1,0,8 ®HS ©H,so, @ SO (8) Acids can contain the following atomic groups, except @ carbonate group. ® sulphate group. © nitrate group. @ hydroxide group. (9) Each of the following expresses the compound H,S, except @ it is known as hydrogen sulphide in its gaseous state ® it is known as hydrosulphuric acid in its solution form. © its cation carries two positive charges. @ its anion carries two negative charges. L Properties of acids and alkalis (10) Which of the following substances are acids ? @ Lemon and baking soda. (©) Ketchup and grapes. © Soap and toothpaste. @ Detergents and ketchup. (11) The ion which is responsible for the acidic properties is @Nut ®or on @on- (12) Each of the following expresses the solution of HI acid, except @ gas dissolved in water. (it turns blue litmus strip to red. © it reacts with HCI acid. @it contains H* ions. (13) Dissolving sulphuric acid H,SO, in water produces @ H' cations and SO,” anions. (®H’ cations and $,0,7 anions. © H" cations and S*-anions. @H' cations and SO,” anions. Lesson. ids and Alkalis 37g (14) The alkaline solution which is poured in the clogged drains to clear them is likely tobe @ua ®u,O @Nacl @NaOH (15) All the following acids are strong, except @nitric acid. acetic acid. © sulphuric acid \ydrochloric acid (16) Each of the following is a weak electrical conductor, except @ ammonium hydroxide. © sulphurous acid © sodium hydroxide. @ nitrous acid. (17) The compound which is used in antacids is @ MeCl, ® MeOH), ©H,Co, @ NaCl (18) Among the basic oxides is @ so, ®so, ©No, @Na,O (19) All the following are properties of alkalis, except @ they contain OH ions. ® they turn red litmus strip to blue. © they can react with sodium hydroxide solution. @ they can react with hydrochloric acid solution. (20) When hydrochloric acid HCI reacts with sodium hydroxide NaOH, the formed salt is @ NaCl, ®H,0 ©Na,O @NaCl (21) Among the oxides produced from burning fossil fuels are @S0,,Na,0_ (@)MgO,Ca0_—— ©NO,,, SO, @Na,O, SO, (22) All the following are harmful impacts of acid rains, except @ destruction of forests. destruction of the human digestive system. © corrosion of buildings. @ death of aquatic organisms. Complete the following statements : ~~ The molecular formulas of acids and theirimportance a group has a positive charge, while the charge of group is -3 (2) The molecular formula of an acid begins with the symbol of cation, while the molecular formula of an alkali ends with the symbol of anion. (3) Hydrogen cation combines with sulphite anion to form an acid known as with the molecular formula (4) The compound HI in its gaseous state is known as , While its name in its solution form is (5) Hydrobromic acid is composed of cation and anion. 38 Chemical SubstancesProperties of acids and alkalis (6) Lemon is , While the grease cleaner is (7) When acids dissolve in water, the percentage of cations in the solution increases, while when alkalis dissolve in water, the percentage of anions increases (8) The gas dissolves in water forming cations which are responsible for the properties of acids and CI” anions. (9) is a strong alkali, while is a weak acid. (10) Oxides are divided into oxides and oxides. (n) bums forming SO, which dissolves in water to form solution. (12) The dissolution of oxides in water forms acids, while the dissolution of oxides in water forms alkalis. (13) Metal oxides can react with but they do not react with (14) When an acid reacts with an alkali, and are produced. GB Mark (7) or (x) for each statement, with correction : «Molecular formulas of acids and theirimportance (1) All nonmetallic element ions end with the suffix (— ate) ( (2) The bicarbonate and nitrate groups are similar in the number of atoms and the charge. ( (3) The symbol of aluminum cation is Al**, while the formula of ammonium group is NH,*~ ( (4) The acid which contains chlorite anion C10, is known as chloric acid ( (5) The molecular formula of nitric acid is HNO,, while the molecular formula of sulphuric acid is H,S ( (6) The stomach secretes lactic acid which participates in the food digestion. ( — Properties of acids and alkalis (7) When lithium hydroxide dissolves in water, the percentage of OH cations in the solution increases. ( (8) s* anions in H,,S acid solution are responsible for its acidic properties. ( (9) Acids and alkalis conduct electric current to variant degrees depending on their strength. ( (10) Milk of magnesia contains MgO ( (1) NO, is an acidic oxide, while SO, is a basic oxide. ( (12) When calcium oxide dissolves in water and two litmus strips are placed in the solution, one of them turns purple. ( (13) Sulphur oxides dissolve in atmospheric water vapour, forming basic rains that cause the corrosion of buildings. ( ids and alkalis | 39Give one example for each of the following : (1) An atomic group with a charge of-1 (2) An atomic group with a charge of -2 (3) Anegatively charged atomic group. (4) An oxyacid. (5) A strong acid. (6) Aweak acid. (7) A strong alkali. (8) A weak alkali. {Gi Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds : (1) Hydrobromic acid. (2) Nitric acid. (3) Hydrosulphuric acid. (4) Carbonic acid. (5) Lithium hydroxide. (6) Sodium hydroxide. Write the name for each of the following acids and alkalis : (1) HNO, (2)HCL (3) H,SO, (4) HT (5) Mg(OH), (6) NH,OH Give reasons for each of the following : — The molecular formulas of acids and thelr importance (1) The total charge of the molecule of any compound equals zero. (2) The molecular formula of magnesium hydroxide includes two hydroxide groups. (3) The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid during eating food. — Properties of acids and alkalis, (4) Acids turn blue litmus strip to red. (5) It is possible to distinguish between acids and alkalis by using litmus strips. (6) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, while acetic acid is a weak acid, (7) Sodium hydroxide can be differentiated from ammonium hydroxide by using the electrical conductivity. (8) Milk of magnesia is used as a temporary treatment for gastric acidity. (9) The dangers of burning fossil fuels in cars, factories and power plants (stations). (10) Acidic oxides are extremely harmful to human health. (11) Acid rains have severe harmful impacts on human and the environment in general (1) Atomic group. (2)Acid. (3) Alkali. (4) Basic oxides. (5) Acidic oxides. (6) Acid rains. Chemical Substances 40State the importance of each of the following in the human body : (1) Hydrochloric acid. (2) Lactic acid. (3) Milk of magnesia. What happens when: (1) Lactic acid accumulates in the muscles of the human body. (2) Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH), dissolves in water. (3) Hydrogen chloride gas HC! dissolves in water. (4) Two litmus strips are placed in a beaker containing sulphuric acid. (5) A red litmus strip is placed in a beaker containing sodium hydroxide solution. (6) Magnesium burns in the presence of oxygen, then the product dissolves in water. (7) Sulphur burns in the presence of oxygen, then the product dissolves in water. (8) Acids react with alkalis (9) Fossil fuels bum in factories and cars. (10) Sulphur and nitrogen oxides dissolve in the water of the rains. Choose the odd word (or formula) out, then mention the relation between the rest: + Molecular formulas of acids and thelr importance (cr /s* sO (2) Hydroxide / Bicarbonate / Calcium / Phosphate. (3) Ammonium / Sulphate / Nitrate / Carbonate (4) HBr / H,O / HCO, / HNO, (5) HCIO, / HNO, / HC1/H,SO, + Properties of acids and alkalis (6) Lemon / Baking soda / Ketchup / Grapes. (7) Soap / Toothpaste / Potassium hydroxide / Ketchup. (8) HNO, / HBr / NaOH / H,SO, (9) Ca(OH), / CO, / KOH / Mg(OH), (10) Nitric acid / Dilute acetic acid / Nitrous acid / Sulphurous acid. (11) Hydrochloric acid / Nitric acid / Sulphuric acid / Sulphurous acid. (12) MgO / CaO /Na,O/ NO, (13) NO, / SO, / SO; /K,0g Mention one difference between each of the following : (1) The nitrite group and the sulphite group. (2) Nitric acid and nitrous acid. (3) Sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide. Compare between each of the following : (1) Carbonate group and bicarbonate grou Number and type of charges they carry” (2) Acid and alkali "In terms of : Definition — Effect on litmus strips - Examples” (3) HCI and NaOH “In terms of : Type of compound - The result of dissolving each of them in water — The effect of each of them on litmus strips" (4) Strong acids and weak acids. (5) Strong alkalis and weak alkalis. (6) Basic oxides and acidic oxides “In terms of : Definition - The result of dissolving each of them in water — Examples”. “In terms of : Molecular formula — BB Study the following figures, then answer the questions below: @ From the two opposite figures : (1) Identify the number of the figure which indicates : 1- The solution resulting from dissolving solid substance in water. 2- The solution resulting from dissolving a gas in water. (2) Clarify the effect of each solution on litmus strips, with explanation. @ The following two figures représent the electrical conductivity of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid at the same concentration "in no particular order”. Identify the acid in each a with explanation. Sa Figure (1) Figure (2) @ The opposite figure illustrates a 3 the corrosion occurring in one of the statues left in open areas : (1) Identify the type of compounds that caused this corrosion (2) Explain the reason of the corrosion. 42 | Unit 1 : Chemical SubstancesVariant questions : ®@ You have two test tubes, one contains an acid and the other contains an alkali : (1) What is the name of the ion that characterizes each of them? (2) How can you differentiate between them by using litmus strips? (3) What is the result of the reaction between the contents of the two test tubes? @ What is the scientific basis for classifying the four acids which are in the two tables (1) and (2) : Group (A) Group (B) Group (A) Group (B) Nitric acid | Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid | Sulphurous acid __Nitrous acid | Hydroiodic acid | Hydrochloric acid | _Nitrous acid Table (1) Table (2) @ Mention one application of using the bases in the field of medicine © isher-order Questions ED Choose the correct answer: (1) The molecules of both sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid are similar in presence of @ hydrogen and nitrogen elements. ® oxygen and sodium elements. @® hydrogen and oxygen elements. @ hydrogen and sodium elements. (2) Element (X) reacts with oxygen to form an acidic oxide What is the number of electrons which are likely to exist in the last energy level of element (X) ? Ne tbe of er 1 Choices “tens ; . ’ @ v x x x ® Py ¢ Mr x x © x x x v @ x x v v Lesson 2:Acidsand alalis | 43g (3) From the following figures : swine Bp sich i Sick — 1 f Wire Hee] Pt” ek (4) (2) (3) (4) When the switch is turned on the least illumination of the bulb is in figure @ (1). ®). ©(3) @). (4) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form oxide (X), which dissolves in water to form solution (Y). What is the type of each of oxide (X) and solution (Y) ? @ (X): Basic oxide, (Y): Alkali (© (X): Acidic oxide, (Y): Acid. © (X): Basic oxide, (Y): Acid. @ (X): Acidic oxide, (Y): Alkali (5) Which of the following oxides react after dissolving in water ? @S0,,NO, CaO, MgO0_-- ©Na,O, $0, @Na,O, C20 (6) When element (X) is burnt in air, a white powder is formed that turns red litmus strip wet with water to blue. What is element (X) ? @ Calcium. ® Carbon. © lodine. ) Sulphur. (7) Element (X) forms a basic oxide, it is also used as a main component in bronze alloys, and it is a good conductor of electricity. What is element (X) ? @ Zine. © Copper. ©Tin @ Carbon. (8) Each of the following describes milk of magnesia, except @it can react with hydrochloric acid. ()it is used to treat gastric acidity. it can react with magnesium oxide. @) it is more alkalinity than water. (9) (X) reacts with (Y) to form salt and water only. Which of the following is correct ? @ (X): Acetic acid » (Y): Sodium. ® (0): Barium hydroxide —_, (Y): Acetic acid © (X): Acetic acid , (Y): Hydrochloric acid @ (X): Potassium hydroxide , (Y): Calcium carbonate. Give reasons: (1) Acid rains cause an imbalance in aquatic ecosystems. (2) Corrosion of buildings facades in industrial areas. 44 | Unit | : Chemical Substances: