NANCE

Roman Numbers
H indu N um ber System

E nglish N um ber System

1. Hindu Number System

Hundred Millions Ten Crores

10 8

100,000,000 10,00,00,000

Crores
10 7

Ten Millions 10,000,000 1,00,00,000

Roman Numerals
Ten Lakhs
10 6

Hindu-Arabic Numerals
I Millions 1,000,000 10,00,000

1 Hundred Thousand Lakhs

10 5

100,000 1,00,000
5
V

Ten Thousand
10 4

Ten Thousands 10,000 10,000

X

10

Thousand
10 3

Thousands 1000 1000

L

50
10 2

Hundreds 100 Hundreds 100

100

1
10 1

Tens 10 Tens 10
500
2. English Number System 3. Roman Number System

1000

Units 1 Units 1
Number system
 Number system
(i) Natural Numbers: (N)  TERMINATING DECIMALS :
Set of all counting numbers from p
1 to  , N 1, 2, 3, 4, ... . Rational number   for which long
q
(ii) Whole Numbers: (W) division terminates after a finite number of
Set of all natural numbers including steps are called Terminating Decimals.
zero, W  0,1, 2, 3, 4, ... . OR
When q is of the form (2m × 5n) for some
(iii) Integers :
non negative integers m and n
Set of all positive and negative numbers
including zero from , to  , I or Z  33
e.g., (0.75, – 0.02, etc)
{...,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. 50
Positive integers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4..........}  NON-TERMINATING REPEATING
Negative integers {............–3, –2, –1} (RECURRING) DECIMALS
(iv) Rational Numbers : NUMBERS :
These are real numbers which can be p
expressed in the form of p/q, where p Rational numbers   for which the long
q
and q are integers and q  0. division is non terminating but repeating
e.g., 2/3, 37/15, -17/19. are called Non Terminating or Recurring
 Rational Numbers in decimal form : Decimals
Every rational number when expressed OR
in decimal form is expressible either in If q  (2m × 5n)
Terminating or in 17
Non-Terminating Repeating Decimal form. e.g., (0.666, –2.333, etc)
90

 CLASSIFICATION OF DECIMALS :
Decimals

Terminating Decimals Non-Terminating Decimals

(Rational Numbers) (Infinite Decimals)

Non-Terminating Non-Terminating-Non-Repeating
Repeating Decimals Decimals (Irrational Numbers)

Pure Recurring Decimals Mixed Recurring Decimals

NANCE 2
 Number system

 PURE RECURRING DECIMALS : (f) Like Fractions : Fractions having the

The decimal representation in which all the same denominators are called the like
digits after the decimal point repeat is fractions.
called Pure Recurring Decimals. Ex. 1/5, 3/5, 7/5, ............. etc.
e.g., 0. 3 , 1.09 etc. (g) Unlike Fractions : Fractions having
different denominators are called unlike
 MIXED RECURRING DECIMALS : fractions.
The decimal representation in which at Ex. 2/5, 4/3, 7/9, ............. etc.
least one digit after the decimal point does
not repeat is called Mixed Recurring (h) Mixed fraction : Fract ion which
Decimals. combines whole number and fractional
e.g., 0.27 , 0.5321 etc. part i.e., 4 3 is called Mixed fraction.
7
(i) Complex fraction : Fraction in which
(a) Common Fraction : Fraction whose both Numerator and Denominator are
denominator is not 10 is called Common 4/5
fraction i.e., is called Complex
Fraction. 6/7
fraction.
(b) Decimal Fraction : Fraction whose
denominator is 10 or any power of 10 is (j) Compound fraction : The fraction of a
called Decimal Fraction. fraction is called compound fraction i.e.,
1 1 1
(c) Proper Fraction : Fraction in which × =
3 2 6
Numerator is less than the Denominator
i.e., 2 is called Proper Fraction. (k) Continued fraction: Fraction consists of
3 the fractional denominators
(d) Improper fraction : Fraction in which
Numerat or is greater than t he 1
i.e., 1 
Denominator i.e., 7 is called Improper 1
2
fraction. 4 1
3
1
(e) Equivalent Fractions : Two or more 4
5
fractions said to be equivalent if the
multiplication or division of both the NOTE :- Improper fraction can be written in
numerator as well as the denominator of the form of mixed fraction.
first fraction by the same number gives
(v) Irrational Numbers (Non-Terminating-
another fraction.
Non-Repeating Decimals) :
Eg. 9/5 is multiplied by 3 for numerator
Numbers which can neither be expressed
as well as denominator.
as terminating decimal nor as a repeating
9 × 3 / 5 × 3 = 27 / 15 decimal is called Irrational Numbers.
Here, 9 / 5 and 27 / 15 are called
equivalent fraction. e.g., 2 , 3 4 , 2  3 , 2  3 , 4 7 3 .etc.

NANCE 3
 Number system

(vi) Imaginary Numbers : (x) Composite Numbers :

All the numbers whose square is negative All natural numbers, which are not prime
are called Imaginary Numbers. are Composite Numbers. A number
which is divisible by other numbers
e.g., 3i, -4i, i,...; where i = 1
except one and itself. If C is the set of
(vii) Complex Numbers : composite number then C = {4, 6, 8, 9,
10, 12, ....}.
The combined form of real and imaginary
numbers is called Complex Numbers. It is NOTE :- 1 is neither prime nor composite


denoted by Z = A + iB where A is real number.

part and B is imaginary part of Z and
(xii) Even Numbers :
A, B  R .
All integers which are divisible by 2 are
NOTE :- The set of complex number is the super called even numbers. Even numbers
set of all the sets of numbers. are denoted by the expression 2n, where
n is any integer, So, if E is a set of even
(viii) Real numbers : numbers, then E = {.......-6, -4, -2, 0, 2,
Rational numbers and Non rational 4, 6........}.
numbers taken together are called Real (x) Odd Numbers :
Numbers. Thus real number is either All integers which are not divisible by 2
rational or irrational but cannot be are called odd numbers. Odd numbers are
simultaneously both. Numbers which can denoted by the general expression 2n - 1
represent actual physical quantities in a where n is any integer. If O is a set of
meaningful way. These can be represented odd numbers, then
on the number line. Number line is O = {..., -7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3, 5, 7........}.
geometrical straight line with arbitrarily
defined zero (origin). (x) Prime Numbers :
Numbers which are not divisible by any
(ix) Absolute value of a real number : The natural numbers except unity and itself.
absolute value or modulus of a real e.g., 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23.... etc . If P
number x is denoted by |x|, is defined as is the set of prime numbers then
 x, if x  0 P = {2,3,5,7......}.
|x| =  Prime numbers are divided into three
 –x, if x  0
types :
Ex. The absolute value of 13 × (– 4) + 9 – 14 (i) Co-prime (Relatively prime)
is - (ii) Twin primes
(a) – 52 (b) – 57 (c) 52 (d) 57 (iii) Prime Triplet
Sol. The absolute value of 13 × (– 4) + 9 – 14
(xi) Co-prime Numbers :
= | 13 × (– 4) + 9 – 14 |
If the Highest Common Factor of the given
= | – 52 – 5 |
numbers (not necessarily prime) is 1 then
= | – 57 | they are called Co-prime Numbers. e.g.,
= – (– 57) 4, 9 are co-prime as H.C.F. of
= 57 (4, 9) = 1.

NANCE 4
 Number system
NOTE :- Any two consecutive numbers will (f) Triangular Numbers- The numbers which
always be co-prime. can be represented in the form of a
triangle are called Triangular Numbers.
(xii) Twin prime Numbers : They can be represented in the form of
The difference between any two primes is n(n  1)
2 are called twin primes. , where n is a natural number
2
Ex.:- 3,5 11,13 17,19
(g) Beast Number- The number 666 is said
(xiii) Prime Triplet : to be a beast numbers having following
The set of three consecutive primes is called properties.
a prime triplet.  22 + 32 + 52 + 72 + 112 + 132 + 172
Ex. :- set {3, 5, 7} is a prime triplet
= 666
 13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + 63 + 53 + 43
(a) Perfect Numbers- A number for which + 33 + 23 + 13
the sum of all its factors is twice the = 666
number is called a Perfect Number.  1.2.3 + 4.5.6 + 7.8.9 = 666
If 2k –1 = Prime Number  (6 + 6 + 6) + (63 + 63 + 63) = 666
2k–1 (2k–1) is a perfect number
e.g., 6, 28, 496 ......... etc. (h) Pythagoren Number- A number is said
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6 to be Pythagoren Number if
Their sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + 6  One of the legs must be multiple of 3.
= 12  One of the legs must be multiple of 4.
= 2 × 6  One of the legs must be multiple of 5.
(b) Armstrong Numbers- Number for which (i) Hardy Ramanujan Number– A number
the sum of the cubes of its digits is equal having factors such that they are in A.P.
to the original number is called an e.g., 1729 = 1 × 7 × 13 × 19.
Armstrong Number.
e.g., 13 + 53 + 33 = 153 (j) Amicable Number : Amicable number
is 2.
(c) Palindrome Numbers- If a number and
2 + 2 = 4
its reverse both are same then those are
called Palindrome Numbers. 2 × 2 = 4
e.g., 123454321 22 = 4

(d) Fibonacci Numbers- Fibonacci Numbers

are sequence of integers where each
1. Closure
number is the sum of two preceding it.
a + b or a × b = number
e.g., 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,......
2. Commutative
(e) Powerful Numbers- Powerful Numbers a + b=b+ a , a × b= b× a
are the numbers in which base is equal to
3. Associative
power such numbers are called Powerful
Numbers. a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c,
e.g., 3435 = 33 + 44 + 33 + 55. a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c

NANCE 5
 Number system
4. Distributive law a = bq + r, where 0  r  b
a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c) Here we call a as dividend, b as divisor,
5. Additive Identity q as quotient and r as remainder
a + 0 = 0 + a = a , ‘0’ is additive identity.
Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient)
6. Multiplicative identity
+ Remainder.
a × 1 = 1 × a = a ‘1’ is multiplicative
identity.
7. Additive Inverse
a + (– a) = (– a) + a = 0  H.C.F. (Highest Common Factor):
8. Multiplicative Inverse The greatest number which divides all the
a × 1/a = 1/a × a = 1 given numbers is called Highest Common
Properties N W Z R Factor (H.C.F.).
Closure e.g., 18 and 30 are the given numbers 6
(Addition) is the only greatest number which divides
(Subtraction) both 18 and 30 exactly
(Multiplication)
(Division) NOTE :- The product of two numbers a and b
is equal to the product of their L.C.M.
Commutative
(Addition) and H.C.F.
(Subtraction) a × b = H.C.F. × L.C.M.
(Multiplication)
(Division)  L.C.M. (Least Common Multiple):
Associative The least number which is exactly divisible
(Addition) by all the given numbers is Least Common
(Multiplication) Multiple
Distributive 24 is only least common multiple of 6, 8
(Addition over and 12
Multiplication) e.g., L.C.M. of 6, 8 and 12 is 24
Additive Identity
Example :
Multiplicative Identity Find the least number which when divided
by 20, 25, 35 and 40 leaves remainder
Additive Inverse 14, 19, 29 and 34 respectively
Multiplicative Inverse Solution:
( 20 – 1 4) = 6 , ( 25 – 1 9) = 6 ,
 Euclid’s Division Lemma or
35 – 2 9 = 6
Euclid’s Division Algorithm :
For any two given positive integers a and 40 – 34 = 6 = r
b, there exist whole numbers q and r such Required number = L.C.M. of (20, 25,
that 35 and 40) – 6 = 1400 – 6 = 1394

NANCE 6
 Number system
2 20, 25, 35, 40 H.C.F. = 12
2 10, 25, 35, 20 Required No. = 12
2 5, 25, 35, 10
5 5 25, 35, 5
5 1 5 7 1 H.C.F. of fractions
7 1 1 7 1 H.C.F. of Numerators

1 1 1 1 L.C.M. of Denominators
 L.C.M. of fractions
Example : Find the least number which when
divided by a, b and c leaves the same L.C.M. of Numerators

remainder ‘r’ in each case H.C.F. of Denominators
Solution: Let L.C.M. of a, b and c = M Make sure the fractions are in the most
Required number = M + r reducible form.
2 4 5
Example : The traffic lights at three different Example : Find the L.C.M. of , and
3 5 7
road crossing change after every 48 sec,
72 sec and 108 sec respectively. If they Solution : L.C.M. of 2 , 4 and 5
all change simultaneously at 8 : 20 : 00 3 5 7
hours, then at what time will they again L.C.M. of 2,4 and 5 20
change simultaneously ? = = = 20
H.C.F. of 3,5 and 7 1
Solution: Interval of change = (L.C.M. of 48,
72, 108) sec = 432 sec Example : L.C.M. of two distinct natural num-
bers is 211, what is their H.C.F.?
So t he light will again change
Solution : 211 is a prime number, so there is
simultaneously
only one pair of distinct numbers possible
after every 432 seconds i.e., 7min 12 sec. whose L.C.M. is 211, i.e., 1 and 211,
Hence next simultaneous change will take H.C.F. of 1 and 211 is 1.
place at 8 : 27 : 12 hrs.
Example : Find number of prime factors in
Example : Find the greatest number that will divide 2222 × 3333 × 5555
148, 246, 623 leaving remainders 4, 6 and Solution : No. of prime factors
11 respectively = 222 + 333 + 555 = 1110
Solution: Required No. = H.C.F. of (148 – 4),
(246 – 6) and (623 – 11)
Division Algorithm : General representa-
= H.C.F. of (144, 240 and 612)
tion of result is:
2 144, 240, 612 Dividend Re mainder
 Quotient 
2 72, 120, 306 Divisor Divisor
3 36, 60, 153 Dividend
12, 20, 51 = (Divisor  Quotient) + Remainder

NANCE 7
 Number system

TEST OF DIVISIBILITY
No. Divisibility Test Examples
2 Unit digit should be 0 or even . 4096, 23548 as they end with 6 and 8
i.e., even numbers
3 The sum of digits of no. should be divisible by 3. 2143251, sum of the digits is 18 and it is
divisible by 3
4 The no formed by last 2 digits of given no. 548, here 48  4 = 12 and it is divisible by 4
should be divisible by 4.
5 Unit digit should be 0 or 5. 4095 and 235060 as they have 5, 0 at unit places.
6 No should be divisible by 2 & 3 both. 753618, sum of the digits is 30 and it is divisible
by 2 and 3.
8 The number formed by last 3 digits of given 5432, here 432 is divisible by 8
no. should be divisible by 8.
9 Sum of digits of given no, should be divisible 125847, sum of the digits is 27 and it is
by 9. divisible by 9
11 The difference between sums of the digits 9582540, here sum of odd places- sum of
at even & at odd places should be zero or even places (22 – 11 = 11) and 11 is a divisible
multiple of 11. by 11.
25 Last 2 digits of the number should be 2500, 2550 etc.
00, 25, 50 or 75.

• No perfect square number can end with

2, 3, 7 or 8
 SQUARE : When a number is multiplied
by itself then the product is called the • A perfect square leaves a remainder of
square of that number. either 0 or 1, when it is divided by 3. i.e.,
e.g., 2 × 2 = 4 if on dividing a number by 3, we get the
remainder as 2, then the number is not a
 PERFECT SQUARE : A natural number perfect square.
is called a perfect square if it is the square e.g., When 35 is divided by 3, then
of any other natural number remainder is 2, but 35 is not a perfect
e.g., 1,4,9,.... are the squares of 1, 2, square
3,... respectively.
• A perfect square leaves a remainder of
either 0 or 1 or 4 when it is divided by 5
i.e., if on dividing a number by 5, we get
• Perfect square numbers end with either 0
a remainder of 2 or 3, then the number is
or 1 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 9.
not a perfect square.
• The number of zeroes at the end of a e.g., When 147 is divided by 5 the
perfect square ending with zeroes is always remainder is 2. So 147 is not a perfect
even. square.

NANCE 8
 Number system
• A perfect square leaves a remainder Clearly 2 has no pair. thus if we multiply
of either zero or 1 or 2 or 4 when divided it by 2 then product will be a perfect
by 7. If on dividing by 7 we get a square.
remainder as either 3 or 5 or 6 then the  Required smallest number is 2.
number is not a perfect square.
e.g., When 143625 is divided by 7, we  Square Roots : The square root of a
get 6 as the remainder, so 143625 is not number is that number which when mul-
a perfect square tiplied by itself gives the product. As we
say square of 9 is 81, then we can also
• A perfect square leaves a remainder of
say that square root of 81 is 9.
either 0 or 1 or 3 or 5 or 9 when it is
divided by 11. The symbol used to indicate the square
root of a number is “ ”
• A perfect square leaves a remainder of 0
or 1 or 3 or 4 or 9 or 10 or 12 when it i.e. 289  17, 225  15 ...etc.
is divided by 13
NOTE :- We can calculate the square root of
• If a number is even, then its square is also positive numbers only. However the square
even. root of a positive number may be a
positive or a negative number.
• If a number is odd, then its square is also
odd e.g., 49 = +7 or –7
 Since,  Properties of Square Roots :
12 = 1
• If the unit digit of a number is 2, 3, 7 or
22 = 4 = 1 + 3
8, then it does not have a square root
32 = 9 = 1 + 3 + 5 in N.
42 = 16 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
• If a number ends in an odd number of zeros,
 n2 can be written as the sum of first n then it does not have a square root in N.
odd natural numbers.
• If a number has square root in N, then its
Example : units digit must be 0, 1, 4, 5 or 9.
Find the smallest number by which 800 • The sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers
must be multiplied so that the product is is n2.
a perfect square. i.e., 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +.........+ (2n – 1) = n2
Solution: • The square root of an even number is even
Given number is 800, first we resolve it and square root of an odd number is odd.
into prime factors. e.g., 81  9 , 16 = 4, 625  25 ...etc.
2 800 • Negative numbers have no square root in
2 400 set of real numbers.
2 200
2 100
2 50  Cube : If a number is multiplied by itself
5 25 thrice then the result is called the Cube of
5 5 that Number.
1 e.g., 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 i.e., 27 is a cube
800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 of 3.

NANCE 9
 Number system

 Perfect Cube : A natural number is said Also we know that (–x)3 = –x3
to be a Perfect Cube. 3
(–x)3 = – x
If there is an integer m such that Hence 3 – x = – 3 x
n = m × m × m = m3 NOTE :-
e.g., 125 is a perfect cube as there is an  The cube of a number ending in 0, 1, 4, 5,
integer 5 such that 125 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 53 6, 9 ends in 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9 respectively
Example :  If the cube of a number ending in 3 or 7
What is the smallest number by which ends in 7 or 3 respectively
7744 must be multiplied so that the  If the cube of a number ending in 2 or 8
product is a perfect cube. ends in 8 or 2.
Solution :  Units digits of xn (x  N and n  N) :
Resolving 7744 into prime factor, we get
Number of
2 7744 Units digits of Units digits of
possibilities
2 3872 number (x) the number (xn)
(cyclicity)
2 1936
2 968 0 0 1
2 484 1 1 1
2 242 2 2, 4, 8, 6 4
11 121 3 3, 9, 7, 1 4
11 11 4 4, 6 2
1
5 5 1
7744 = (2 × 2 × 2) (2 × 2 × 2) × 11 × 11 6 6 1
We find that 2 occurs as a prime factor of 7 7, 9, 3, 1 4
7744 thrice but 11 occurs as a prime
8 8, 4, 2, 6 4
factor only twice. Thus, if we multiply
9 9, 1 2
7744 by 11, 11 will also occur as a prime
factor thrice and the product will be
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11,
which is a perfect cube.
Hence, we must multiply 7744 by 11 so A surd is an irrational number. In general if
that the product becomes a perfect cube. x is rational, n is positive integer and if
n
 CUBE ROOT : If n is a perfect cube, x is irrational, then n x is called a surd
then for some integer m, n = m3. Here the of nth power.
number m is called the cube root of n Here x is called radicand, n is called
If m is a cube root of n we write m = 3 n radical sign and the index n is called order
of the surd. n x is read as nth root of x
e.g., 3 is a cube root of 27 we write
and can be written as a1/ n .
3 = 3 27 n
x are called simple surds. If n x is a
 CUBE ROOT OF NEGATIVE surd of nth order then
NUMBER :  When n = 2, it is called quadratic surd
If x is any positive integer then – x is a  When x = 3, it is called cubic surd
negative integer  When n = 4, it is called biquadratic surd

NANCE 10
 Number system

Example :  Trinomial Surd :

 A compound surd consist of 3 surds is
3 is a surd and 3 is irrational number
called Trinomial Surd.
  is an irrational number but it is not a surd
e.g., 7 + 5 – 3 , 3 5 – 4 2 – 2 11
 Types of Surds :
 Similar Surds :
 Pure Surd :
If two surds are different multiples of the
A surd which has unity only as rational same surd. They are called Similar Surds
factor the other factor being irrational is otherwise they are Dissimilar Surds.
called Pure Surd.
e.g., 2 2, 5 2 are Similar Surds and
3
e.g., 2, 3, 4 4 , 4 5 3 3 , 6 5 are Dissimilar Surds
 Mixed Surd :  Rationalization of Surds :
A surd consisting of the product of a The process of converting a surd to a
rational and irrational is called Mixed Surd rational number by multiplying it with a
suitable Rationalising Factor.
e.g., 5 3 , 2 3 , and if a is rational number
 Rationalizing Factor :
and not equal to zero and n
b is a surd, When the product of two surds is a rational
then a + b , a – n b are mixed surd. If
n number, t hen each surd is called
a = 0 they are called pure surd. Mixed Rationalizing Factor (R.F.)
Surd can be written as Pure Surd. e.g., ( 3  2) ( 3 – 2) = 3 – 2 = 1
which is rational
Ex. Convert 125 into mixed surd.
 R.F. of Monomial Surd :
Sol. 125
 1
1– 
 25 5 One of R.F. of a1/n is a  n

5 5 e.g., 53/5 and 52/5 are Rationalising Factor

 Compound Surd : of each other
A surd which is the sum or difference of  R.F. of Binomial Surd :
two or more surds is called Compound R.F. of (a + b ) is (a – b)
Surd.
R.F. of a– b is a b
3
e.g., 2 + 3, 1 + 2 – 3.
 R.F. of Trinomial Surd :
 Monomial Surd :
R.F. of  ( a  b ) – c)  is
A surd consisting only one surd is called
Monomial Surd.  ( a  b )  c) 
 
e.g., 3 5 , 5 7
 Conjugate Surds :
 Binomial Surd : Two conjugate surds which are differ only
A compound surd consisting of two surds in signs (+/–) between them
is called a Binomial Surd. e.g., a + b and a – b are Conjugate
e.g., 2 + 3 3 , 3 – 7 Surds.

NANCE 11
 Number system

Some times conjugate and reciprocal are m

a mn n  m
same. • n
 a
a
1
e.g., 2 – 3 is conjugate of 2 + 3 and • if an = b then a = b n  a = n
b
m
reciprocal of 2 – 3 is 2 + 3 • n
am  a n
 Comparision of Surds :
 Density Property of Rational Numbers :
If two surds are of same order then one
Between any two different rational numbers,
whose radicand is larger is the larger of the
there are infinitely many rational numbers.
two or if x > y > 0 and n > 1 is + ve
To find many rational numbers between two
integer then n x > n y given distinct rational numbers, use the
e.g., 3
19 > 3
13 , 7
18 < 7
93 . following method.
Let the given rational numbers be a and b.
 Multiplication and Division of 1 1
Then q1  (a  b) , q 2  (q1  b)
Surds : 2 2
The surds of the same order can be
1 1
multiplied or divided by using the rules q3  (q 2  b) , q 4  (q 3  b) , and so on.
n
2 2
(i) anb  n
ab
Here q1, q2, q3, q4 .......... are the rational
n
a a numbers between two distinct rational
(ii) n  n
b b numbers a and b.
If the given surds are not of same order
Ex. Find three rational numbers between
then they are converted to the lowest
common order then operation is performed. 1 1
and .
5 3
Sol. Let q1, q2, q3 be the three required rational
If a > 0, b > 0 and n is a positive rational numbers. Then
number then
1  1 1 1  35  1 8 4
•  a
n n
 n an  a
q1        
2  5 3  2  15  2 15 15
• n
a  n b  n ab
1  4 1 1  45 1 9 3
[Here order should be same] q2        
2  15 3  2  15  2 15 10
n n a
• a  b  n
b 1  3 1  1  9  10  1 19 19
q3        
• n m
a  nm
a  m n
a 2  10 3  2  30  2 30 60

• n p Hence, three rational numbers between

n
a  ap , n
a p  a p/ n
1 1 4 3 19
n p and are , , .
n p
Or, n
am  am  p = (a m ) p 5 3 15 10 60
[Important for changing order of surds] 1 4 3 19 1
or     .
• 5 15 10 60 3
m
a  n a  mn a m  n

NANCE 12
 Number system

Subjective Type Questions : Objective Type Questions :

1. Find two rational numbers between 1. The number with which multiplied by 100
2 1 the product reamins the same is -
and . (a) 100 (b) 0
3 4
1
(c) (d) 1
2. Insert nine rational numbers between x and 100

5 2. Successor of 301, 999 is ___________ .

|x| when x  . (a) 30, 200
9
(b) 302, 000
2 9 2 x 1
2 2 2 (c) 302, 010
3. Find x so that         .
3 3 3 (d) 301, 100
3 6 3. The number which is neither prime nor
6 
4. Find the value of x if x      
3
composite is -
5 5
(a) 0 (b) 1
5. In a stack there are 5 books each of (c) 2 (d) 5
thickness 20 mm and 5 paper sheets each
4. The LCM of two numbers is x and their
of thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total HCF is y. The product of two number is -
thickness of the stack ?
x y
(a) (b)
 2  2  2 1   3  4 y x
         (c) x  y (d) xy
3  3    2 
6. Simplify :  2 3
. 5. The smallest number of 4-digits exactly
3 3 divisible by 12, 15, 20 and 35 is -
   
2 2 (a) 1000
7. A number is multiplied by itself. The product (b) 1160
is 5.0625. Find the number. (c) 1260
(d) None of these
8. Find the smallest number that must be
6. Four bells ring at intervals of 6, 7, 8 and
subtracted from 682 to make it a perfect
9 seconds respectively. All the bells ring
cube. together after ________ seconds.
9. Find the cube root of the following : (a) 504 (b) 516
(c) 508 (d) 512
(i) 729 × 216
7. The greatest number that will divide 137,
10. I am as much older than my brother who 182 and 422 leaving a remainder of 2 in
is 10 years as I am younger than my father each case is -
who is 70 years. How old I am ? (a) 15 (b) 12
(c) 21 (d) None of these

NANCE 13
 Number system

8. The smallest number which when divided 15. 2m3  32 mn  5m n3 6n 1
The value of is
by 4, 6, 10, 15 gives the same remainder 6m1 10n 3 15m
3 is - equal to -
(a) 57 (b) 123 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 63 (d) 39 (c) 2m (d) None of these

9. If 2805  2.55 = 1100, then 7  2  13    7 2   13

280.5  25.5 = ____________ 16.      .
5   11 25   5  11  25
(a) 1.1 (b) 1.01 This property is -
(c) 0.11 (d) 11 (a) closure
10. The HCF of two number is 68 and their (b) commutative
LCM is 2142. If one of the numbers is (c) associative
204, the other number is - (d) identity
(a) 741 (b) 742 17. How many pieces of equal size can be cut
(c) 714 (d) 357 from a rope of 30 metres long, each
11. There are 264 girls and 408 boys in school. 3
measuring 3 meters ?
These children are to be divided into 4
groups of equal numbers of boys and of (a) 8 (b) 10
girls. The maximum number of boys or girls (c) 6 (d) 12
in each group will be - 18. 0.018 can be expressed in the rational form
(a) 11 (b) 17 as -
(c) 24 (d) 26 18 18
(a) (b)
12. The last digit of the number (373)333 is - 1000 990
(a) 1 (b) 2 18 18
(c) (d)
(c) 3 (d) 9 9900 999
19. By what number should we multiply 4–3 so
13. Given 5  2.236 t he value of
that the product may be equal to 64 ?
125  605  245 correct to 3 decimal
(a) 45 (b) 212
places is -
(c) 26 (d) None of these
(a) 20.124 (b) 11.180
(c) 18.652 (d) 16.652
 1 2 1 
3

14. If x, y, z are positive real numbers and a, 20. The value of        26 is -
b, c are rational numbers, then the value of  4   4  
1 1 1 (a) 1 (b) 2
b a c a
 a b c b
 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 x  x 1 x  x 1  x  x a c
b c

is - c a b
 xa   xb   xc 
(a) – 1 21.  b    c    a   ____________
(b) 1 x  x  x 
(c) 0 (a) 0 (b) 1
(d) None of these (c) – 1 (d) 2

NANCE 14
 Number system
3 3
p 2 3 40 4
22. If      then the value of (a) (b)
q 3 2 31 9
10 1 31
p (c) (d)
   ____________ 8 40
q
(a) 1 28. The value of 5 5 5 5....... is -
(b) 0 (a) 0
(c) cannot be determined (b) 5
(d) None of these (c) can’t be determined
(d) None of these
23. 1  1  1  .......
29. The smallest number by which 2560 must
(a) equals 1
be multiplied so that the product is a perfect
(b) lies between 0 and 1
cube is -
(c) lies between 1 and 2
(a) 5 (b) 25
(d) is greater than 2
(c) 10 (d) 15
24. The square root of a perfect square 3
30. The value of 343  3  64 is -
containing ‘n’ digits has ______ digits
(a) 28 (b) – 28
(a) n  1 (c) 18 (d) – 18
2
n 31. The value of (30  40 )  52 is -
(b)
2 (a) 25 (b) 0
(c) A or B (c) – 25 (d) None of these
(d) None of these
1
25.  is - 32. The solution of 33 x 5  is -
9x
(a) rational 5
(a) (b) 5
(b) irrational 2
(c) imaginary 7
(c) 1 (d)
(d) an integer 3

26. Express 0.75 as rational number 33. 

The value of (2)(  2) ( 3 )
is -
75 25 (a) 64
(a) (b) (b) 32
90 33
3 (c) cannot be determined
(c) (d) None of these (d) None of these
4
2 2
5 34. Simplify (32) 5  (125) 3
27. The value of 4  is -
1
1 4 25
1 (a) (b)
3 25 4
1
2 2 5
4 (c) (d)
5 2

NANCE 15
 Number system
2 3
1 42. Which of the following is not a composite
35. (64) 3    equal to -
 4 number ?
1 (a) 4 (b) 6
(a) 4 (b)
4 (c) 7 (d) 8
(c) 1 (d) 16
43. Choose the rational number which does not
0.25 0.25
(5)  (125) 2 1
36. The value of is - lie between rational numbers  and  .
(256)0.10  (256)0.15 5 5
(a) 1 1 3
(a)  (b) 
5 4 10
(b) 3
4 7
(c) (d) 
(c) 100 10 20
(d) None of these
44. 3.25 is equal to -
1 1 320 321
37. If x 2 2
 1, then x 2  2 is equal to - (a) (b)
x x 99 99
(a) 5 (b)  5 322 323
(c) (d)
(c) 5 (d) 0 99 99

n/2 2
45. The simplest rationalising factor of 4 48 is -
38.

 
Find the value of  n x 2  is equal to -
 (a) 4
9 (b) 4 27
(a) 0 (b) x2 (c) 3
9 (d) None
(c) x (d) 1/x
46. The value of | 5  6 |  | 4  3 | on
39. If a1/ 2  b1/ 2  c1/ 2  0, then the value of simpliifcation is -
(a + b – c)2 is - (a) 13 (b) 12
(a) 2ab (b) 2bc (c) 11 (d) 10
(c) 4ab (d) 4ac 47. The value of
40. Which one of the following is not true ? 21/ 2  31/ 3  41/ 4 42 / 3  57 / 5  41/ 4

(a) There does not exist any rational 101/ 5  53 / 5 43 / 5  61/ 3
number whose square is 4 is equal to -
(b) There does not exist any rational (a) 5 2 (b) 1
number whose square is 5 (c) 6 (d) 18
(c) There does not exist any rational
number whose square is 2 6n3  32.6n1
48. The value of n 2 is equal to -
(d) None of these 6  2.6n1
(a) 36 (b) 1/6
41. The only prime number which is even is - (c) 2 (d) 1
(a) 2
(b) 4 49. L.C.M. of 125, 175 and 255 is -
(c) 6 (a) 44625 (b) 7575
(d) None of these (c) 7075 (d) 1235

NANCE 16
 Number system

50. Which of the following number is divisible 58. The smallest 3 digit perfect square is
by 11 - (a) 111 (b) 101
(a) 3,116,365 (c) 121 (d) 100
(b) 901,351
59. The greatest 4 digit perfect square is
(c) 8,790,322
(d) None of these (a) 9801 (b) 9999
(c) 1000 (d) 9763
51. Which of the following is not a square
number 60. The square root of 1.96 will be
(a) 144 (b) 256 (a) 0.14 (b) 1.4
(c) 364 (d) 490 (c) 1.2 (d) 0.12

52. The number of roots of a perfect square 61. Which of the following is not a cube of
number are negative integer
(a) 2 (b) 1 (a) – 1 (b) 1000
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) – 8 (d) – 1728
53. Which of the following cannot be the unit’s 62. The cube root of 343 is
digit of a square number (a) 3 (b) 7
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 4
(c) 1 (d) 9
1
54. Which of the following will not each with 1 63. Cube of
2
is -
in the unit’s digit
1 1
(a) 312 (b) 192 (a) (b)
4 8
(c) 182 (d) 212
1
55. What will be the number of zeros in the (c)  (d) – 8
8
square of 500
64. The cube root of 27 × 64 is
(a) 2 (b) 1
(a) 14 (b) 12
(c) 4 (d) 3
(c) 72 (d) 24
56. The square of which of the following would
be an even number 65. By what number should 100 be multiplied
(a) 321 (b) 124 to make it a perfect cube
(c) 253 (d) 89 (a) 10 (b) 1

1
57. Which of these is not a Pythagorean triplet (c) (d) – 1
10
(a) 7, 8, 9
(b) 6, 8, 10 66. Cube root of – 0.008 is
(c) 5, 12, 13 (a) – 0.2 (b) – 0.02
(d) 12, 35, 37 (c) 0.2 (d) – 0.3

NANCE 17
 Number system

67. Which of the following is not a perfect cube 72. 1

If x  2 2  7 then x  
(a) 8000 (b) 1080 x
(a) 7 (b) 4 2
(c) 1728 (d) 2744
(c) 8 (d) 2 2
68. By what number should 5400 be divided
to make it a perfect cube 3 2 3 2
(a) 50 (b) 25 73. If x  ,y then
3 2 3 2
(c) 10 (d) 100 x2 + xy + y2 =
4 (a) 97 (b) 98
69. Cube of is (c) 99 (d) 100
7
 64  64
(a) (b) 1
49 343 74. If x  2  3 then the value of x 
64 16 x
(c) (d)
343 343 correct to two decimal places is -
70. The smallest number that must be added to (a) 3.50 (b) 3.40
500 to make it a perfect cube is (c) 3.46 (d) 3.80
(a) 25 (b) 36
(c) 12 (d) 40 75. If x  3  2 2 t hen t he value of
x1/ 2  x 1/ 2 is
71. 63  175  28 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 2 2
(a) 7 (b) 0
(c) 2 7 (d)  12 7 (c) 3 2 (d) 3

1 d 2 b 3 b 4 d 5 c 6 a
7 a 8 c 9 d 10 c 11 c 12 c
13 a 14 b 15 b 16 c 17 a 18 d
19 b 20 c 21 b 22 a 23 c 24 c
25 b 26 b 27 c 28 b 29 b 30 b
31 b 32 c 33 a 34 b 35 a 36 b
37 c 38 b 39 c 40 a 41 a 42 c
43 c 44 c 45 b 46 c 47 a 48 d
49 a 50 b 51 d 52 a 53 b 54 c
55 c 56 b 57 a 58 d 59 a 60 b
61 b 62 b 63 c 64 b 65 a 66 a
67 b 68 b 69 b 70 c 71 b 72 b
73 c 74 c 75 b

NANCE 18
 Logarithms

m
(vi) log a n x m    log a x
 If “a” and N are positive real numbers n
where a  1 and x is real, then (vii) logax = 1, if a  1
ax = N  x = logaN. (viii) loga1 = 0, if a  1
e.g. (i) 3x = 2  x = log32 1
(ix) log b a 
(ii) log3x = 5 x = 35 log a b
(x) log b a  log c a. log b c
Note : Logarithms are defined only for positive
values. 1
(xi) log b a  log b a
2
 For a > 0 and a  1.  (i) logax > 0 iff (x > 1 and a > 1)
(i) logax is real if x > 0. (or) (0 < x < 1 and 0 < a < 1)
(ii) logax is imaginary if x < 0. (ii) logax < 0 iff (x > 1 and 0 < a < 1)
(iii) logax is not defined if x = 0. (or) (0 < x < 1 and a > 1)
(iv) Graph for logax (If x > 0, 0 < a < 1) :
 Important note :
a > 1; x > y  logax > logay
(i) a & b > 1 and b > a  logab > 1
(ii) a & b > 1 and b < a  0 < logab < 1
(iii) a & b > 1, then logab > 0
(iv) 0 < a < 1 and b > 1, then logab < 0
(v) 0 < a < 1 and 0 < b < 1, then
(v) Graph for logax (If x > 0, a > 1) : b < a  logab > 1
and b > a  0 < logab < 1

 a log x b  b log x a
log 5 log 2
e.g. If x  2 , y  5 , then x  y
 a, b, c are in G.P.  logax, logbx, logcx are
in H.P.
 For x, y > 0 and “a” > 0, a  1, then e.g. log 1 x , log 1 x , log 1 x are in
2 4 8
(i) logaxy = logax + logay
(A) A.P. (b) G.P.
x
(ii) log a    log a x  log a y (c) H.P. (d) None
 y
 a log a x  x
 mn 
(iii) loga    loga m  loga n  loga p  loga q
 pq 
(iv) loga x n  n. loga x The integral part of a logarithm is called
1 characteristic and decimal part is called
(v) log a n x  log a x Mantissa.
n

NANCE 19
 Logarithms

 To find characteristic :  32x 

 2   26
Case1: If the number is greater than unity and if  
 
there are n digits in integral part, then its 3x
characteristic = (n – 1)  6  3x  12
2
Case2: If the number is less than unity and if there 12
 x 4
are n zeros after decimal (and number 3
starts), then its characteristic is n  1 [called  log 2 2
64  4
as Bar (n + 1)]. (ii) Take log9243 = x
Note: 6.325 means – 6 + 0.325 whereas Then 9x = 243
– (6.325) means – 6.325. 9x = 3 5
log a (32)x = 35
 log b a 
log b 32x = 35
2x = 5
 log c a. log b c. log d b  log d a
5
x
e.g. log2 x . log3 2 . log log4 3... logn 1 n  logn1 x 2
5
 log 9 243 
1 1 1 2
   n
log x n ( xyz ) log y n (xyz ) log z n (xyz ) (iii) Take log0.1100 = x
Then (0.1)x = 100
1 1 1
e.g.   2 x
log x 2 ( xyz ) log y2 ( xyz ) log z 2 (xyz ) 1 2
   10
 10 
SOLVED OBJECTIVES (10 1 ) x  102
1. The values of 10 x  102
(i) log 2 64 x  2
2
 log0.1100 = – 2
(ii) log9 243
(iii) log0.1100 is 2. log c2 (a b ) . log a3 (bc ) . log b4 (ca ) 
5 5 abc abc
(A) 4,  2, (b) 4, , 2
2 2 (A) (b)
8 4
5 abc
(c)  2, 4, (d) None of these (c) (d) None of these
2 24
Sol.1 (i) Take log 2 64 = x Sol.2 log c2 (a b ) . log a 3 (b c ) . log b4 (c a )
2

 
Then 2 2  64
x
 b log c2 a. c log a3 b. a log b 4 c
x
 32  log e a log e b log e c
 2   26
  ( 64  2 6 )  b 2
c 3
a
  log e c log e a log e b4

NANCE 20
 Logarithms

b. log e a c. log e b a. log e c 5. x log y  log z  ylog z  log x  z log x  log y 

  
2 log e c 3 log e a 4 log e b (A) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
abc Sol.5 Let a = x
log y  log z
 ylog z  log x  z log x  log y

24
By taking logarithms
b log a = log x log y  log z  log y log z  log x
3. If a1 2 x .b1 2 x  a 4  x .b 4  x , then x log  =
a  log z log x  log y
(A) log a (b) log b = (log y – log z) log x + (log z – log x) log y
(c) log ab (d) None of these + (log x – log y) log z
Sol.3 Given a1 2 x .b1 2 x  a 4  x .b 4  x = log x log y – log x log z + log y log z
Taking logarithms on both sides – log x log y + log x log z – log y log z
log a = 0
log [a1 2 x .b1 2 x ]  log [a 4  x .b 4  x ]
log a = log 1  a = 1
(1 – 2x) log a + (1 + 2x) log b
1 1 1
= (4 + x) log a + (4 – x) log b 6.   
log a abc log b abc log c abc
i.e., log a – 2x log a + log b + 2x log b
= 4 log a + x log a + 4 log b – x log b (A) log a (b) 1
3x log b – 3x log a = 3 log a + 3 log b (c) 0 (d) None
3x (log b – log a) = 3 (log a + log b) 1 1 1
Sol.6  
b log a abc log b abc log c abc
x . log   log ab
a  log abc a  log abc b  log abc c
ab  log abc abc
4. If a2 + b2 = 7ab, then log  
 3  =1
1 1 7. If logx3 + logx9 + logx729 = 9, then the
(A) (log a  log b) (b) (log a  log b)
2 3 value of x is -
1 (A) 9 (b) 27 (c) 81 (d) 3
(c) (log a  log b) (d) None
2
Sol.4 Since a2 + b2 = 7ab, we have Sol.7 logx3 + logx9 + logx729 = 9

a 2  b 2  2ab  9ab i.e., (a + b)2 = 9ab  log x 3  log x 32  log x 36  9

 a  b  9ab  3 ab  log x 3  2 logx 3  6 logx 3  9

ab  9 log x 3  9
 ab
3 9
 log x 3  1
Taking logarithms on both sides 9
1
ab  x1  3
log    log ab  log (ab) 2
 3   x 3
1
 log (ab)
2 8. If log (x – 1) + log (x + 4) = log (3x + 5),
1 then x =
 (log a  log b)
2 (A) 2 (b) 3 (c) – 3 (d) 5

NANCE 21
 Logarithms
Sol.8 log (x – 1) + log (x + 4) = log (3x + 5)
 log {(x – 1) (x + 4)} = log (3x + 5)
1. loge (mn) is equal to
(x – 1) (x + 4) = 3x + 5
(a) loge (m + n) (b) logem . logen
x2 – x + 4x – 4 – 3x – 5 = 0
(c) logem + logen (d) logemn
x2 – 9 = 0
x2 = 9 2. log x 2 a. log a 3 x is -
x=±3 1
But, for (a) 6 logx a (b) log a x
2
x = – 3, log (x – 1) and log (3x + 5) are 1 1
not defined. (c) log x a (d)
6 6
9. Given log 2 = 0.3010 and log 3 = 0.4771. 3. log b a. log c b. log a c is -
If x5 – 1 = 62 – x, then the value of x is
(a) abc (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None
(A) 1.45 (b) 1.527
(c) 0.153 (d) None of these 1 1
5–1
4.  is equal to
Sol.9 Given equation is x = 62 – x loga ab log b ab
Taking log on both sides, we get (a) 1 (b) a (c) ab (d) b
log 5x – 1 = log 62 – x
5. log 4 2  log8 2  log16 2 is -
 ( x  1) log 5  ( 2  x ) log 6
7 1 3
 x log 5  log 5  2 log 6  x log 6 (a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
12 12 16
x log 5  x log 6  2 log 6  log 5
6. If log x 2  log x 4  log x 8  3, then x is -
x (log 5  log 6)  2 log 6  log 5 (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
2 log 6  log 5 7. logaab is equal to -
x ...(i)
log 5  log 6
(a) log a a. log a b (b) log ab – log a
10 (c) 1 + logab (d) None
Now, log 5  log  log 10  log 2
2
8. a log a x is equal to -
= 1.0000 – 0.3010 (given)
x
= 0.6990 (a) ax (b) 1 (c) (d) x
a
and log 6 = log (2 × 3) = log 2 + log 3
= 0.3010 + 0.4771 9. If log4 (log3x)  1 , then x is -
= 0.7781 2
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12
Put the values of log 5 and log 6 in (1), we
get
 a2   b2   c2 
2 (0.7781)  0.6990 2.2552 10. log    log    log    log (abc)
x  b  c a
0.6990  0.7781 1.4771
= 1.527 nearly is equal to -
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) abc (d) None
10. log0.50.0625 =
(A) 3 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 4  16   25   32 
11. 2 log    log   log  
4
Sol.10 log0.50.0625 = log0.5(0.5) = 4.log0.50.5  15   24   27 
=4× 1=4 (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 0

NANCE 22
 Logarithms

12. If log7 x  log 7 x 2  log 7 x 3  6, then x is - 2 1 1

20. The value of log 8  log   is -
3 2 4
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 15
(a) 2 log 3 (b) 3 log 5
1 (c) 3 log 2 (d) 4 log 6
13. If log 4 [log 2 (log 3 x )]  , then x =
2
21. The value of
(a) 9 (b) 27 (c) 81 (d) 243
6 1  81   196 
14. If log x 2  log x 4  log x 8  6, then x is - 2 log    log    log   is -
7 2  16   27 
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 2
(a) log 7 (b) log 8
log3 64 (c) log 9 (d) log 12
15. If  x , then the value of x is -
log 9 8 22. If x = log79, y = log57, z = log35, then
(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 4 (d) 9 xyz =
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 9
16. If log9x + log3x = 3, then x =
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 36 23. If logxy = 10 and log6x32y = 5, then the
value of x is -
17. If (log10 x ) 2  (log10 x )  6  0, then the (a) 10 (b) 3 (c) 32 (d) 5
value of x is -
 ab 1
(a) 1000 or (b) 10 24. If log    (log a  log b), then
100  3  2
(c) 100 (d) None of these a2 + b2 =
(a) 7ab (b) 3ab
18. If log2(x + 5) + log2(x – 2) = 3, then x =
(c) ab (d) None of these
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 3
ab
 16   54   21  25. If a2 + b2 = 7ab, then log  
19. 2 log    log    log     5 
9  224   26 
1 1
(a) log 1 (b) log 2 (a) (log a  log b) (b) (log a  log b)
2 3
 13  8 1 1
(c) log   (d) log   (c) (log a  log b) (d) (log a  log b)
8  13  2 3

1 c 2 d 3 b 4 a 5 a 6 b
7 c 8 d 9 c 10 b 11 d 12 b
13 c 14 d 15 c 16 b 17 a 18 d
19 d 20 c 21 d 22 a 23 b 24 a
25 c

NANCE 23
 Algebra

 Like terms : Terms having the same literal

Algebra is that branch of Mathematics in coefficients are called like terms.
which letters represent any value which eg. : 15x2, – 19x2 and 35x2 are all like
we can assign according t o our terms.
requirement. These letters are generally of
two types : constants and variables (or  Unlike terms : Terms having different
literal coefficients are called unlike terms.
literal numbers).
eg. : 5x2, – 10x and 15x3 are unlike terms.

When terms are connected by t he A function p(x) of the form

operations of addition, subtraction,
p(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ....+anxn
multiplication or division, we call it as
where, a0, a1, a2......, an are real numbers,
algebraic expression.
an  0 and n is a non-negative integer is
Example : 3x, x + 2y, x2 + 3, 3x  7. called a polynomial in x over reals.
The real number a0, a1, ...............an are
called the coefficients of the polynomial.
Different parts of an algebraic expression If a0, a1, a2, .......an are all integers, we
which are connected by the symbol + or call it a polynomial over integers.
– are called the terms of the algebraic If they rational numbers, we call it a
expression. polynomial over rationals.

 Types of Terms : An algebraic expression in which the

 Constant variables involved have only non-negative
A number having a fixed numerical value integral power is called a polynomial.
is called a constant. eg. : 5x2 – 8x + 7, 3x3 + 5x2 – 9,
8 3y2 – 5y + z, etc.
eg. : 7, , 4, 7, 16.5 etc 4
3
The expression 3x5 – 8x + + 11x5/2 is
x
 Variable : not a polynomial. Since the exponents of
A number which can take various x are negative integers and fractions.
numerical values is known as variable. A polynomial with one variable is known
as a polynomial in that variable.
 Coefficient of a term :
Consider the term 8x2. In this case, 8 is  Degree of polynomial in one variable :
called the numerical coefficient and x2 is The highest index of the variable in a
said to be the literal coefficient. polynomial of one variable is called the
In case of 9xy, we have the numerical degree of the polynomial.
coefficient as 9 and the literal coefficient eg. : 11x3 – 7x2 + 5x + 2 is a polynomial
as xy. of degree 3.

NANCE 24
 Algebra
The sum of the powers (or indices or
exponents) of the variables in each term is
(i) Linear polynomial : A polynomial of
called the degree of that term.
degree one is called a linear polynomial.
eg. : 11x – 5, 10y + 7 and 13z + 4 are
polynomials of degree one and hence they
can be called as linear polynomials.
(ii) Quadratic polynomial : A polynomial of 1. Monomial : An expression containing only
degree t wo is called a quadrat ic one term is called a monomial.
polynomial. eg. : 8x, – 11x2y, – 15x2y3z2 etc.
eg. : 5x2 – 8x + 3 and 13y2 – 8y + 3 are
polynomials of degree two and hence can 2. Binomial : An expression containing two
be called as quadratic polynomials. terms is called a binomial.
(iii) Cubic polynomial : A polynomial of eg. : 3x – 8y, 4xy – 5x, 9x + 5x2, etc.
degree three is called a cubic polynomial
eg. : 5x3 + 6x2 + 7x + 8 and 4y3 + 9y2 3. Trinomial : An expression containing
+ 3 are polynomials of degree three and three terms is called a trinomial.
hence can be called as cubic polynomials. eg. : 5x – 2y + 3z, x2 + 2xy – 5z etc.,
(iv) Biquadratic polynomial : A polynomial
of degree four is called a biquadratic  Addition of polynomials :
polynomial. The sum of two or more polynomials can
eg. : 3x4 – x3 + 7x2 – 2x + 1 and be obtained by arranging the terms and
5x4 – 2x + 7 are polynomials of degree then adding the like terms.
four and hence can be called as
biquadratic polynomials.  Subtraction of polynomials :
(v) Constant polynomial : A polynomial The difference of two polynomials can be
having only one term which is a constant
obtained by arranging the terms and
is called a constant polynomial. Degree of
subtracting the like terms.
a constant polynomial is 0.
4
eg. : 2, 5,  3, etc.  Multiplication of two polynomials :
7
 Polynomial in two or more variables : The result of multiplication of two
An algebraic expression containing two or polynomials is obtained by multiplying each
more variables with the powers of the term of the polynomial by each term of
variables as non negative integers (or the other polynomial and then taking the
whole numbers), is called a polynomial in algebraic sum of these products.
two or more variables.
 Degree of a polynomial in Two or  Division of a polynomial by a
More Variables : monomial :
Take the sum of the powers (or indices or To divide a polynomial by a monomial,
exponents) of the variables in each term; we need to divide each term of the
the greatest sum is the degree of the
polynomial by the monomial.
polynomial.

NANCE 25
 Algebra

 Division of a polynomial by a This identity can be used to factorize

polynomial : perfect square trinomials.
(i) Factor method : In this method, we
4. Factorization of a polynomial of the form
factorize the polynomial to be divided so
x2 + (a + b)x + ab.
that one of the factors is equal to the
polynomial by which we wish to divide. As we have already seen,
(x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
(ii) Long division method :  x2 + (a + b) x + ab can be fatorized
Step 1 : First arrange the terms of the as (x + a) (x + b).
dividend and the divisor in the descending
order of their degrees. 5. Factorization of polynomials of the form
Step 2 : Now the first term of the quotient ax2 + bx + c
is obtained by dividing the first term of Step 1 : Take the product of the constant
the dividend by the first term of the term and the coefficient of x2 i.e., ac.
divisor. Step 2 : Now this product as is to split
Step 3 : Then multiply all the terms of the into two factors m and n such that m + n
divisor by the first term of the quotients is equal to the coefficient of x i.e., b.
and subtract the result from the dividend. Step 3 : Then we pair one of them, say
Step 4 : Consider the remainder as new mx, with ax2 and the other nx, with c and
dividend and proceed as before. factorize.
Step 5 : Repeat this process till we obtain
a remainder which is either 0 or a 6. Factorization of expressions of the form
polynomial of degree less than that of the x3 + y3 (or) x3 – y3
divisor. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
 x3 + y3 has factors (x + y)
(x2 – xy + y2)
Factorization is expressing a given
polynomial as a product of two or more x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
polynomials.  x3 – y3 has factors (x – y) and
1. Factorization of polynomials of the form (x2 + xy + y2)
x2 – y2.
7. Factorization of expressions of the form
x2 –y2 = (x + y) (x – y)
x3 + y3 + z3 when x + y + z = 0.
 x + y and x – y are the factors of
(Given x + y + z = 0)
x2 – y2
As x + y + z = 0, z = – (x + y)
2. Factorization of polynomials by grouping x3 + y3 + z3 = x3 + y3 + {–(x + y)}3
of terms : In this method we group the = x3 + y3 –(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 – {x3 + y3
terms of the polynomials in such a way + 3xy (x + y)}
that we get a common factor out of them. = x3 + y3 – {x3 + y3 + 3xy (x + y)}
3. Factorization of a trinomial that is a perfect = – 3xy (x + y)
square. = – 3xy (–z) {Since x + y = –z} = 3xyz
A trinomial of the form x2 ± 2xy + y2 is  when x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3 + z3
equivalent to (x ± y)2. = 3xyz

NANCE 26
 Algebra
Ex. : The H.C.F. of (x – 1) (x2 – 4) and (x2 – 1)
For two given polynomials, f(x) and g(x), (x + 2) is :
r(x) can be taken as the highest common (a) x – 2 (b) x + 1
factor, if (c) x – 1 (d) (x – 1) (x + 2)
(i) r(x) is a common factor of f(x) and g(x) Sol. First polynomial
(x – 1) (x2 – 4) = (x – 1) (x + 2) (x – 2)
(ii) every common factor of f(x) and g(x) is Second polynomial
also a factor of r(x). (x2 – 1) (x + 2) = (x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 2)
Highest common factor is generally Hence, H.C.F. of both polynomials
referred to as HCF. = (x – 1) (x + 2)

 Method for finding HCF of the given

polynomials : Least common multiple or the Lowest
Step 1 : Express each polynomial as a Common Multiple is the product of all the
product of powers of irreducible factors factors (taken once) of the polynomials
which also requires the numerical factors given with their highest exponents
respectively.
to be expressed as the product of the
powers of primes.  Method to calculate LCM of the given
polynomials :
Step 2 : If there is no common factor
then HCF is 1 and if there are common Step 1 : First express each polynomial
irreducible factors, we find the least as a product of powers of irreducible
factors.
exponent of these irreducible factors in the
factorized form of the given polynomials. Step 2 : Consider all the irreducible
factors (only once) occurring in the given
polynomials. For each of these factors,
Step 3 : Raise the common irreducible
consider the greatest exponent in the
factors to the smallest or the least factorised form of the given polynomials.
exponents found in step 2 and take their
product to get the HCF. Step 3 : Now raise each irreducible factor
to the greatest exponent and multiply them
 Some Additional Results : to get the LCM.
1. The largest number which divides p, q and  Some Additional Results :
r leaving remainders s, t and u respectively
1. If a natural number n which when divided
will be the HCF of the three numbers by p, q and r leaves the same remainder s
(p – s), (q – t) and (r – u). in each case then.
2. The largest number which divides the
numbers p, q and r gives the same remainder n  K (LCM of p, q, r )  s
in each case will be the HCF of the where, K = 0, 1, 2, 3.........
differences of two or the three numbers i.e., 2. If a natural number n which when divided
HCF of (p – q), (q – r) and (p – r), by p, q and r leaves respective remainders
where p > q > r. of s, t and u where

NANCE 27
 Algebra

(p – s) = (q – t) = (r – u) = v (say)  Linear Equation in Two Variables :

then A linear equation in two variables is an
equation of the type ax + by + c = 0 or ax
n  K (L.C.M. of p, q and r )  v + by = d, where a, b, c and d are
where, K = 1, 2, 3......... constants, a  0, b  0.
For example, 3x + 4y + 7 = 0 and
Ex. : The LCM of the polynomials 2x – 3y = 5 are linear equations in two
(x – 3) (x + 5)2, (x + 5) (x – 7)2 and variables x and y.
(x – 7) (x – 3)2 is -
(a) 1
(b) (x – 3)2 (x – 7)2 (x + 5)2 1. Method of Substitution :
(c) (x – 3)2 (x – 7)2 Step 1. Find the value of one variable, say
(d) (x – 1) (x + 2) y, in terms of the other, i.e., x from either
Sol. (b) equation.
Step 2. Substitute the value of y so
 Relation between the HCF, the LCM obtained in the other equation. Thus, we
and the product of polynomials : get an equation in only one variable x.
If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials then Step 3. Solve this equation for x.
we have the relation, Step 4. Substitute the value of x, thus
(HCF of f(x) and g(x) × (LCM of f(x) obtained, in step 1 and find the value
and g(x)) = ± (f(x) × g(x)) of y.

2. Method of Elimination
Step 1. Multiply both the equations by
 Linear Equation in One Variable : such numbers so as t o make t he
A linear equation in one variable is coefficients of one of the two unknowns
an equation of the type ax + b = 0 or numerically the same.
ax = c, where a, b, c are constants (real Step 2. Add or subtract the two questions
numbers), a  0 and x is an unknown to get an equation containing only one
unknown. Solve this equation to get the
variable.
value of the unknown.
The solution of the linear equation
Step 3. Substitute the value of the
b
ax + b = 0 is x = . We also say that unknown in either of the two original
a
b equations. By solving that, the value of
– is the root of the linear equation ax the other unknown is obtained.
a
+ b = 0.
3. Short-cut Method
For example, the equation 2x + 3 = 0 is
Let the two equations be
a linear equation in one unknown variable
a1x + b1y = c1
3
x. Its solution or root is – . a2x + b2y = c2
2

NANCE 28
 Algebra

Solution : a 1 b1 c
(b) If = = 1 , the system is consistent
The solution is written as a 2 b2 c2
x y –1
= = and has infinitely many solutions.
b1c 2 – b 2 c1 c1a 2 – c2 a1 a1b 2 – a 2 b1

i.e., Note : The graphs of such equations will have

coincident lines.
 bc –b c   c a –c a 
x = –  1 2 2 1 , y =   1 2 2 1  a1 b1 c1
 a1b2 – a 2 b1   a1b2 – a 2b1  (c) If a = b  c , the system has no
2 2 2

 Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations solution and is inconsistent.

with Three Variables :
We already know the procedure for Note : The graphs of such equations will have
eliminating a variable. So, select a pair of parallel lines.
the given three equations and eliminate one
 Dependent and Independent Equations:
variable. Repeat the same procedure with
another pair of equations and eliminate the Two given equations are called dependent
variable which was eliminated from the equation if one equation is a multiple of
first pair. Now we have a system of two the other or, if the two equations can be
equations with two variables. Solve for reduced to the same form by dividing or
the two variables. When values of two multiplying the two by a real number or
variables are known, substitute them in by simply arranging the terms.
one of the given equations and get the Two equations are called independent
value of the third variable. equations if one is not a multiple of the
other.
 Consistent and Inconsistent Equations:
When a system of equations has a solution,  Key point :
the system is called consistent. When a To solve a system of simultaneous linear
system of equations has no solution, the equations, the number of independent
system is called inconsistent. equations must be at least equal to the
number of variables.
 Test for Consistency :
If we are given two linear equations
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab = (a – b)2 + 4ab
a1x + b1y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2. Then,
2. (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab = (a + b)2 – 4ab
a1 b1
(a) If  , the system will have exactly 3. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
a1 b 2
one solution and will be consistent. 4. (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)

Note : The graphs of such equations will have 5. (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
intersecting lines. 6. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)

NANCE 29
 Algebra
7. (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) Thus the value of a quadratic polynomial
8. a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab ax2 + bx + c at x =  is the value of
9. a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab the expression a2 + b + c obtained by
10. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab) substituting x =  .
11. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)  Roots of a Quadratic Equation : Let
2 2 2 2
12. (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2 (ab + bc p(x) = 0 be a quadratic equation, then the
+ ca) zeros of the polynomial p(x) are called
13. (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc) = (a + b + c) the roots of the equation p(x) = 0.
(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) Thus  is a root of p(x) = 0, if p() = 0
14. If a + b + c = 0  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Also, x =  is called a solution of the
15. an – bn is divisible by (a – b) for all values given equation.
of n.
16. an – bn is divisible by (a + b) only for  Solving of a Quadratic Equation by
even values of n. Factorization Method :
17. an + bn is never divisible by (a – b). Let ax2 + bx + c = 0 be a quadratic
18. an + bn is dividable by (a + b) only when equation and let the quadratic polynomial
n is odd. ax2 + bx+ c be expressible as a product
of two linear factors, say (dx + e) and (fx
+ g) where d, e, f, g are real numbers
An equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
such that d  0 and f  0.
where a, b, c  Complex number and a
 0 is called a quadratic equation. The Then, ax2 + bx + c = 0
numbers a, b, c are called the coefficients  (dx + e) (fx + g) = 0
of this equation and x is real variable, here  dx + e = 0 or fx + g = 0
a is coefficient of x2, b is coefficient of x
& c is constant term. e g
x = or x 
d f
 Real Quadratic Equation : An Equation
e g
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0 & a, b, c  R  x and x  are the possible
is called “Real Quadratic Equation.” d f
roots of the quadratic equation
 Monic Quadratic Equation : If the ax2 + bx + c = 0.
co-efficient of x2 be unity, then the
quadratic equation is called “Monic  Solving of a Quadratic Equation by
Quadratic Equation”. Quadratic Formula :
 Value of a Quadratic Polynomial : Consider the general quadratic equation
Let p (x) = ax2 + bx + c be a quadratic ax2 + bx + c = 0 where
polynomial and let  be a real number.. a  0, a, b, c  R :
Then, a 2 + b  + c is known as the value
of the polynomial p (x) and it is denoted  b  b 2  4ac
x=
by p (  ). 2a

NANCE 30
 Algebra
 Simplification of the Algebraic
expression :
An algebraic expression is simplified by Subjective Type Questions :
removing the bracket in the order. (i) Bar 1. Find the square of the following -
(ii) Parenthesis (iii) Curly brackets (iv)
(i) 2x + y
Square brackets and following the rule of
BODMAS. (ii) 4y – 5x
Ex. : Simplify : 2[a – 4 {a – 3 (2a – a  1 )}] 7
(iii) xy
Sol. : Given expression is 5
= 2 [a – 4 {a – 3(2a – a  1 )}] 2. Evaluate :
= 2 [a – 4 {a – 3(2a – a – 1)}] (i) (7x – 3y) (7x + 3y)
[Removing Bar] (ii) (4 + 7y) (4 – 7y)
= 2 [a – 4 {a – 3(a – 1)}]
= 2 [a – 4 {a – 3a + 3)}] 3. Find with out actual multiplication the value
of -
[Removing Parenthesis]
= 2 [a – 4 {– 2a + 3}] (i) (107)2
= 2 [a + 8a – 12}] (ii) (97)2
[Removing curly bracket] (iii) 102 × 98
= 2 [9a – 12]
= 18a – 24 [Removing square bracket]  1
4. If  x    6 , find the value of -
 x
 BODMAS Rule : 1 1
An algebraic expression containing the (i) x 2  2 (ii) x 4  4
x x
various mathematical operations as +, –,
, × and ‘of ’ is solved by the BODMAS 5. Divide each of the following expressions
rule. and find the quotient and remainder -
Simplification of the algebraic expression is (i) (x2 + 7x + 15)  (x + 3)
(i) brackets (ii) (18y3 – 9y2 – 17y + 15)  (6y – 5)
(ii) of
6. The area of the rectangle is a2 + 4a – 21.
(iii) Division
Find the width of the rectangle if its length
(iv) Multiplication is (a + 7).
(v) Addition
(vi) Subtraction. 7. Solve the following equations :
3x  7
1 (i) 6
Ex. : Simplify 12x + 10x  5x  of 9 x. 4x  2
3
3  0.4 x 2
Sol. 12x + 10x  5x – 3x (solving ‘of’) (ii) 
2.1x  10 5
= 12x + 2x – 3x (solving )
= 14x – 3x (solving +) 4 (3x  2)  2 (1  x ) 7
(iii) 
= 11 x (solving –) 3 ( x  1)  5 (2 x  3) 4

NANCE 31
 Algebra
8. Write the products of the following 6. The solution of the equation
binomials by applying t he concept 71+x + 71–x = 50 is
and pat terns of special product s.
(a) 0 (b) 2
 2 5 2 (c) ± 1 (d) None of these
12x   (12 x  1) .
 6
x y
9. Given that x – y = 7 and xy = 8, find the 7. What must be added to to make it ?
value of (x + y)2. y x
y–x y2 – x 2
10. Factorise the following : (a) 2 2 (b)
yx xy
(i) 6x 3 y  24x 2 y 2  24 y3x xy x 2 y2
(c) (d) 2
xy x  y2

8. The value of (z2 + b) (z2 – b) is

Objective Type Questions :
(a) z4 + 16 (b) z2 – 16
1 1
1. If x – = 5, the value of x3 – 3 is (c) z2 + 162 (d) None of these
x x
(a) 125 (b) 110 (c) 140 (d) 135 9. If (2t – c) (? + 6t + 9) = 8t3 – 24 then ?,
will be replaced by -
2. What is the value of x if –3x + 2 = –7 ?
(a) –4t 2 (b) 4t 2
(a) x = –6 (b) x = –3 2
(c) 5t (d) None of these
(c) x = 3 (d) x = 6
10. If (x2 + a) (? – x2 + a) = x6 + 1,
3. Which property is used in the equation
given below ? then ? will be replaced by
12 (x + 4) = 12x + 48 (a) x4 (b) x3
4
(c) – x (d) None of these
(a) Associative property of addition
(b) Commulative property of addition 11. If a + b + c = 0, then the value of
(c) Distributive property a3 + b3 + c3 is
(d) Reflexive property (a) 3 (a + b + c) (b) 3 (a b c)
4. The sum of a number n and 14 is 72. (c) 3 (ab + bc + ca) (d) None of these
Which eqn shows this relationship ?
2x
(a) 14 + n = 72 12. If = 3, then the value of x is
2x  1
(b) 72n = 14
–3 3 5
(c) 14 – n = 72 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
4 4 4
(d) 72 + n = 14
1
5. (8x3 + 11x)  3x 13. If 0 < x < 1, then the value of x + is
x
8 2 11 8 3 (a) Greater than 2
(a) x  (b) x  11x
3 3 3 (b) Less than 2
8 2 11 (c) Cannot be determined
(c) x  x (d) 24x 4  33x 2
3 3 (d) None of these

NANCE 32
 Algebra
a–x a2 1 1
14. If = 2 , then the value of x is (a) x – (b) x + – 1
b–x b x x
b b 1 1
(a) (b) (c) x + (d) x2 + 2
ab a–b x x
ab a2 2x  1 3
(c) (d) 22. The solution of = is
ab ab 3x – 1 2
1 1 (a) x = 1 (b) x = –1
15. If x – 2 – then x is equal
x–2 x–2 (c) x = 2 (d) x = –3
to
(a) 1 (b) 2 23. A student has to secure 40% marks to
(c) –1 (d) None of these pass. He got 40 marks and failed by 40
marks. The maximum number of marks is
4P –3 3x  2 3 (a) 160 (b) 180
16. If P = x + 1 and – =
2 5 2 (c) 200 (d) 320
then the value of x is
1 24. If a number increased by 8% of itself gives
(a) 1 (b) (c) 2 (d) –1 135, then that number is
2
(a) 112 (b) 100
17. Find the values of x which satisfy the
(c) 125 (d) None of these
equation 2x – 1 = 4x + 3
1 1 25. If ab + bc + ca = 4 and abc = 2, then find
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) – (d)
2 2 1 1 1
the value of  
xb x–b a b c
18. Solve =
a–b ab (a) 2 (b) 1
(a) a (b) – a (c) 0 (d) – 1
(c) –a + b (d) a + b
26. If the difference of the squares of two
19. The ages of a man and his son is in the
numbers is 45, the square of the smaller
ratio 7 : 2 after 15 years they would be in
number is 4 times the larger number, then
the ratio of 2 : 1. What was father’s age
the numbers are :
when son was born ?
(a) 9, 6 or 9, – 6 (b) 5, 6 or 5, – 6
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years
(c) 35 years (d) 42 years (c) 9, 5 or 9, – 5 (d) none of these

20. Michal is 6 years older than Sabina, five 27. If 22x – y = 32 and 2x + y = 16 then x2 + y2
years ago Michal was thrice as old as is equal to
Sabina find Michal’s present age (a) 9 (b) 10
(a) 8 year (b) 14 year (c) 11 (d) 13
(c) 16 year (d) 28 year
28. If (2t – 3) (? + 6t + 9) = 8t 3 – 27
21. One of the factors of then, ? will be replaced by -
1 2 (a) – 4t 2 (b) 4t 2
x2  2
 2 – 2x – is
x x (c) 5t 2 (d) None of these

NANCE 33
 Algebra
29. If two numbers differ by 3 and their (a) 48 (b) 70
product is 504, then the numbers are : (c) 72 (d) 84
(a) 21, 24 or –24, –21
36. The remainder obtained when t 6 + 3t 2 +
(b) 30, 31 or –30, –31
10 is divided by t 3 + 1 is
(c) 40, 41 or –40, –41
(d) None of these (a) t 2 – 11 (b) t 3 – 1
(c) 3t 2 + 11 (d) None of these
x 5 – 7x 2  18
30. The additive inverse of is
x3 – 2 37. If 3x – 7y = 10 and xy = –1, then the
x 5  7x 2  18 value of 9x2 + 49y2 is
(a) (a) 58 (b) 142
x3 – 2
(c) 104 (d) –104
–x 5  7x 2  18
(b)
x3 – 2 38. If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 26,
–x 5  7x 2 –18 then the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc is
(c)
x3 – 2 (a) 27 (b) 29
(d) None of these (c) 495 (d) 729

31. Ramu’s father is thrice as old as Ramu. If a 3  b3  c3 – 3abc

father’s age is 45 years then Ramu’s age 39. = _______.
a 2  b 2  c 2 – ab – bc – ca
is
(a) 0 (b) a + b + c
(a) 45 yrs (b) 20 yrs (c) 1 (d) None of these
(c) 15 yrs (d) 10 yrs
4 3 1 5 7 12
32. If 20% of 60% of a number is 144, then 40. If – = and – = , find
y x xy y x xy
the number is
x – y.
(a) 1200 (b) 2880
12
(c) 8640 (d) None of these (a) 2 (b)
13
33. What must be subtracted from each term 14
(c) (d) –1
of the ratio 4 : 7, so that the ratio becomes 13
2:5?
41. What number is that from which if you
(a) – 2 (b) – 1 (c) 2 (d) 1 subtract 40, the difference will be one third
of the original number ?
34. One number is 3 less than the two times
of the other. If their sum is increased by (a) 48 (b) 60
7, the result is 37. Find the numbers - (c) 80 (d) 46
(a) 9, 11 (b) 11, 13 42. Father’s age is equal to the sum of the
(c) 11, 19 (d) 9, 13 ages of his five children. After 15 years
35. In a two digit number, ten’s digit is twice his age will be only half of the sum of the
the unit’s digit. The number formed by children’s ages. How old is the father ?
interchanging the digits is 36 less than the (a) 42 yrs. (b) 43 yrs.
original number. Find the number - (c) 44 yrs. (d) 45 yrs.

NANCE 34
 Algebra
8
43. If 1  1  1  1 and abc = 2, then the 47. Find the roots of 3x – 2 = .
a b c x
 3 
value of ab 2 c 2  a 2 bc 2  a 2 b 2c is - (a)  – , 2  (b) (2, 2)
 4 
(a) 4 (b) – 4  4 
(c) 2 (d) – 2 (c)  – , 2  (d) None of these
 3 
a 5 a –8 48. Choose the correct option for the roots
44. The possible solutions of =
3a – 5 a 8 1 3 1
are of – + =0
x 4 2 x
(a) 0 and 0 (b) 9 and 0
 3
(c) 0 and 21 (d) 0 and 9 (a)  2, –  (b) (5, 4)
 4
45. What are the roots of the equation  4 
(c) (–8, 0) (d)  – , 2 
x2 – x – 6 = 0?  3 
1 49. If x1/3 + y1/3 + z1/3 = 0, then
(a) (0, ) (b) (–2, 3)
2 (a) x+y+z=0
1 1
(c) ( , 1) (d) (2, ) (b) (x + y + z)3 = 27xyz
2 2 (c) x + y + z = 3xyz
46. The roots of 4x2 – 20x + 25 = 0 are (d) x3 + y3 + z3 = 0
3 3 7 7 50. If x + y + z = 9 & xy + yz + zx = 23,
(a) and (b) and
2 2 2 2 then the value of (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz) is -
5 5
(c) and (d) None of these (a) 108 (b) 207 (c) 669 (d) 729
2 2

1 c 2 c 3 c 4 a 5 a 6 c
7 b 8 d 9 b 10 a 11 b 12 a
13 a 14 c 15 b 16 a 17 b 18 b
19 a 20 b 21 c 22 a 23 c 24 c
25 a 26 a 27 b 28 b 29 a 30 c
31 c 32 a 33 c 34 c 35 d 36 c
37 a 38 a 39 b 40 c 41 b 42 d
43 a 44 c 45 b 46 c 47 c 48 d
49 b 50 a

NANCE 35
 Arithmetic

5. Inverse Ratio or Reciprocal Ratio : If

the antecedent and consequent of a ratio
In arithmetic we study the topics ratio and interchange their places, the new ratio is
proportion, percentage, profit & loss, called the inverse ratio of the first. Thus,
discount & partnership, simple interest, 1 1
compount interest, time & work etc. if a : b be the given ratio, then : or
a b
b : a is its inverse ratio.
6. Compound Ratio : The ratio of the
 Ratio : product of the antecedents to that of the
consequents of two or more given ratios
A ratio is a comparison of two quantities
is called the compound ratio. Thus, if
by division. It is a relation that one a : b and c : d are two given ratios, then
quantity bears to another with respect to ac : bd is the compound ratio of the given
magnitude. Ratio means what part one ratios.
quantity is of another. If a and b are two
a  Comparison of Ratios :
numbers, the ratio of a to b is or
b (i) Two or more ratios given can be compared
a : b. The two quantities that are being
by expressing the ratios as fractions and
compared are called terms. The first is hence expressing each ratio as a decimal
called antecedent and the second term is number.
called consequent. (ii) Ratios can also be compared by reducing
them to their equivalent fractions of a
NOTE :
common denominator.
1. A ratio is a number, so to find the ratio of
two quantities, they must be expressed in  Properties of Ratio :
the same units. The value of a ratio remains the same, if
2. A ratio does not change if both of its terms both the terms of the ratio are multiplied
are multiplied or divided by the same or divided by the same non-zero quantity.
number. For this reason, if a, b and m are real
numbers, the following conclusions hold
true.
1. Duplicate Ratio : The ratio of the 1. a ma
  a : b  am : bm
squares of two numbers is called the b mb
duplicate ratio of the two numbers. a
 
2. Triplicate Ratio : The ratio of the cubes a m a b
 a:b :
of two numbers is called the triplicate ratio 2. b b m m
of the two numbers.  
m
3. Sub-duplicate Ratio : The ratio of the
square roots of two numbers is called the a c
sub-duplicate ratio of two numbers. If  , then a, b, c and d said to be
b d
4. Sub-triplicate Ratio : The ratio of the in proportion and we write a : b : : c : d.
cube roots of two numbers is called the The equality of two ratios is called
sub-triplicate ratio of two numbers. proportion.

NANCE 36
 Arithmetic
a : b : : c : d is read as “a is to be as c is  Mean proportional of a and b is ab .
to d”.
a c We also say that a, x, b are in continued
Each term of the ratio and is called
b d proportion.
a proportional.
a c
a, b, c and d are respectively the first, 5.  , then the given
If a : b = c : d i.e.,
b d
second, third and fourth proportionals. proportion can be written as b : a : : d : c
Here, a, d are known as extremes and b,
c are known as means. i.e., b  d , by taking reciprocals of terms
a c
on both sides.
1. If four quantities are in proportion, then
This relationship is known as (Invertendo).
Product of Means = Product of Extremes
6. If a : b : : c : d, then multiplying both sides
For example, in the proportion
b
a : b : : c : d, we have bc = ad of the proportion by , we get
c
Product of means a : c = b : d. This relationship is known as
(Alternendo).
a : b : : c : d a c
5. If  , then
b d
a b cd
Product of extremes (i)  (componendo)
b d
From this relation we see that if any three a b cd
of the four quantities are given, the fourth (ii)  (Dividendo)
b d
can be determined.
a b cd
2. Fourth proportional : If a : b : : c : x, x (iii)  (componendo and
a b cd
is called the fourth proportional of a, b, c
Dividendo)
a c bc
We have,  or, x = . a a c a c c
b x a (iv)   
b bd bd d
Thus, fourth proportional of a, b, c is
a c e
bc If  = and l, m and n are any
a b d f
three non-zero numbers, then each ratio
3. Third proportional : If a : b : : b : x, x is
called the third proportional of a, b. a c e a  c  e la  mc  ne
   
b d f b  d  f lb  md  nf
a b b2
We have, = or x =  b2 = ax
b x a
or b = ax
1. Direct Variation
b2
Thus, third proportional of a, b is . 2. Indirect Variation or Inverse Variation
a 3. Joint Variation
4. Mean proportional : If a : x : : x : b, x is
called the mean or second proportional 1. Direct Variation : If two quantities are
of a, b. related to each other such that an
a x
We have, = or x2 = ab or x = ab increase (or decrease) in the first quantity
x b

NANCE 37
 Arithmetic
results in a corresponding proportionate Thus, we obtain the following rule :
increase (or decrease) in the second Rule : If two quantities a and b are in
quantity, then the two quantities are said direct variation, the ratio of any two
to vary directly with each other values of a is equal to the ratio of the
a  b  a=k  b corresponding values of b.
a
= k (Constant) 2. Ind irect Variat ion or Inverse
b
Variation : If two quantities are related
If two quantities a and b are in direct
to each other such that an increase (or
a decrease) in the first quantity results in a
variation, then the ratio is always
b corresponding proportionate decrease
constant. This constant is called the
(or increase) in the second quantity, then
constant of variation.
the two quantities are said to vary
If two quantities a and b vary with each inversely with each other.
other in such a manner that the ratio Thus, if two quantities a and b vary
a inversely as each other, then the product
remains constant and is positive, then
b ab always remains constant. The product
we say that a and b vary directly with ab is called the constant of variation.
each other or a and b are in direct 1 1
variation. a   a=k 
b b
Thus, a  b = k
If two quantities a and b are in direct If two quantities a and b vary inversely
variat ion and a 1 and b 1 are t he as each other and b1, b2 are the values of
corresponding values that the quantities b corresponding to the values a1, a2 of a
take at one point, then respectively, then
a1 a1b1 = Constant (=k, say) and, a 2b2 = k
= Constant (= k, say) ......(i)  a 1b1 = a 2b2
b1
Similarly, if a 2 and b 2 are t he a1 b
 = 2
corresponding values at another point, a2 b1
then  a1 : a 2 = b2 : b1 or, a 1 : a 2 :: b2 : b1
a2 Thus, we obtain the following rule :
= k ........(ii)
b2 Rule : If two quantities a and b vary
From (i) and (ii), we get inversely to each other, then the ratio of
any two values of a is equal to the
a1 a
= 2 inverse ratio of the corresponding values
b1 b2 of b.
 a1 b2 = a2 b1 [By cross-multiplication]
3. Joint Variation :
a1 b
 = 1 When a change in a quantity depends
a2 b2
on the changes in two or more quantities,
 a 1 : a 2 : : b1 : b2
it is said to vary jointly with those
or, a1 : a 2 = b1 : b2 quantities.

NANCE 38
 Arithmetic

(i) When a quantity ‘A’ varies directly as 1 1 50 50

   50
‘B’, When ‘C’ is constant and ‘A’ varies 2 2  50 100
directly as ‘C’, when ‘B’ is constant, then percent = 50%
‘A’ varies directly as the product of B
and C.
It is represented as A  B (C = k 1) and Any percentage can be expressed as a
A  C (B = k 2 ) demical fr act ion by dividing t he
percentage figure by 100.
 A  BC or A = k. BC, where k 1 ,
x
k2 and k are the constants. As x% = x out of 100 
100
(ii) When a quantity A varies inversely as B, So, 75% = 75 out of 100
when C is constant and varies inversely 75 3
  or 0.75
as C, when B is constant, then A varies 100 4
inversely as the reciprocal of BC.
It is represented as
1 1 Any fraction can be expressed as a
A (C  k1) and A  (B  k2 )
B C decimal (terminating or non-terminating but
1 1 recurring) and any decimal fraction can
 A or A  k  , where k1, k2 be convert ed int o percent age by
BC BC
and k are constants. multiplying it with 100.
1
 0.5  50%
2
Percent means ‘for every hundred’. 1
 0.25  25%
The result of any division in which the 4
divisor is 100 is a percentage. The 1
 0.2  20%
divisor, i.e., 100 is denoted by a special 5
symbol%, read as percent. 1
 0.33...  33.33...%
x 3
For example,  x%
100  Percentage Points : Percentage points is
25 the difference between two percentage
 25%
100 values. It is not equal to either percentage
increase or decrease.
NOTE : Since any ratio is also basically a
Let one value be greater than the other.
division, each ratio can also be expressed The percentage values involved are (A)
as a percentage. one value as a percentage of the other.
1 Greater  Smaller
Example : A ratio of can be converted to a PercentageIncrease 
2 Smaller
Greater  Smaller
percentage figure as Percentage Decrease 
Greater

NANCE 39
 Arithmetic
this money. This amount paid by A is
called interest. The total amount of money
1. If the price of a commodity increase by
borrowed by A from B is called the
r%, then the reduction in consumption so
Principal. The money paid back to B,
as not to increase the expenditure
which comprises of the principal and the
 r  interest is called the amount.
is :   100  %
 (100  r)  In other word,
2. If the price of a commodity decreases by Amount = Principal + Interest
r%, then the increase in consumption so
as not to decreases the expenditure  Interest can be of two types :
 r  1. Simple Interest
is :   100 %
 (100  r )  2. Compound Interest
3. If A is r % more than B, then B is less
1. Simple Interest : When the interest is
 r 
than A by :   100  % payable on the principal only, it is called
 (100  r)  simple interest.
4. If A is r % less than B, then B is more
 Cost Price (C.P.) : The price at which an
 r 
than A by :   100 % article is purchased is called its cost price.
 (100  r) 
 Selling Price (S.P.) : The price at which
an article is sold, is called its selling price.
P = Population or Present value of a
 Cution : When no discount is given,
machine
selling price is the same as marked price.
r = Rate of increase in population or rate
of depreciation of a machine  Marked Price : The price on the label
n = Number of years is called the marked price or list price.
Population or Value of a machine after n  Remember : Discount is expressed as a
n
percentage of the marked price.
years  P 1  r 
 100   Discount : The reduction made on the
Population or Value of a machine n years
marked price of an article is called
ago  P
n
discount.
 r 
1  
 100 
If the selling of an article is greater than
its cost price, we say that there is a profit
 Profit & Loss : (or) gain.
When a person A borrows some money Profit : Selling price – Cost price
from another person B, then A has to Percentage of profit is always calculated
pay certain amount to B for the use of on the cost price of the article.

NANCE 40
 Arithmetic
When S.P. > C.P. (iii) When M.P. and discount % are given, S.P.
(i) Profit = S.P. – C.P. M.P. (100  discount Percentage)

Pr ofit 100
(ii) Profit % = (100) (iv) If profit is made,
C.P.
C.P. Profit % C.P. = M.P. – discount – profit
(iii) Profit =
100 (iv) If loss is made,
(iv) When C.P. and Profit Percentage are given C.P. = M.P. – discount + loss
 100  Pr ofit % 
S.P. = (C.P.)  
 100 
When a series of discounts are given, we
call them successive discounts.
If the selling price of an article is less than Selling price
its cost price, we say that there is a loss.
M.P. (100  p) (100  q ) (100  r )
Loss = Cost price – Selling price. 
(100) (100) (100)
Percentage of loss is always calculated on
the cost price of the article. Ex. When two successive discounts of 5% and
15% are given, then the
When S.P. < C.P.,
(i) Loss = C.P. – S.P. (100  5) (100  15)
S.P.  M.P.
Loss 100  100
(ii) Loss %   100 Let the M.P. be 100, then
C.P.
loss percentage  C.P. 100  95  85
(v) Loss  S.P.   80.75
100 100  100
(vi) When C.P. and Loss Percentage are given
100  Loss % 
S.P. = C.P.   The total amount of money required to
 100  start a business is called its capital. Two
or more persons come together and start
the business undertaken jointly is called
All t he expendit ure incurred on
partnership. The people who run the
transportation, repairs, etc (if any) are
business jointly are called partners and
categorised as overheads. These the money invested by them in the
overheads are always included in the C.P. business is called investment.
of the article.
Simple Partnership is one in which the
capital of each partner is in the business
The rebate offered is called discount. for same time.
Discount is always calculated on the Compound Partnership is one in which
marked price of the article. the capitals of partners are invested for
(i) Discount = M.P. – S.P. different periods.
Discount Again partner can be working partner or
(ii) Discount Percentage   100% sleeping partner.
M.P.

NANCE 41
 Arithmetic
Sleeping Partner is one who invests the 2. In general, if the interest is compounded
capital in the business but does not n times a year, then
actively participate in the conduct of nt
business.  R 
(a) Amount (A) = P1  
 100  n 
Working Partner besides investing
capital, takes part in running the business. (b) Compound interest (CI)
For his work, he is either paid some nt
 R  
salary or given a certain percent of profit P  1    1
=
in addition.  100  n  

 Simple Interest : (c) Rate of Interest (R)

Pr incipal  Rate  Time  1 
Simple interest =  A  nt
100 = n × 100    1 % p.a.
P R T  P  
or S.I. =  
100
 RT   Growth and Depreciation :
Amount = P  1  
 100 
n
 R 
 compound interest : Appreciation, A  P 1  
 100 
With this method the principal grows as n
the interest is added to it. This method is  R 
Depreciation, D  P 1  
used in investments such as savings  100 
account and bonds. Where, P is the original value, R is the rate
of growth, n is the time period in years, A
 Basic Formulae :
is the value after appreciation, D is the value
1. (a) The amount A due after t years, after depreciation.
when a principal P is given on compound
interest at the rate R% per annum is given NOTE :
by : If the rate of growth in the first year is R1%
t
 R  and in 2nd year is R2%, then the value at
A = P1   the end of two years is given by,
 100 
(b) Compound interest = A – P  R  R 
t
A  P 1  1  1  2 
 R    100   100 
or C.I. = P 1    1
 100  
(c) Rate of interest
1. Work to be done is usually considered as
 A 1/ t 
R = P    1 % p.a. one unit.
 P   2. If A can do a piece of work in n days,
NOTE : Simple interest and compound interest then at a uniform rate of working A will
for 1 year at a given rate of interest p.a. 1
finish th work in one day..
are always equal. n

NANCE 42
 Arithmetic
1 Total distance travelled
3. If th of work is done by A is one day,, Average speed 
n Total time taken
then A will take n days to complete the
full work. Note : The average speed of a moving body is not
1 equal to the average of the speeds.
4. If A does th of a work in one hour
n Consider a body travelling from point A to
then to complete the full work, A will point B (a distance of d units) with a speed
n
take hours. of p units and back to point A (from point
m
B) with a speed of q units.
5. If A does three times faster work than B,
then ratio of work done by A and B is then,
3 : 1 and ratio of time taken by A and B Total distance covered = 2d units
is 1 : 3.
d d pq
6. A, B and C can do a piece of work in Total time taken    d  
p q  pq 
T1, T2 and T3 days, respectively. If they
have worked for D1, D 2 and D 3 days 2d 2 pq
respectively, then  Average speed  
pq pq
D1 d  
Amount of work done by A = T  pq 
1
D2  Generalised formula : If a body covers
Amount of work done by B = T
2 parts of the journey at a speed p units
D3 and the remaining part of the journey at
and, Amount of work done by C = T speed q units and the distances of the two
3

Also, the amount of work done by A, B parts of the journey are in the ratio m : n,
and C together then the average speed for the entire journey
D1 D 2 D 3 (m  n ) pq
= T T T is units.
1 2 3
mq  np
which will be equal to 1, if the work is
complete.  Problem Solving Tricks :
1. If the time taken is constant, the distance
travelled is proportional to the speed,
that is, more the speed more the distance
 Speed : We define the speed of an object
travelled in the same time.
as the distance covered by it in a unit
time interval. It is obtained by dividing 2. If the speed is constant, the distance
the distance covered by the object, by travelled is proportional to the time
the time it takes to cover the distance. taken, that is, more the distance travelled,
Distance travelled more the time taken at the same speed.
Thus, Speed =
Time taken 3. If the distance travelled is constant, the
 Average Speed : The average speed of speed is inversely proportional to the
a body travelling at different speeds time taken, that is, more the speed, less
for different time periods is defined as the time taken for the same distance
follows : travelled.

NANCE 43
 Arithmetic
Distance 7. Mr Banerjee buys a coat for Rs 1285.20
1. Speed = from a fashion boutique announcing a
Time
‘factory seconds sale’ with 15% off on all
2. Distance = Speed × Time purchases. What was the price marked on
Distance the coat ?
3. Time =
Speed
8. A man earns Rs 247.50 as interest when
 Conversion of Units : he deposits Rs 20,075 in a short-term fixed
One Kilometre / Hr deposit account for 45 days. What was
the rate of interest given by the fixed deposit
1000 metre 5
= = m/sec. account ?
60  60 seconds 18
18 9. Calculate the compound interest on Rs
 One metre/ second = km/hr.. 15000.00 at 8% per annum over 3 years.
5
 5 10. The length and breadth of a parallelogram
Thus, x km/hr =  x   m/sec.
 18  are in the ratio 11 : 9. If the perimeter of
 18  the parallelogram is 50 cm, find its length
and, x m/sec.=  x   km/hr.. and breadth.
 5
11. Divide Rs 1940 between A, B and C such
3
that ‘A’s share is 1 times of B’s share
4
Subjective Type Questions : 5
1. 24% of a block of ice weighing 4 kg 350 and C’s share is of B’s share.
7
g melted away. What is the weight of ice
now ? 12. A map is drawn to a 1 : 50,00,000 scale.
If a river measures 11.72 cm in length on
2. Mr Lal was earning Rs 14,950 per month the map, what is the actual length of the
when he was given a salary increment of river ?
Rs 971.75. What was the percentage rise
in Mr Lal’s salary ? 13. A school hostel with 40 children has enough
provisions to last 8 days. If 20 more
3. A worker receives Rs 11,250 as bonus children move into the hostel, how many
which works out to 15% of his annual days will the provisions last now ?
salary. What is his monthly salary ?
14. The Coalfield Express, 150 m long, was
4. If 60% of the population of a village is 924 waiting at Durgapur station when the New
villagers, how many villagers will be 25% Delhi-bound Rajdhani Express, 130 m long,
of the population ? thundered past it in only 8 seconds. At
what speed was the Rajdhani Express
5. The price of potatoes first increased by travelling ?
10% and then fell by 8%. Find the net
percentage change in the price of potatoes. 15. A takes 9 minutes while B takes 12 minutes
to make a candle. Working together
6. If the C.P. of 7 mangoes is equal to the
how long will A and B take to make 35
S.P. of 6 mangoes, find the profit
candles ?
percentage.

NANCE 44
 Arithmetic

Objective Type Questions

1 3 1 5
1. If A : B = : ,B:C= : and 8. Arun, Kamal and Vinay invested Rs.
2 8 3 9 8000, Rs. 4000 and Rs. 8000 respectively
5 3
C:D= : , then the ratio in a business. Arun left after six months. If
6 4 after eight months, there was a gain of Rs.
A : B : C : D is : 4005, then what will be the share of
(a) 4 : 6 : 8 : 10 (b) 6 : 4 : 8 : 10 Kamal ?
(c) 6 : 8 : 9 : 10 (d) 8 : 6 : 10 : 9
(a) Rs. 890 (b) Rs. 1335
2. If x2 + 4y2 = 4xy, then x : y is : (c) Rs. 1602 (d) Rs. 1780
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 9. A, B, C subscribe Rs. 50,000 for a
(c) 1 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 business. A subscribes Rs. 4000 more than
3. 16 men finish one third work in 6 days. B and B Rs. 5000 more than C. Out of
The number of additional men required to a total profit of Rs. 35,000. A receives :
complete the job in next 6 days are - (a) Rs. 8400 (b) Rs. 11,900
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 32 (c) Rs. 13,600 (d) Rs. 14,700
4. The ratio of three numbers is 3 : 4 : 7 10. The salaries of A, B and C are in the
and their product is 18144. The numbers ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If the increments of 15%,
are :
10% and 20% are allowed respectively in
(a) 9, 12, 21 (b) 15, 20, 25 their salaries, then what will be the new
(c) 18, 24, 42 (d) None of these ratio of their salaries ?
4 (a) 3 : 3 : 10
5. A and B together have Rs. 1210. If of
15 (b) 10 : 11 : 20
2
A’s amount is equal to
of B’s amount, (c) 23 : 33 : 60
5 (d) Cannot be determined
how much amount does B have ?
(a) Rs. 460 (b) Rs. 484 11. If the rent for grazing 40 cows for 20
(c) Rs. 550 (d) Rs. 664 days is Rs 370, how many cows can graze
for Rs. 111 for 30 days ?
6. In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk
and water is 2 : 1. If this ratio is to be (a) 60 (b) 8 (c) 25 (d) 30
1 : 2, then the quantity of water to be
12. I added 1 litre of water to 5 litres of a
further added is :
20% solution of alcohol in water. The
(a) 60 litres (b) 30 litres strength of alcohol is :
(c) 40 lites (d) 20 litres
(a) 6% (b) 5%
7. Anand and Deepak started a business (c) 12.5% (d) 16.66%
investing Rs. 22,500 and Rs. 35,000
respectively. Out of a total profit of Rs. 13. If p is 95% of q, then what percentage of
13,800, Deepak’s share is : p is q?
(a) Rs. 5400 (b) Rs. 7200 (a) 105% (b) 105.3%
(c) Rs. 8400 (d) Rs. 9600 (c) 110% (d) 115%

NANCE 45
 Arithmetic
14. If 40% of 1640 + ? = 35% of 980 + 23. Difference between CI & SI is a certain
150% of 850, the ? will be replaced by - amount at 10% per annum for 2 years
(a) 372 (b) 842 (c) 962 (d) 1052 compound annually is 282. Find the
principal.
15. 270 candidat es appeared for an
(a) Rs. 28210 (b) 28120
examination, of which 252 passed. The
(c) 28200 (d) 28100
pass percentage is :
1 24. Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700
(a) 80% (b) 83 % and spends Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he
2
1 1 sells the scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain
(c) 90 % (d) 93 % percent is :
3 3
4 5
16. If 4598 is 95% of ? then ? will be replaced (a) 4 % (b) 5 %
by - 7 11
(c) 10% (d) 12%
(a) 4800 (b) 4840 (c) 4850 (d) 4880
25. A man buys a cycle for Rs. 1400 and
17. If 35% of a number is 12 less than 50%
of that number, then the number is : sells it at a loss of 15%. What is the selling
price of the cycle ?
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 60 (d) 80
(a) Rs. 1090 (b) Rs. 1160
18. By selling an old radio set for Rs. 500, I (c) Rs. 1190 (d) Rs. 1202
earn a profit of 25%. Then my profit is
(a) Rs. 50 (b) Rs. 100 26. When a plot is sold for Rs. 18, 700 the
(c) Rs. 20 (d) Rs. 12.50 owner loses 5%. At what price, he should
have sold them to make a profit of 5% ?
19. Find the rate of simple interest per annum, (a) Rs. 21,552.62 (b) Rs. 22,500.34
if a sum borrowed becomes double in (c) Rs. 20668.42 (d) Rs. 25,800.42
4 years -
(a) 20% p.a. (b) 15% p.a. 27. At what profit percent must an article be
(c) 30% p.a. (d) 25% p.a. sold so that by selling at half that price,
there may be a loss of 30% ?
20. The compound interest on Rs. 1250 at
(a) 25% (b) 36% (c) 40% (d) 42%
10% p.a for 2 years will be, when interest
is compounded yearly. 28. The CP of 25 articles is equal to the SP
(a) Rs. 250.00 (b) Rs. 260.00 of 20 articles. Then gain % is
(c) Rs. 262.50 (d) Rs. 1152 (a) 25% (b) 20% (c) 30% (d) 50%
21. A typewriter was purchased at Rs.
9250.50, the selling price was Rs. 9730. 29. The difference in SI and CI on a certain
What was the rat e of discount in sum of money in 2 years at 15% p.a. is
percentage. Rs. 144. The sum is
(a) 4% (b) 5% (c) 8% (d) 9.5% (a) Rs 6000 (b) Rs 6200
(c) Rs 6300 (d) 6400
22. By selling 36 bananas, a vendor loses
the selling price of 4 bananas his loss 30. The selling price when goods which cost
percent is - Rs 65 are sold at a loss of 10% is
(a) 12½% (b) 10½% (a) Rs. 71.50 (b) 58.50
(c) 11 9 %
1 (d) 10% (c) Rs. 59.75 (d) Rs. 66.50

NANCE 46
 Arithmetic
31. Out of a sum of Rs. 625 a part was lent 38. A tyre has two punctures. The first
at 5% and other at 10% simple interest. puncture alone would have made the tyre
If the interest on the first part after two flat in 9 minutes and the second alone
years is same as S.I. on second part after would have done it in 6 minutes. If air
4 years, then the second part is - leaks out at a constant rate, how long does
(a) Rs. 125 (b) Rs. 200 it take both the punctures together to make
(c) Rs. 250 (d) 300 it flat ?
1 1
32. A calculator is marked 10% above the cost (a) 1 minutes (b) 3 minutes
2 2
price. A dealer allows a discount of 8%.
Calculate the gain or loss percent - 3 1
(c) 3 minutes (d) 4 minutes
(a) 1.2 (b) 1.3 5 4
(b) 1.4 (d) None of these 39. A man can do a piece of work in 5 days,
but with the help of his son, he can do it
33. A shopkeeper marks his goods at such a in 3 days. In what time can the son do it
price that after allowing 20% discount he alone ?
makes 20% profit. Find the marked price 1
of an article whose cost price is Rs 200. (a) 6 days (b) 7 days
2
(a) 322 (b) 300 (c) 326 (d) 324 1
(c) 7 days (d) 8 days
34. Find the rate of discount on a ceiling fan 2
whose selling price is Rs. 1100 after 40. A, B and C can do a piece of work in 3
allowing a discount of Rs. 400 on its days, 4 days and 5 days respectively. They
marked price - get Rs. 940 for completing the job. If A, B
(a) 26.55 (b) 25.66 and C have worked together to complete
(c) 26.67 (d) 26.66 the job, what is A’s share?
(a) Rs. 235 (b) Rs. 400
35. A sum amount to Rs. 26450 in 2 years at (c) Rs. 300 (d) Rs. 415
15% per annum, compounded annually.
Find the sum - 41. A can do a piece of work in 4 hours; B
(a) Rs. 20000 (b) Rs. 21000 and C together can do it in 3 hours, while
A and C together can do it in 2 hours.
(c) Rs. 25000 (d) Rs. 20500
How long will B alone take to do it ?
36. At what rate percent compound interest (a) 8 hours (b) 10 hours
per annum will Rs. 12000 amount to (c) 12 hours (d) 24 hours
Rs. 15870 in 2 years?
(a) 20% (b) 22% (c) 15% (d) 19% 42. A is thrice as good a workman as B and
therefore is able to finish a job in 60 days
37. In what time Rs. 40000 amount to less than B. Working together, they can
Rs. 57600 at 20% per annum compound do it in -
interest? 1
(a) 3 years (b) 1.5 years (a) 20 days (b) 22 days
2
(c) 2.5 years (d) 2 years (c) 25 days (d) 30 days

NANCE 47
 Arithmetic
3
43. X can do a piece of work in 24 days, 47. Walking at of his usual rate, a man
while Y alone can do it in 16 days. With 4
the help of Z they finish the work in reaches his office 20 minutes too late.
Find his usual time -
8 days. Find in how many days Z can do
the work alone ? (a) 1 hr. (b) 2 hr. (c) 3 hr. (d) 4 hr.
(a) 48 days (b) 36 days 48. A train crosses a telegraph pole in
(c) 24 days (d) 12 days 15 seconds. The time taken by the train to
cross a bridge whose length is twice its
44. By working 8 hours a day, A can complete length is -
a work in 10 days. If he reduces the work (a) 15 sec. (b) 30 sec.
hours by 3 hours per day, then he can (c) 40 sec. (d) 45 sec.
complete the same work in -
(a) 12 days (b) 15 days 49. A ship sails out to a mark at the rate of
(c) 16 days (d) 18 days 15km/hr and sails back at the rate of 10
km/hr. The average rate of sailing is :
45. Shweta when increases her speed from (a) 12.5 km/hr. (b) 12km/hr.
24 km/h to 30 km/h she takes one hour (c) 25km/hr. (d) 5 km/hr.
less than the usual time to cover a certain
distance. What is the distance usually 50. Anit a passed around a basket of
covered by Shweta ? strawberries to the girls at her party.
Before the party she ate 5 strawberries
(a) 120 km (b) 240 km and gave a friend 3. Eight girls arrived at
(c) 160 km (d) 90 km the party the first girl took a strawberry,
the second girl took 3 strawbeeries, the
46. A car covers 350 kms in 5 hours. If its
third girl took 5 strawberries and so on.
speed is increased by 20 kmph, how much
After the last girl took her strawberries,
time does the car take to cover a distance the basket was empt y. How many
of 450 km? strawberries were there in the basket at
(a) 3 hours (b) 4 hours the beginning ?
(c) 5 hours (d) 6 hours (a) 72 (b) 60 (c) 65 (d) 45

1 d 2 a 3 c 4 c 5 b 6 d
7 c 8 b 9 d 10 c 11 b 12 d
13 b 14 c 15 d 16 b 17 d 18 b
19 d 20 c 21 b 22 d 23 c 24 b
25 c 26 c 27 c 28 a 29 d 30 b
31 a 32 a 33 b 34 d 35 a 36 c
37 d 38 c 39 c 40 b 41 c 42 b
43 a 44 c 45 a 46 c 47 a 48 d
49 b 50 a

NANCE 48
 Mensuration

2  r
Arc AB =
360
The area of any figure is the amount of
where r = radius and AOB = 
surface enclosed within its bounding lines.
Area is always expressed in square units.
O
      A  B
The perimeter of a geometrical figure is
the total length of the sides enclosing the C
figure. Area of sector ACBO
1
= × (arc AB) × radius
2
 Circle :  (radius)2 
=
A circle is the path travelled by a point 360
which moves in such a way that its
distance from a fixed point remains  Segment :
constant. The fixed point is called centre A segment of a circle is a figure enclosed
and fixed distance is called radius. by a chord and an arc which it cuts off.
(a) circumference or perimeter of circle Area of segment ACB
= area of sector ACBO – area of OAB
r and area of segment ADB
O
= area of circle – area of segment ACB
D
= 2  r =  d,
where r is radius and d is diameter of O
circle.
(b) Area of circle A B
C
d 2 c 2 1
 r 2     c r  Triangle :
4 4 2
A triangle is a close figure bounded by 3
where, r is radius and c is circumference.
sides
(c) Radius of circle
Area of a Triangle (A)
Area Perimeter or circumfere nce
= = 1 1
 2 (a) A= (base × height) = ah
2 2
 Sector : (b) A= s(s  a ) (s  b) (s  c)
A Sector is a figure enclosed by 2 radii 1
where s = (a + b + c) or semi-
and arc lying between them. 2
perimeter of the triangle
For sector AOB,

NANCE 49
 Mensuration
Altitude (h) of an equilateral triangle
3 3
= × (side) = a
2 2
Area (A) of an equilateral triangle

 Polygon :
This formula is known as Heron’s Formula A polygon is a plane figure which is
enclosed and bounded by line segments.
Perimeter (P) = a + b + c = 2s
 Regular Polygon :
 Right Angled Triangle :
If all the sides of the polygon are equal it
A triangle having one of its angles is 90°
is called regular polygon.
is called right angled triangle and side
opposite to the right angle is called the All the interior angles of a regular polygon
hypotenuse. are equal.
In a right angled triangle For a regular polygon :
(Hypotenuse)2 = sum of squares of sides Sum of exterior angles = 2
i.e. h2 = a 2 + b 2 Sum of interior angles = (n – 2) 
n ( n  3)
No. of diagonals in a polygon =
2
Perimeter (P) = n × a,
where n = number of sides
and, a = length of each side
n2
1 Each interior angle = 
A (area) = ab n
2
2
 Equilateral Triangle : Each exterior angle =
n
A triangle whose all the sides are equal is 1 1
called equilateral triangle Area = ×P× r = × n × a × r,,
2 2
Area (A) of an equilateral triangle where r is radius of the circle drawn inside
3 3 2 (altitude) 2 the polygon touching its sides
= (side)2 = a =
4 4 3
h2
=
3
Perimeter (P) of an equilateral triangle
= 3 × (side) = 3a

2
1 a
2
= × n× a × R  
2 2
where R is radius of the circle drawn
outside the polygon touching its sides.

NANCE 50
 Mensuration

na 2  Perimeter (P) of a parallelogram

= cot   = 2 (a + b),
4 n
3 3 where a and b are adjacent sides of the
Area of a regular hexagon = (side)2 parallelogram.
2
Area of a regular octagon  Rectangle :
= 2( 2  1) (side) 2
Rectangle is a quadrilateral with opposite
sides equal and all the four angles equal
 Quadrilateral : to 90°. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect
A closed figure bounded by four sides is each other and are equal.
called Quadrilateral. (a) Area (A) of rectangle = length × breadth
It has four angles and some of these = l × b
angles is 360°. (b) Perimeter (P) of rectangle
Area (A) of a quadrilateral = 2(length + breadth) = 2 (l + b)
1 (c) Diagonal of a rectangle
= × one diagonal × (sum of
2 = (length )2  (breadth )2 =  2  b 2
perpendiculars to it from opposite (d) If area (A) and perimeter (P) of a
vertices) rectangle are given, then
1  P2 P 
= d (p1 + p2)   A 
2 length of the rectangle =  16 4 

NOTE : If the length of four sides and one of its and,
diagonals are known, then breadth of the rectangle
D C P 2 
  P A
p1 = 4 
p2  16 
A B D C
A = Area of ADC + Area of ABC d
 Parallelogram :
A B
A quadrilateral in which opposite sides
are equal and parallel is called  Square :
parallelogram. A square is a quadrilateral with all sides
equal and all the four angles equal to 90°.
Area (A) of a parallelogram
The diagonals of a square are equal and
= base × altitude corresponding to the base
bisect each other at 90°.
= b× h
D C (a) Area (A) of a square
2 2
(diagonal )2
= a i.e. (side) =
height (h) 2
2 2
P (perimeter )
= , i.e.
A Base (b) B 16 16

NANCE 51
 Mensuration
a  Trapezium (Trapezoid) :
D C
A trapezium is a quadrilateral whose any
two opposite sides are parallel. Distance
a d a between parallel sides of a trapezium is
its height.
(a) Area (A) of a trapezium
A a B
a
(b) Perimeter (P) of a square h
= 4a, i.e. 4 × side
b
= 16  area = 2 2 d , i.e. 1
i.e., A = × (a + b) × h
2
2 2 × diagonal (b) Height (h) of the trapezium
(c) Length (d) of the diagonal of a square  2A
=  
a b
= 2 a , i.e. 2  side
Perimeter  Walls Of A Room :
= 2  area = Area of four walls of a room
2 2
= 2 (length + breadth) × height
 Rhombus :
A rhombus is a quadrilateral whose all
sides are equal. The diagonals of a
 Cuboid :
rhombus bisect each other at 90°.

If l, b and h denote the length, breadth

(a) Area (A) of a rhombus and height of the cuboid and d denotes
the body diagonal (AF or BE or DG or
= a × h, i.e. base × height CH), then
1 1
= d1 × d2, i.e. × product of its (i) Volume = l × b × h = A1  A 2  A 3 ,
2 2
diagonals Where, A 1 = area of base or top
(b) Perimeter (P) of a rhombus A2 = area of one side face, and
A3 = area of other side face
= 4a i.e. 4 × side = 2 d12  d 22 ,
where d1 and d2 are two diagonals (ii) Total Surface Area = 2 (lb + bh + lh)
= (l + b + h)2 – d2
1
(c) Side (a) of a rhombus = d12  d 22
2 (iii) Diagonal of cuboid = l 2  b2  h 2

NANCE 52
 Mensuration

 Cube : 1
(i) Volume of cone = × area of the base
If ‘a’ be the edge of a cube, then 3
1
(i) volume of the cube = (edge) 3 = a 3 × height = ×  r2 h cubic units
3
3
3
 diagonal   Surface area  (ii) Area of curved surface
  =  

 3   6  =  r l =  r h 2  r 2 sq. units
(ii) Total surface area of the cube = 6 (edge)2 (iii) Total surface area of cone
= 6a2 = 2(diagonal)2 = 2d2
= Area of the base + area of the curved
(iii) Diagonal of the cube surface =  r2 +  r l =  r (r + l) sq
= 3 a (edge) = 3 a units
(iv) Lateral surface area of cube = 4 × a2
 Sphere :
If r = radius of the sphere, then
4 3
(i) Volume of sphere =  r cubic units
3
(ii) Surface area = 4  r2 sq. units
2 3
If r is the radius of base and h is the (iii) Volume of hemisphere   r cubic units
3
height of the cylinder, then
(i) Volume of cylinder
= Area of the base × height P

=  r2 × h =  r2 h cubic units (iv) Area of curved surface of hemisphere

(ii) Area of the curved surface = 2  r2 sq. units
= circumference of the base × height (v) Total surface area of hemisphere
= 2  r × h = 2 rh sq units = 3  r2 sq. units
(iii) Area of the total surface
= Area of the curved surface + Area of
 Prisms : A prism is a solid in which two
the two circular ends congruent and parallel polygons form the
top and the bottom faces. The line joining
= 2 rh + 2  r 2
the centres of the two parallel polygons is
= 2 r (h + r) sq units called the axis of the prism.
 Right Circular Cone :

(i) The number of lateral faces of a prism

If r = radius of base, h= height = The number of sides of the base of the
l = slant height = h 2  r 2 , then prism.

NANCE 53
 Mensuration

(ii) Lateral surface Area (L.S.A.) of a prism 9. How many cubes having edge of 4 inches
= perimeter of base × height each, can be cut from a cube having edge
= ph of 12 inches ?
(iii) Total surface Area (T.S.A.) of a prism 10. A sector of central angle 120° and a radius
= L.S.A. + 2 (Area of base) of 21 cm was made into a cone. Find the
(iv) Volume of a prism = Area of base × height height of the cone (in cm) ?
= Ah
Objective Type Questions

1. The diameter of circular park is 64 mtrs.

Subjective Type Questions :
A path way 2mtrs wide runs round the
1. If the perimeter of a rectangle is equal to park. The length of wire required for
the perimeter of a parallelogram, then the
fencing along the outer boundry of the
area of the rectangle is more than that of
path way is
the parallelogram. [True/False]
(a) 202.42 metres
2. The area of the base of a right circular (b) 220.30 metres
prism is 50 cm2 and its height is 8 cm.
(c) 210.45 metres
What is its volume ?
(d) 213.52 metres
3. In a quadrilateral ABCD, AB = 5 cm,
BC = 37 cm, CD = 35 cm, BD = 12 cm 2. A rectangular sheet of card board is
and AD = 13 cm. Find its area. 4 cm by 2 cm. The greatest possible circle
is cut from the card board. Then the
4. A verandah 15 m long and 12 m broad is remaining area is
to be paved with tiles each measuring (a) (16 – ) cm2 (b) (16 – 4) cm2
500 cm × 300 cm. Find the number of
tiles needed. (c) (8 – ) cm2 (d) (8 – 4) cm2
5. The largest possible circle is cut out from 3. The diameter of a blue ball is three times
a square cardboard. What percent of the of a red ball of the same material. The
card board will be left ?
ratio of the volumes of the blue ball to
6. A cow is tied to a pole fixed at one corner the red ball is :
of a square field of grass, whose side is (a) 3 : 1 (b) 6 : 1
40 m. If the length of the rope with which (c) 9 : 1 (d) 27 : 1
the cow is tied is 14 m, what is the area
in which the cow can graze ? 4. The area of square that can be inscribed
in a circle of radius 5cm is
7. What is the length of the longest needle
(a) 25 cm2 (b) 12.5 cm2
that can be accommodated in a rectangular 2
box, its dimensions being 20 cm × 5 cm (c) 50 cm (d) 100 cm2
× 4 cm ? 5. A cylinder and a cone have the same base
8. The outer and inner surface areas of a radius and the same height, the ratio of
hemispherical bowl are 1152 cm2 and their volumes is
648  cm2 respectively. What is the total (a) 3 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
surface area of the bowl ? (c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 1

NANCE 54
 Mensuration

6. What is the volume of the rectangular 11. A conical cup when filled with ice-cream
solid shown below ? forms a hemispherical shape on its open
end. Find the volume of the ice-cream,
if the radius of the base of the cone is
2 cm 7 cm and the vertical height of the cone is
3 cm 14 cm -
5 cm (a) 1267.66 cm3 (b) 718.66 cm3
3
(c) 1557.31 cm (d) 1437.33 cm3
(a) 10 cubic cm (b) 25 cubic cm
(c) 30 cubic cm (d) 62 cubic cm 12. The shaded area formed by the two
intersecting perpendicular rectangles, in
7. What is the area of trapezoid QRST in square units is : 3
square units ? (a) 23 2
3

T 8 Q (b) 38 8

4 5 (c) 44
R (d) 46
S 11 10

(a) 22 (b) 27 13. The radius of a circle is increased by 5

(c) 38 (d) 48 unit s. What is rat io of t he new
circumference and the new diameter ?
8. The total surface area of a cuboid is (a)  – 1 (b) 
392 cm2 and the length of the cuboid is (c)  + 5 (d)  – 5
12 cm. If the ratio of its breadth and its
14. The ratio of the length and breadth of a
height is 8 : 5, then what is the volume of rectangle is 4 : 3. The area of the
the cuboid? rectangle is 192 cm2 the perimeter of the
(a) 480 cm3 (b) 1920 cm3 rectangle will be
(c) 3840 cm3 (d) 20 cm3 (a) 56 cm (b) 28 cm
(c) 46 cm (d) 36 cm
9. Total area of quadrilateral ABCD is 20
cm2 and offsets on BD are 2cm and 3cm 15. A rectangular plot measuring 90 meters
by 50 meters is to be enclosed by wire
the length of BD is
fencing. If the poles of the fence are kept
D C 5 metres apart, how many poles will be
E
needed ?
F
(a) 55 (b) 56 (c) 57 (d) 58
A B
(a) 5 cm (b) 6 cm 16. The difference between the length and
(c) 8 cm (d) 10 cm breadth of a rectangle is 23m. If its
perimeter is 206 m then its area is :
10. How many cubes with edges of 10 cm (a) 1520 m2 (b) 2420 m2
can be just accommodation in a cubical (c) 2480 m2 (d) 2520 m2
box of 1m edge ?
17. If the ratio of areas of two circles is
(a) 10 (b) 100 4 : 9, then the ratio of their circumferences
(c) 1000 (d) 10000 will be :

NANCE 55
 Mensuration

(a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (a) 22 cm (b) 44 cm

(c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4 (c) 66 cm (d) 88 cm

18. The perimeter of a circle is equal to the 24. The area of the incircle of an equilateral
perimeter of a square. Then, their areas triangle of side 42 cm is :
are in the ratio : (a) 22 3 cm2 (b) 231 cm2
(a) 4 : 1 (b) 11 : 7 (c) 462 cm2 (d) 924 cm2
(c) 14 : 11 (d) 22 : 7
25. The outer radius of a spherical container
19. A toothed wheel of diameter 50 cm is is 7 cm and the thickness of the container
attached to a smaller wheel of diameter is 3 cm. Find the volume of the metal
30 cm. How many revolutions will the content of the shell -
smaller wheel make when the larger one (a) 268.19 cm3
makes 15 revolutions ? (b) 1168.08 cm3
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30 (c) 1174.19 cm3
20. The ratio of the outer and the inner (d) 1428.19 cm3
perimeters of a circular path is 23 : 22. 26. If an area enclosed by a circle or a square
If the path is 5 meters wide, The diameter or an equilateral triangle is the same, then
of the inner circle is : the maximum perimeter is possessed by :
(a) 55 m (b) 110 m (a) circle
(c) 220 m (d) 230 m (b) square
21. What will be the area of a semi-circle of (c) equilateral triangle
14 m diameter ? (d) triangle and square have equal
(a) 22 m2 (b) 77 m2 perimeters greater than of circle
2
(c) 154 m (d) 308 m2
27. If the radius of a circle is increased by
22. The area of the greatest circle which can 75%, then its circumference will increase
be inscribed in a square whose perimeter by :
is 120 cm, (a) 25% (b) 50%
2
(c) 75% (d) 100%
22 7
(a) ×   cm2 28. Find the surface area of a 10cm × 4cm
7 2
2
× 3cm brick.
22 9 (a) 84 sq. cm
(b) ×   cm2
7  2 (b) 124 sq. cm
2
22  15  (c) 164 sq. cm
(c) ×   cm2
7  2 (d) 180 sq. cm
22
(d) × (15)2 cm2 29. The area of the base of a reactangular
7 tank is 6500 cm2 and the volume of water
23. Four equal sized maximum circular plates contained in it is 2.6 cubic metres. The
depth of water in the tank is :
are cut off from a square paper sheet of
area 784 cm2. The circumference of each (a) 3.5 m (b) 4m
plate is : (c) 5m (d) 6m

NANCE 56
 Mensuration

30. The volume of a reactangular block of (a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 16

stone is 10368 dm3. Its dimensions are in (c) 4 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. If its entire surface
is polished at 2 paise per dm2, then the 37. A circular track runs around a circular
total cost will be : park. If the difference between the
(a) Rs. 31.50 (b) Rs. 31.68 circumference of the track and the park is
(c) Rs. 63 (d) Rs. 63.36 44 meters, find the width of the track -
(a) 7 m (b) 8 m
31. A river 1.5m deep and 36m wide is (c) 6 m (d) 9 m
flowing at the rate of 3.5km per hour.
The amount of water that runs into the 38. A cylindrical vessel of radius 4cm contains
sea per minute (in cubic metres) is : water. A solid sphere of radius 3cm is
(a) 3150 (b) 31500 lowered into the water, level in the vessel
(c) 6300 (d) 63000 will rise by :
2 4
32. A conical tent is 48 m high and the (a) cm (b) cm
diameter of its base is 28 m. The cost of 9 9
9 9
the convas required to make the tent at (c) cm (d) cm
the rate of Rs. 50 per square meter is - 4 2
(a) Rs. 1478400 (b) Rs. 121200 39. In a trapezium whose parallel sides
(c) Rs. 110000 (d) Rs. 90200 measure 24 cm and 15cm and the
distance between them is 10cm. Find the
33. If the volumes of two cones are in the
area of trapezium
ratio of 1 : 4 and their diameters are in
the ratio of 4 : 5, then the ratio of their (a) 215 cm2 (b) 205 cm2
2
heights is : (c) 195 cm (d) 295 cm2
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 5 : 4 40. The length of diagonal of a square whose
(c) 5 : 16 (d) 25 : 64 area is 16900 m2 is
34. A cylinder with base radius of 8cm and (a) 130m (b) 130 2 m
height of 2cm is melted to form a cone of (c) 169m (d) 144m
height 6cm. The radius of the cone will
be : 41. The sides of a triangle are 11cm, 15cm
(a) 4 cm (b) 5 cm and 16cm. The altitude to largest side is
(c) 6 cm (d) 8 cm 15 7
(a) 30 7 cm (b) cm
35. The volume of a sphere is 4851 cu. cm. 2
Its curved surface area is : 15 7
(c) cm (d) 30cm
(a) 1386 cm2 (b) 1625 cm2 4
2
(c) 1716 cm (d) 3087 cm2
42. If the altitude of an equilateral triangle is
36. Spheres A and B have their radii 40cm 6 cm, its area is
and 10cm respectively. The ratio of
the surface area A to the surface area of (a) 2 3 cm2 (b) 2 2 cm2
B is : (c) 3 3 cm2 (d) 6 2 cm2

NANCE 57
 Mensuration
43. What change in percent is made in the (a) 4 (b) 8
area of a rectangle by decreasing its length (c) 8 (d) 16
and increasing its breadth by 5% ?
(a) 2.5% increase 47. The edge of a cube is 20cm. How many
(b) 0.25% increase small cubes of 5cm edge can be formed
from this cube?
(c) 0.25% decrease
(a) 4 (b) 64
(d) 2.5% decrease
(c) 32 (d) 100
44. When the circumference and area of a
circle are numerically equal, then the 48. One diagonal of a rhombus is 24cm and
diameter is numerically equal to its side is 13cm. The area of the
rhombus is :
(a) area
(b) corcumference (a) 25 sq. m
(c) 2 (b) 312 sq. m
(d) 4 (c) 125 sq. cm
(d) 120 sq. cm
45. A sector 120° cut out from a circle has
3 49. The height of a cylinder is 14cm and its
an area of 9 sq. cm. The radius of the curved surface area is 264 cm2 the radius
7
circle is of its base is :
(a) 3cm (b) 2.5 cm (a) 3 cm (b) 4 cm
(c) 3.5 cm (d) 3.6 cm (c) 2.4 cm (d) 12.4 cm
46. A hollow spherical ball whose inner radius 50. The radii of two cylinders are in the ratio
is 4cm is full of water. Half of the water 2 : 3 and their heights in ratio of 5 : 3,
is transferred to a conical cup and it their volumes will be :
completely filled the cup. If the height of
the cup is 2cm, then the radius of the (a) 4 : 9 (b) 27 : 20
base of cone in cm is (c) 20 : 27 (d) 9 : 4

1 d 2 c 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 c
7 c 8 a 9 c 10 c 11 d 12 b
13 b 14 a 15 b 16 d 17 a 18 c
19 c 20 c 21 b 22 d 23 b 24 c
25 b 26 c 27 c 28 c 29 b 30 d
31 a 32 c 33 d 34 d 35 a 36 d
37 a 38 c 39 c 40 b 41 c 42 a
43 c 44 d 45 a 46 c 47 b 48 d
49 a 50 c

NANCE 58
 Geometry

 Colinear Points : All points which lie on

The word ‘geometry’ originally came from
the same line are said to be Colinear
the Greek word ‘geo’ meaning ‘earth’
and ‘metron’ meaning ‘measurement’. Points.
Therefore, the word geometry means
‘measurement of earth’ or it the science  Intersecting Lines : Two lines l and m
of properties and relations of figures. are called intersecting lines if they have a
Shapes and geometrical figures and their common point P. The common point P is
measurement have become an essential called the point of intersection.
part of our day-to-day routine.
m l
The scope of plane geometry, as a branch
of mathematics, has broadened the study
about plane figures-line, angles, triangles, P
quadrilaterals etc.

The basic idea of a plane is that is a flat

surface which extends indefinitely in all  Parallel lines : Two lines in a plane are
directions. parallel if they do not intersect each other
however far they are produced in either
direction.
Surface
m
l
A sheet of paper

It is a location in space, on a surface, or

in a cordinate system. A point has no
dimensions and defined only by its
position.

Line Ray Line segment

(i) A line AB is a represented A ray AB is represented as A line segment AB is
by represented by
A B
A B
A B
(ii) A line has no end point A ray has one end point A line segment has two end
points.
(iii) A line does not have a A ray does not have a definite A line segment has a definite
definite length. length. length.
(iv) We can simply represent We can simply represent a A line segment of a given length
a line i.e. a line can not be ray i.e. a ray can not be can be drawn on a paper.
drawn on a paper drawn on a paper

NANCE 59
 Geometry
A D
2
Three or more lines in a plane are said to 1 3
O
be concurrent if they all pass through the 4
C B
same point. The point O is called the
point of concurrency.
n
m The line which intersect two parallel lines
is called transversal.
O
l
2 1
3 4
6 5
 Angle : It is the spatial relationship 7 8
between two straight lines.
Interior angles : In the diagram 3,
4,5 and 6 are interior angles.
Exterior angles : 1,2 ,7 and 8
are exterior angles.

1. Acute angle : It is an angle which is less Corresponding angles : 1 and 5;

than 90° i.e., less then /2 radians. 4 and 8; 2 and 6; 3 and 7 are
pairs of corresponding angles.
2. Right angle : It is an angle which is equal
to 90° i.e., equal to radians. Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
3. Obtuse angle : It is an angle which is 1 = 5; 4 = 8; 2 = 6;
more than 90° but less than 180°. 3 = 7
4. Straight angle : It is an angle which is Alternate angles : 3 and 5; 4 and
equal to 180° i.e., equal to radians. 6 are pairs of alternate angles.
5. Reflex angle : It is an angle which is Pairs of alternate angles are equal.
greater then 180° but less than 360°. 3 = 5; 4 = 6 (alternate
6. Complementary angles : Two angles interior angles)
are said to be complementary if their sum 1 = 7; 2 = 8 (alternate
is 90°.
exterior angles)
7. Supplementary angles : Two angles are
Exterior angles on the same side of the
said to be supplementary if their sum is
transversal are supplementary, then
180°.
1 + 8 = 180° and
8. Adjacent angles : These are the angles
which have one arm is common and non 2 + 7 = 180°
common arms are on the opposite side Interior angles on the same side of the
of the common arm. transversal are supplementary, then
9. Vertically opposite angles : If two 3 + 6 = 180° and
straight line AB and CD intersect at a 4 + 5 = 180°
point, 1 and 3, 2 and 4 are (Sum of consecutive interior angles in the
vertically opposite angles. same side of transversal is 180°)

NANCE 60
 Geometry
The ratio of intersects made by three Number Name of the Sum of
parallel lines on a transversal is equal to of sides Polygon interior angles
3 Triangles 180 º
ratio of corresponding intercept made by (3 ­ 2) × 180º
same parallel lines to other transversal. = 180º
s t

A l
P
4 Quadrilaterals 2 × 180º
Q
m (4 – 2) × 180 º
B
= 360 º
n
C R
5 5 sided 3 × 180º
s and t are transveral intersecting three Polygons (5 – 2) × 180 º
parallel lines, l, m and n at A, B, C and = 540 º
AB PQ
P, Q, R respectively.  
BC QR 6 6 sided 4 × 180º
Polygons (6 – 2) × 180 º
= 720 º
A polygon is a closed figure in a plane
that has three or more straight lines as its
…..n n – gon (n ­2) × 180º
sides.
N a m e of F ig u res
Note : The sum of interior angles of a polygon
Number of

Number of

Number of
diagonals

p o ly g o n
vertices
sides

of n equal sides is (n – 2) . 

Each interior angle of a regular polygon

3 T rian g le 3 0 of n equal sides is equal to [(2n – 4) ×
90]  n degrees.
4 Q u ad r ila te ral 4 2
The sum of exterior angles of a polygon
of n sides = 4 right angles.
Each exterior angle of regular polygon
5 P en ta g o n 5 5 of n sides is equal to 360/n degrees.

6 H ex a g o n 6 9
A simple closed figure bounded by three
line segments is called a triangle.
7 H ep tag o n 7 14 A

8 O ctag o n 8 20
C
B

9 N o n ag o n 9 27  Parts of a triangle :
A triangle has six parts or elements,
10 D eca g o n 10 35 namely;
(i) Three sides : AB, BC and CA.

NANCE 61
 Geometry

(ii) Three angles : BAC, ABC and

BCA , writt en for t he sake of 1. Sum of three angles of a triangle is 180°.
convenience as A, B and C
respectively denoting the interior angles 2. Sum of lengths of any two sides of a
of the triangle. triangle is greater than the third side.
3. The difference of lengths of any two sides
of a triangle is less than the third side.
4. The exterior angle of a triangle is Sum of
the opposite two interior angles.
5. The side opposite to the greater angle of
a triangle is greater.
6. The side opposite to the smaller angle of
a triangle is smaller.

1. An gle - An gle - An gle ( AAA)

Similarity : Two triangles are similar if
the coprresponding angles are equal.
2. Side - Side - Side (SSS) Similarity :
Two t riangles are similar if t he
coprresponding sides are proportional.
3. Side - Angle - Side (SAS) Similarity :
Name of triangles Geometric properties
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one
Acute angled traingle All interior angels are angle of t he ot her and t he sides
acute angles (less than including equal angle are proportional,
90°).
p
p, q and r are less than then the triangles are similar.
r q
90°.

The line segment joining a vertex of a

Obtuse angled triangle One of the interior angles
is an obtuse angle
triangle to the mid point of the opposite
(greater than 90°). side is called a median of the triangle.
p
AD, BE and CF are medians
q r
(i) Intersecting point of the medians of a
triangle is called the centroid.Point O is
Right angled triangle
centroid.
One of the interior angle
is a right angle. (ii) Centroid divide the median in the ratio
p (equal to 90°) 2 : 1. OA : OD = 2 : 1
q r
(iii) Median bisects the opposite side.
BD = CD

NANCE 62
 Geometry

D C

A B
Thus, ABCD is a trapezium.

 Parallelogram :
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if and
A closed figure with four sides is called only if a pair of its opposite sides is
quadrilateral. parallel and of equal length.
Quadrilateral ABCD has :
D C
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are
equal.
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are
A equal.
B Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
(i) Four sides : AB, BC, CD and DA. other.
(ii) Four vertices : A, B, C and D. Adjacent angles of a prallelogram are
(iii) Four angles : A, B, C and D supplimentary.
(iv) Two diagonals : AC and BD. D C

A quadrilateral is convex, if for any side O

of the quadrilateral, the lines containing it
has the remaining vertices on the same A B
side of it. ABCD is parallelogram, then
(i) AB || DC, AD||BC
The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral
is 360°. (ii) AB = CD, AD = BC
If the sides of a quadrilateral are (iii) OA = OC, OB = OD
produced, in order, the sum of the four  Rhombus :
exterior angles so formed is 360°.
A parallelogram is a rhombus if and only
if its diagonals are perpendicular and
bisect each other.
 Trapezium :
A quadrilateral in which one pair of
opposite sides are parallel is called All the sides of a rhombus are equal.
trapezium. ABCD is rhombus
In quadrilateral (ABCD), AB||DC  AB = BC = CD = AD

NANCE 63
 Geometry
The diagonals of a square are of equal
length.
The diagonals of a square bisect each
other at right angle.
D C

OA = OC A B
ABCD is a square
OB = OD
Diagonals AC = BD
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 90° Diagonals AC and BD bisect each other
at 90°.
 Rectangle :
Reactangle, Rhombus and Square : At a glance
A parallelogram is a rectangle if and only
D C
if its diagonals have equal length.
Parallelogram

A B

All the angles of a rectangle are right

D C D C
angles.
Rectangle Rhombus
Diagonals of a rectangle are equal and
A B A B
bisect each other. A = B = C = D = 90° AB = BC = CD = DA
ABCD is a rectangle  1 = 2 = 3
D C
= 4 = 90° AB = BC = CD = DA
Square
A = B = C = D = 90°
AB = CD and AB || DC
A B
AD = BC and AD || BC
D C  Kite :
In a quadrilateral, if two pairs of adjacent
4 3
sides are equal, then it is called a kite.
In the adjoining figure,
1 2
A B
Diagonals AC and BD bisect each other.
 Square :
A parallelogram is a square if and only if
its digonals are equal and perpendicular AB = AD and BC = CD, Hence figure
and bisect each other. ABCD is a kite.

All the ratio of sides of a square are equal A circle is a simple closed curve, all the
points of which are at the same distance
Each of the angles is a right angle in from a given fixed point. They remain
square. constant.

NANCE 64
 Geometry
For example : Wheels, the sun, the moon, In the adjoining figure.
one-rupee coin.

Radius
AXB is an arc of the circle.
A
O B
AOB is a sector of the circle.
Diameter The arc makes an angle at the centre of the
Ch
ord circle. This is also known as the central
angle.
R
(i) The length of the arc of the sector of the
 Centre : The fixed point in the plane

which is equidistant from every point on circle (l)   2r (where r is the radius
360
the boundary of the circle is called centre. of the circle)
In the adjoining figure, O is the centre of (ii) The perimeter of the sector of the circle
the circle. = l + 2r
 Radius : The fixed distance between the (iii) The area of a sect or of a circle
centre and any point of the circle is called 
  ( r 2 )
radius. In figure, OP is radius. 360

 Chord : A line segment joining any two  Segments of Circle : A chord divides
points on a circle is called a chord of the the circle into two parts. Each part is a
segment of the circle.
circle. In figure, AR is a chord.
(i) Smaller region is known as minor
 Diameter : A chord that passes through segment.
the centre of a circle is called diameter (ii) Larger region is known as major
of the circle. In figure, AB is a diameter.. segment.
The length of a diameter = 2 × radius. In (iii) Angle in the minor segment is Obtuse.
a circle, diameter is the longest chord. (iv) Angle in the major segment is Acute.
 Circumference : The distance around a  Secant of a circle : The line which
circle is called the circumference. intersects the circle at two points is
Circumference of a circle is the perimeter known as Secant of a circle.
of that circle.
 Tangent of a circle : The line which
 Arc : A part of a circumference is called touches the circle at one point is known
an arc. In the above figure, the curve line as Tangent of a circle.
AR is an arc of the circle. It is written as
AR.  Common Tangents to Two Circles : A
line which touches two given circles is
 Sector of a circle : called a common tangents to the circles.
A sector is a closed figure formed by joining
the end points of an arc of a circle with the  Concentric Circles : Circles with one
common centre are known as concentric
centre of the circle.
circles.

NANCE 65
 Geometry

 Congruent Circles : Circles of same 2. In a circle perpendicular drawn from the

radii are called congruent circles. centre to a chord bisects the chord.

 Concyclic Points : Points are said to 3. In a circle; if a line joining mid point of a
be concylic, if these lie on one circle. chord to the centre is perpendicular to
the chord.
 Cyclic Quadrilateral : It is a
quadrilateral whose all the four vertices
lie on a circle. O

 Congruent Arcs : Two arcs of a circle

are congruent if and only if the angles
subtended by them at the centre are equal. A M B
Also if the arcs are congruent, then their
corresponding chords are equal and If M is the mid point of
vice-versa.
AB  OM  AB  AM = AB
 Incircle and Incentre : The circle which If OM  AB AM = AB.
touches all the sides of a triangle is called
the incircle of the triangle. Incentre is the 4. Equal chords of a circle are equidistant
point of concurrence of three angles from the centre.
bisectors of the triangle. Chords equidistant from the centre are
equal in length.
 Circumcircle and Circumcentre : The If AB = CD  OL = OM
circle which passes through all the
If OL = OM  AB = CD
vertices of a triangle is called the
circumcircle of the triangle and its centre C
is called the circumcentre of the triangle. M
Circumcentre is the point of concurrence D
of right bisectors of three sides of the O
triangle. B
L
 Centroid : It is the point common to all A
the medians of a triangle and it divides a
5. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal
median in the ratio 2 : 1. Centroid is also
called the Centre of Gravity of the angles at the centre.
triangle. Chords of a circle which subtend equal
angles at the centre are equal.
 Orthocentre : It is t he point of
D
concurrence of three altitudes i.e.,
perpendiculars from vertices to their
C
opposite sides of a triangle.
O
A
1. Only one circle can passes through three
non-collinear points. B

NANCE 66
 Geometry

If AB = CD  AOB = COD C
If AOB = COD  AB = CD

6. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle

at the center is twice the angle subtended A O B
by the arc at any other point on the
remaining part of
the circle.
AOB = 2ACB  ACB is angle of semicircle.
C  ACB = 90°

10. Angles in the same segment of a circle

O are equal.

A Arc AB subtends ACB and ADB is

the same segment
B
X D C
7. A quadrilateral is called cyclic if all the
four vertices lie on a circle. And the four
vertices are called the concyclic points.

8. Sum of opposite internal angles of a cyclic A B

quadrilateral is 180°.
X
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral  ACB = ADB
 A + C = 180° and
           B + D = 180°. 11. The tangent line at any point of a cirlce is
perpendicular to the radius through the
D
point of contact.
C

A
B 12. The lengths of the two tangents from an
If in a quadrilateral sum of opposite external point to a circle are equal.
angles is 180° then the quadrilateral is a B
cyclic quadrilateral.
O
9. An angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. A
AB is the diameter. OA = OB

NANCE 67
 Geometry

Subjective Type Questions : 6. In a parallelogram PQRS, the bisectors of

1. In adjoining figure, for what value of x will P and Q meet at O. Find POQ.
the line l be parallel to line m ? S R

(3x+6)° O

2 (x+7)° 1 2
m
P Q

7. If an interior angle of a regular polygon

2. In the figure EF || AD and ED || AC. If measures 156°, find how many sides there
BF = 5 cm, FD = 7 cm and BE = 10 cm, are in the regular polygon.
find BC.
8. The interior angles of a pentagon are in
the ratio 15 : 25 : 30 : 20 : 18. Find all its
angles. The sum of the interior angles of a
pentagon = (2n – 4) right angles.

3. The perimeter of a rectangle is 30 cm. If 9. In the figure above, AB is parallel to CD.

the ratio of the length to breadth is 3 : 2, P and R are the points on AB and CD
then find the dimensions of the rectangle. respectively. Q is in between AB and CD.
Find the value of x in degrees.
4. In figure, PQRS is a parallelogram in P
A B
which SPO = 50°, OPQ = 30° and 100°
SOR = 110°
Find : 2x + 10 Q
S R
(i) PQO 110° 30°
(ii) OSR O C
R
D
(iii) QRO 50°
30°
P Q 10. In the figure below (not to scale)
(iv) RQS
CD || RS. EMG = 90°, GMD = y°,
5. In figure, l2 || l3. Find out the marked x
CME = x° and y° = .
angles. 2
t1 t2
FNS : FNR is.
l1
E G
30° 90°
A x C D
M
B 120° 120° E y
l2
u S
C w F z l3
R
N
F

NANCE 68
 Geometry

Objective Type Questions

1. When two circles intersect each other the

number of common tangents is -
(a) One (b) Two
(c) Four (d) Many (a) 12 (b) 9
(c) 15 (d) 10
2. What is the length of YZ ? 7. In the adjoining figure, AOB and COD
X are the diameters of a circle.
8 cm 17 cm If ABC = 55° then ADC is

Y Z

(a) 9 cm (b) 15 cm
(c) 19 cm (d) 25 cm

3. O is the centre of the circle. Find the  

1 1
value of x ? (a) 27 (b) 62
2 2
(a) 45°
(c) 55° (d) 35°
(b) 90°
(c) 60° 8. The length of a chord of a circle of radius
(d) 30° 17cm and at a distance of 8cm from the
centre is
4. A right triangle’s hypotenuse has length (a) 15 cm (b) 30 cm
5 units. If one leg has length 2 units, what (c) 28 cm (d) 34 cm
is the length of other leg ?
9. The sum of the angles in a quadrilateral is
(a) 3 (b) 21 equal to :
(c) 29 (d) 7 (a) 2 right angles
(b) 3 right angles
5. In the star shape shown in figure, the sum
of the angles marked at the corners A, B, (c) 4 right angles
C, D, E is A (d) 360 right angles
B
P
10. The knowledge of how many element
Q
E
is essential to construct a unique
C quadrilateral ?
D (a) Four (b) Five
(a) 90 (b) 135 (c) Three (d) None of these
(c) 180 (d) 140 11. In a ABC, E is the midpoint of AC and
6. An acute angle is an angle whose measure G is the centroid of the triangle. Then
is between 0° and 90°. Using the ray in BE : GE
the diagram, how many different acute (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
angles can be formed ? (c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 3

NANCE 69
 Geometry
D
12. In the figure below (not to scale), (a) 75° 45°
PQ || TS, reflex QRS = 300° and (b) 105° 50°
A C
x – y = 30°. THe measure of y will be - (c) 85°
P Q
x° (d) 60°
R B
y°
T S 17. In t he given figure, ABCD is a
(a) 25° (b) 15° quadrilateral inscribed in a circle.
(c) 20° (d) 30° Diagonals AC and BD are joined. If
13. In a quadrilateral the angles are in the CAD = 40° and BDC = 25° Find
ratio 3 : 4 : 5 : 6. Then the difference BCD.
between the greatest and the smallest (a) 85°
angle is (b) 120°
(a) 108° (b) 60°
(c) 115°
(c) 180° (d) 360°
(d) 95°
14. The perimeter of a parallelogram is 180
cm. One side exceeds the another by 18. In the given figure, ABC is inscribed in
10cm. The adjacent sides of t he
a circle. The bisector of BC passing
parallelogram are ........
through centre of the circle, meets BC at
(a) 30 cm, 40 cm (b) 40 cm, 50 cm
D and the circle at E. If EC is joined
(c) 50 cm, 60 cm (d) None of these
then ECD = 30°. Find BAC.
15. In the given figure, ABC is inscribed in
a circle with centre O. If ACB = 65°, (a) 20° A

find ABC. (b) 40°

A
(c) 50°
(d) 60°
65° D
B C
O B C
E

(a) 25° 19. In the given figure, POQ is a diameter of

(b) 35° a circle with centre O and PQRS is a
(c) Cannot be determined cyclic quadrilateral. SQ is joined. If
(d) None of these R = 138°, find PQS.
(a) 90° S R
138°
16. In t he given figure, ABCD is a (b) 42°
quadrilateral inscribed in a circle. P
(c) 48° O
Diagonals AC and BD are joined. If
CAD = 50° and BDC = 45°. Find (d) 38°
BCD.

NANCE 70
 Geometry
20. Two circles intersect in A and B. 25. In a parallelogram ABCD, if
Quadrilaterals PCBA and ABDE are
AB = 2x + 5, CD = y + 1, AD = y + 5
inscribed in these circles such that PAE
and BC = 3x – 4 then ratio of AB : BC
and CBD are line segments. If P = 95°
and C = 40°. Find the value of z. is
(a) 65° P A E (a) 71 : 21 (b) 12 : 11
(b) 105° 95° z° (c) 31 : 35 (d) 4 : 7
(c) 95° 26. ABCD is a square E, F, G, H are the
(d) 85° 40°
C D midpoint of the four sides. Then the figure
B
EFGH is
21. In the adjoining figure, it is given that
D and E are the mid points of AB and (a) square (b) rectangle
AC respectively. If A = 80°, C = 35° (c) trapizium (d) parallelogram
then EDB = ___________
A 27. In a circle, the major arc is twice the
(a) 120°
minor arc. The corresponding central
(b) 160° 80° E
D angles and the degree measures of the
(c) 70° two arcs are
(d) 115° 35°
B C (a) 90° and 270°
22. ABCD is a parallelogram. The angle (b) 60° and 300°
bisectors of A and D meet at O. The (c) 240° and 120°
measure of AOD is (d) 120° and 240°
(a) 45°
(b) 90° 28. The least number of noncollinear points
(c) dependent on the angles A and D required to draw a circle passing through
(d) cannot be determined from given data them is
(a) two (b) three
23. ABCD and MNOP are quadrilaterals as
(c) four (d) nine
shown in the below given figure, then
D C P O 29. The ratio of the angles A, C and B of
4 3 8 7
triangle ABC is 1 : 1 : 2. If the equal sides
measure 10 cm each, what is the length of
1 2 5 6 the longest side?
A B M N
(a) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 (a) 12 2 cm (b) 12 3 cm
(b) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 < 5 + 6 + 7 + 8
(c) 10 3 cm (d) 10 2 cm
(c) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 > 5 + 6 + 7 + 8
(d) none of the foregoing
30. Two parallel chords on the same side of
24. In the quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals the centre of a circle are 10cm and 24cm
AC and BD are equal and perpendicular long and their distance apart is 7cm. Then
to each other. Then ABCD is a radius of the circle is
(a) square (b) parallelogram (a) 13cm (b) 8cm
(c) rhombus (d) trapezium (c) 5cm (d) 7cm

NANCE 71
 Geometry
31. Given a chord AB in a circle as shown. 38. The interior angle of a regular polygon
If two more chords AD and BE are exceeds the exterior x angle by 132°. Then
drawn perpendicular to AB then the number of sides in the polygon is
(a) AD = BE D E
(a) 12 (b) 13
(b) AD = 2BE
(c) 14 (d) 15
(c) 2AD = BE
(d) none of these 39. In the figure given below PS is the
A B diameter. Points P, Q, R, and T, S, R,
are collinear. T hen QTS is equal to
32. If three medians of a triangle are equal,
then triangle is called
(a) isoceles (b) equilateral
(c) a right angled (d) None of these

33. Find the measurement of the length

PD C
(a) 2.5 2.5
2 B
(b) 1.5
3 P
(c) 2.4 A (a) 25° (b) 40°
(d) 1.75
D (c) 30° (d) 35°
34. Find x in the polygon :
40. Two sides of an isosceles triangle are
(a) 108 105° 5cm and 6cm. Then the length of the third
(b) 115 x x side is
(c) 95
90° x (a) 5cm (b) 6 cm
(d) 110
(c) 5cm or 6 cm (d) None of these
35. If external bisectors of B and C
meet at O. If A = 50°, then BOC is 41. In the following fig if AB = AC and BD
equal to : = DC, then ADC =
(a) 65° (b) 75° (a) 60°
(c) 45° (d) 40° (b) 120°
36. In ABC, the medians BE and CF (c) 90°
intersect at G. AGD is a line meeting BC (d) None of these
at D. If the GD = 1.5 cm, then AD is
equal to :
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 3 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 4.5 cm 42. In a Rhombus ABCD, if AB = AC, then
37. The angle which is one fifth of its BCD = ...........
supplement is (a) 60° (b) 120°
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 45° (d) 60° (c) 72° (d) 108°

NANCE 72
 Geometry

43. 48 cm long chord of a circle is at a 47. The ratio of the sides of two regular
distance of 7cm from the centre. Find polygons is 1 : 2 and of their interior
the radius of the circle. angles is 3 : 4, then the number of sides
of each polygon is
(a) 5cm
(a) 5, 10 (b) 9, 12
(b) 17cm (c) 10, 5 (d) 5, 12
(c) 25cm
48. The angles of a pentagon in degree are
(d) None of these
x°, (x + 20)°, (x + 40)°, (x + 60)° and
(x + 80)°. What is the measure of the
44. In a quadrilateral PQRS, if
largest angle?
P = R = 100° and S = 75° What (a) 78° (b) 148°
is the measure of Q? (c) 68° (d) 158°
(a) 50° (b) 85°
49. The diagonals of a quadrilateral intersect
(c) 120° (d) 360°
at right angles and it has exactly one axis
of symmetry. The quadrilateral is a :
45. What is the number of lines of symmetry
(a) square
for a parallelogram?
(b) rhombus
(a)  (b) 4
(c) kite
(c) 0 (d) 6
(d) None of these
46. The angles of a quadrilateral are all angles
50. The sum of the exterior angles of a
are not equal. The quadrilateral is a hexagon is
(a) parallelogram (b) sqaure (a) 360° (b) 540°
(c) trapezium (d) rectangle (c) 720° (d) none of these

1 b 2 b 3 a 4 b 5 c 6 d
7 c 8 b 9 c 10 a 11 c 12 b
13 b 14 b 15 a 16 c 17 c 18 d
19 c 20 d 21 d 22 b 23 a 24 a
25 c 26 a 27 c 28 b 29 d 30 a
31 a 32 b 33 c 34 b 35 a 36 d
37 b 38 d 39 d 40 c 41 c 42 b
43 c 44 b 45 c 46 c 47 a 48 b
49 c 50 a

NANCE 73
 Statistics

(ii) Grouped data : To present the data in a

Extraction of meaningful information more meaningful way, we condense the
by collection of dat a, organising, data into convenient number of classes
summarising, presenting and analysing the or groups is called grouped data.
data is a branch of mathematics called
 Observation :
statistics.
Each numerical figure in a data is called
The word ‘Statistics’ is derived from the
an observation.
Latin word ‘Status’ which means
Political State.
The number of times a particular
observation occurs is called its frequency.
1. Statistics is not suited to the study of
qualitative phenomenon, as beauty,  Frequency Distribution :
honesty, poverty. The tabular arrangement of data showing
2. Statistics does not study individuals but it the frequency of each item is called a
deals with group. frequency ditribution.
3. Statistics laws are not exact. But they are
true on averages only.
4. Statistics is liable to be misused. Data (i) Inclusive Form (Discontinuous form) :
collected for certain purpose, may not be A frequency distribution in which each
suitable for another purpose. upper limit of each class is also included.
(ii) Exclusive form (Continuous form) : A
 Primary Collection : frequency distribution in which each upper
If the data is collected by the investigator limit of each class is excluded and lower
herself/himself with the specific purpose, limit is included.
then such datta is called the primary
collection.  Frequency Distribution of an
Ungrouped Data :
 Secondary Collection : Tally method. A bar (|) called tally mark
If the data collected by someone else is put against the number when it occurs.
other than investigator are known as When occured 4 t imes, t he fift h
secondary collection. occurrence is represented by putting
diagonally a cross tally (/) on the first
four tallies. This technique facilitates the
The word data means information in the counting of the tally marks at the end.
form of numerical figures or a set of given
facts. Example :
Form a discrete frequency distribution
 Types Of Data : from the following scores.
The data is classified into two types 15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15,
18, 18, 16, 24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, 16,
(i) Raw data : Data obtained from direct 24, 25, 20, 18, 28, 27, 25, 24, 24, 18,
observation is called raw data. 18, 25, 20, 16, 15, 20, 27, 28, 29, 16.

NANCE 74
 Statistics

Variate Tally marks Frequency Range

 No. of classes =
15 |||| 4
class size
16 |||| | 6
18 |||| | 6  Class Size : The difference between
20 |||| | 6 upper and lower class limit is called Class
24 |||| 5
25 |||| 5 size.
27 ||| 3
28 ||| 3  Maximum Value & Minimum Value :
29 | 1
30 | 1 The Minimum value of the variate should
be included in the first class. The
Total 40
maximum value of the variate should be
 Frequency Distributin of Grouped included in the last class interval.
Data :
 Class Limits Or Class Boundaries :
Sometimes the data is so large that it is
inconvenient to lay every mark in the The lowest and highest marks which are
frqeuency distribution table. Then we included in a class are called lower class
group the marks into convenient classes limit and upper class limit of the class.
as groups. Here, marks obtained by all of the
students are divided into seven classes
Example :
namely, 25–35, 35–45 and so on. In class
The marks of 30 students of a class, 25–35, 25 is called Lower class limit and
obtained in a test (out of 75) are given
35 is called Upper class limit.
below :
42, 21, 50, 37, 42, 37, 38, 42, 49, 39, Here, class size is 35 – 25 = 45 – 35
56, 53, 47, 29, 59, 61, 53, 17, 39, 17, = 10.
39, 42, 44, 14, 27, 7, 19, 51, 54
Construct a frequency distribution table  Class Marks : Class mark is the mid
with a class size of 10. value of a particular class i.e., the average
Solution : of it s class limit s mark is t he
representative of its class.
Marks Tally marks Frequency
Class Mark (or Mid-Value of the class)
0 – 10 | 1
10 – 20 |||| 4
Upper class limit  lower class limit

20 – 30 ||| 3 2
30 – 40 |||| | 6
40 – 50 |||| |||| 9  Class Interval :
50 – 60 |||| | 6
60 – 70 | 1 The group in which the raw data is
condensed is called a class interval. Each
 Range : class is bounded by two figures.
Determine the difference between the
minimum and maximum marks. This is  Class Mark Or Mid-Value :
called range of the data. Class mark =
Range Upper limit + lower limit
= Maximum mark – Minimum mark 2

NANCE 75
 Statistics
 Cumulative Frequency :  Graphical Representation Of Statiscal
The cumulative frequency corresponding Data :
to a class is the sum of all the frequencies
Graphical representation of statistical data
upto and that class.
is very useful in comparison of statistical
data. The pictorial representations are
There are two types of cumulative eye-catching and leave a deeper and more
frequencies.
lasting impression on the mind of the
(i) Less Than Cumulative Frequency :
observer.
For Less Than Cumulative Frequencies
we add up the frequencies from the
above.
(ii) Greater Than Cumulative Frequency :
For Greater Than Cumulative Frequencies (i) Bar Graph
we add up the frequencies from the (ii) Histogram
below.
(iii) Frequency Polygon
Example : Construct less than and greater than
(iv) Ogive (cumulative frequency curve)
cumulative fequency distributions from the
following data :
Marks obtained No. of students
Bars of uniform width are drawn with
0 – 20 2
20 – 40 7 equal spacing between them on x-axis
40 – 60 11 depicting the variable. The values of the
60 – 80 18 variables are shown on y-axis and the
80 – 100 12 height of the bars will be proportional to
values of the variables.
Solution :
(i) Less than cumulative frequency table Example : The expenditure of a company under
Marks No. of students (C.F.) different head (in thousands of rupees) is
obtained given below: Draw a bar chart to depict
Less than 20 2 the above data.
Less than 40 9=2+7
Less than 60 22 = 2 + 7 + 11 Expenditure
Less than 80 38 = 2 + 7 + 11 + 18 Head (in thousands
Less than 100 50 = 2 + 7 + 11 + 18 + 12
of rupee s)
(ii) More than cumulative frequency table Salary of employees 400
Marks No. of students (C.F.) Travelling Allowance (TA) 100
obtained
More than 0 50 = (12 + 18 + 11 + 7 + 2) Rent 150
More than 19 48 = ( 12+ 18 + 11 + 7)
More than 39 41 = ( 12 + 18 + 11) Equipment 200
More than 59 30 = (12 + 18) Miscellaneous 300
More than 79 12

NANCE 76
 Statistics
y
400
36
350
Expenditure in Rupees

300
30

24

No. of workers
250

200
Salary of employees

18
150

Miscellaneous
12

Equipment
100
6
Rent

50
TA

x
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Heads of expenditure
Wages

A histogram is a graphical representation

of a frequency distribution. While drawing Frequency polygon of a frequency
a histogram, we distribution is obtained from the histogram
(i) represent the class boundaries along the of the frequency distribution by joining
x-axis. the mid-points of respective tops of the
(ii) represent the class frequencies along the rectangles in a histogram. To complete
y-axis. the polygon, the mid-points at each end
(iii) construct a rectangle with bases along the are joined to the immediately lower or
x-axis and heights along the y-axis (see higher mid-points (as the case may be) at
the following remark). zero frequency.
It is a line graph of class frequency
Example : The following table gives the wages
plotted against class mark. It can be
in rupees of the workers in factory.
obtained by two methods :
Represent the data in the form of
histogram. (i) By using Histogram
Wages (in R.s) No. of workers (ii) Without using Histogram
0 – 10 12
10 –20 23
20 – 30 35
30 – 40 20
40 – 50 10 It can be obt ained by connecting
mid-points of the top of reactangles of
Sol. We represent the class limits along x-axis histogram.
and frequencies along y-axis. Taking class
Step 1: Draw the histogram from the given data.
intervals as heights, we construct the
rectangles to obtain the histogram of the Step 2: Obtain the mid-points of the upper
given frequency distribution as shown
horizontal sides of each rectangle.
alongside.

NANCE 77
 Statistics
Step3: Join these mid-ponts of the adjacent (iv) Frequency Polygon (Without Using
rectangles by dotted lines. Histograms) :
Calculate the class marks (mid points of
Step4: Obtain the mid-point of two class intervals class intervals x1, x2, ....., xn of the given
of zero frequency, one adjacent to the class intervals.
first on its left and one adjacent to the
last, on its right. Class mark  Upper limit  Lower lim it
2
Step5: Complete the polygon by joining the Example: Construct of frequency polygon for
mid-points of first and last class intervals the following data :
to the mid-point of the imagined class Age (in years) No. of persons
intervals adjacent to them. 0–4 1
4–8 3
Example : 8 – 12 6
12 – 16 8
For the following data, draw a histogram 16 – 20 10
and a frequency polygon. 20 – 24 8
24 – 28 5
Age (in years) No. of persons 28 – 32 3
0–6 6 32 – 36 2
6 – 12 11 Sol.
12 – 18 25 Age class-marks No. of person
18 – 24 35 0–4 2 1
24 – 30 18 4–8 6 3
30 – 36 12 8 – 12 10 6
12 – 16 14 8
36 – 42 6
16 – 20 18 10
Sol. First we draw the histogram of the given 20 – 24 22 8
24 – 28 26 5
data, then we will find out the mid-points 28 – 32 30 3
of the top of rectangles. Join these mid- 32 – 36 34 2
points by dotted straight lines. Complete
y
the polygon by joining the mid-points of (18, 10)
10
first and last class intervals to the mid- 9
points of imagined class intervals adjacent 8 (14, 8) (22, 8)

to them. 7
No. of persons

6 (10, 6)
y 5 (26, 5)
4
35 3 (6, 3) (30, 3)
30
2
1 (34, 2)
(2, 1)
25 x
No. of persons

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
20
Age
15

10

5
Statistical data also can be presented in
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42
x the form of pie graph. in the pie graph,
Age a circle is divided into various sectors, in

NANCE 78
 Statistics
proportion with the various component 4. To distinguish different sectors from one
parts of the total. another, different shades can be used.
Degree of any component = Office work
Component value Playing shuttle
 360
Total value
Exercise

Watching TV

Sleeping

Miscellaneous Pie diagram showing the time

spent on different activities
Example :
A person spends his time daily as shown
below.
Cumulative frequency curve or an ogive
A ctivity Number of hours
Office work
is the graphical representation of a
9
Exercis e 1 cumulative frequency distribution.
Playing s huttle 2 There are two methods of constructing
W atching TV 3 an ogive.
Sleeping 7
M is cellaneous 2
(i) Less than method
Sol. (ii) More than method.
Activity Number Angle of the
of hours sector Example : (i) Less than cumulative frequency
Office work 9 9 curve
 360  135 Class interval Frequency
24
Exercise 1 1 0–8 8
 360  15 8 – 16 12
24
Playing 2 2 16 – 24 20
shuttle  360  30 24 – 32 16
24
Watching TV 3 3 32 – 40 8
 360  45 40 – 48 10
24
Sleeping 7 7 Solution : We first prepare the cumulative
 360  105
24 frequency distribution table.
Miscellaneous 2 2 Class- Frequency Cumulative
 360  30
24 interval frequency
Total 24 360° (less than type)
 STEPS : 0–8 8 8
1. Draw a circle with convenient radius. 8 – 16 12 20
2. Convert each component of the data into 16 – 24 20 40
degrees. 24 – 32 16 56
3. Mark the angles at the centre of the circle 32 – 40 8 64
and draw the sectors. 40 – 48 10 74

NANCE 79
 Statistics
Mark the upper class limits along x-axis
and the cumulative frequency along y- Number of Scores Cumulative
Scores
axis. Thus we plot the points (8, 8), (16, candidates more than Frequency
20), (24, 40), (32, 56), (40, 64) and
400–450 20 400 230
(48, 74). Join these points by a free hand
curve. Complete the curve by joining the 450–500 35 450 210
first point of the curve to the point (lower
limit, 0). 500–550 40 500 175

550–600 32 550 135

600–650 24 600 103

650–700 27 650 79
cumulative frequency

700–750 18 700 52

750–800 34 750 34

Mark the lower class limits on x-axis and

cumulative frequency along y-axis. Plot
x the points (400, 230), (450, 210), (500,
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
175), (550, 135), (600, 103), (650, 79),
Class-Intervals
(700, 61), (750, 27) and an imagined
Example : The frequency distribution of scores point (800, 0).
obtained by 230 candidates in a medical
y
entrance test is as follows :
N umber of 240 (400, 230)
Socres :
candidates : 220
(450, 210)
400–450 20 200
450–500 35 180
500–550 40 (500, 175)
160
Number of candidates

550–600 32
140
600–650 24 (550, 135)
120
650–700 27
100 (600, 103)
700–750 18
750–800 34 80 (650, 79)
60 (700, 61)
Draw cumulative frequency curve by
more than method. 40
20 (750, 27)
Solution :
x
More than method. Let us first prepare 0
800
700
750
600
650
550
450
500
400

the cumulative frequency table by more

than method as given below : Scores

NANCE 80
 Statistics

 Mean Of Frequency Distribution :

The commonly used measure of central If x1, x2, x3.......,xn are n values of variable
tendency (or averages) are :
with corresponding frequencies f1, f2,
(i) Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Or Simple Mean
f3,......fn respectively, then the arithmetic
(ii) Median
mean of these values is defined as
(iii) Mode
f1x1  f 2 x 2  ...  f n x n
Mean = f1  f 2  f3  ....f n
Arithmetic mean of a set of observations
is equal to their sum divided by the total Mean =
f x i i

number of observations. f i

Mean of raw data : If x1, x2, x3........... xn

are the n values (or observations) then,
or =
f x
i i
or  fx
A.M. (Arithmetic mean) is f i f
n

x1  x 2  ........x n  xi
i 1
x = EXAMPLE :
n n
n
Find the arithmetic mean of the following
nx = Sum of observations =  xi frequency distribution :
i1

i.e., product of mean and number of items x f

gives sum of observation. 1 5
2 9
 Mean : 3 12
Sum of all observations 4 17
Mean = Number of observations 5 14
If x1, x2, x3,......., xn are the values of n 6 10
observations, then the arithmetic mean of 7 6
these observations is given by
Sol. :
x1  x 2  x 3  ...  x n
X F FX
n
1 5 5
EXAMPLE :
2 9 18
Find the arithmetic mean of 20, 22, 34,
3 12 36
54, 27, 28.
A.M. 4 17 68
5 14 70
x  xi 
20  22  34  54  27  28
6 10 60
n 6
7 5 35
85 5
=  30 Total 72 292
6 6

NANCE 81
 Statistics

 Arithmetic mean of grouped data :  n 1

th

(A) Median = value of   observations.

Ex. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the marks  2 
scored by students of a class in a class test (If ‘n’ is odd)
from the following data. (B) Median
1  n  n  
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total = value of    th item +  +1 th item 
2  2  2  
Number of
13 20 28 21 18 100 (If ‘n’ is even )
students

Sol. At first we will find the class-mark of each EXAMPLE :

class interval and represent it by x.
The marks secured by 15 students are 70,
frequency class  mark
Marks f .x. 55, 95, 62, 82, 65, 60, 68, 75, 58, 64,
(f ) (x)
0  10 85, 80, 90, 51. Find the median marks.
0  10 13 5 13  5  65
2 Sol. Arranging the marks is ascending order,
10  20
10  20 20  15 20  15  300
2 we have 51, 55, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 68,
20  30
20  30 28  25 28  25  700 70, 75, 80, 82, 85, 90, 95.
2
30  40 Here n = 15 which is odd.
30  40 21  35 21  35  735
2
40  50  n 1
40  50 18  45 18  45  810  Median = value of   th item
2  2 
Total 100 2610
 15  1 
f .x. 2610 = value of   th item
Mean     26.1  2 
f 100
= value of 8th item = 68
Hence Median = 68

Median is the middle value of the EXAMPLE :

distribution. It is the value of variable such The monthly salaries (in Rs) of 10
that the number of observations above it employees of a factory are given below :
is equal to the number of observations 1200, 8500, 9200, 7400, 11300, 12700,
below it. 7800, 11500, 10320, 8100.
Find the median salary.
 Median Or Raw Data : Sol. Arranging the given data in ascending
(i) Arrange t he data in ascending or order, we have 7400, 7800, 8100, 8500,
9200, 10320, 11300, 11500, 12000,
descending order.
12700.
(ii) Count the no. of observation (let there Here n = 10 which is even.
be ‘n’ observations)  Median

NANCE 82
 Statistics

1  n  n  
= Value of  th item  1th item
2  2  2   Subjective Type Questions :
1. Prepare the frequency distribution table
1  10   10  
= Value of  th item  1th item with 10 as class size for the following
2  2  2  
observations.
1 2 14 27 41 50 60 67 71 74 79 92 96
= Value of [5th item + 6th item]
2 4 20 29 42 51 64 69 72 75 93 93 97
1 8 23 30 46 52 65 70 73 78 94 94 100
= (9200 + 10320)
2
19520 2. Draw pie chart to represent the percentage
  Rs. 9760
2 of number of students in different classes.
Percentage of
Classes
number of students
Mode is the value of that variate for Pre-primary 25%
which the frequency is the maximum. The I TO IV 20%
item which occurs most frequently in a V and VI 15%
data is called mode. VII and VIII 30%
IX and X 10%
EXAMPLE :
3. Draw vertical bar chart for the following
Find out the value of the mode from the
following data: data.

50, 70, 50, 70, 80, 70, 70, 80, 70, 50. Classes V VI VII VIII IX X
Average
SOL. : The value 70 is repeating maximum number
height 100 105 110 120 134 156
of times i.e. 5. Therefore mode of the (cm)
given series is 70.
 Emperical Relationship among Mean, 4. Following are the ages (in years) of 360
Median & Mode : patients, getting medical treatment in a
hospital :
Following the relation :
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean Age (in years) Number of patients
10 – 20 90
2 20 – 30 50
Median = Mode + (Mean – Mode)
3 30 – 40 60
3 40 – 50 80
Mean = Mode + (Median – Mode)
2 50 – 60 50
Symmetric Distribution : A distribution is 60 – 70 30
said to be symmetric if Construct the less than & greater than
Mean = Median = Mode frequency table for the above data.

NANCE 83
 Statistics
5. The following table shows the number of (a) What is the size of the class 300 – 400 ?
leterate females in the age group (10 - 57 (b) What is the lower limit of the class
years) in a village. Draw a histogram to 200 – 300 ?
represent the below data. (c) What is the upper limit of the class
400 – 500 ?
Age group (years) Number of females (d) What is the class mark of the class
10 – 17 300 100 – 200 ?
18 – 25 980 (e) What is the frequency of the class
26 – 33 740 500 – 600 ?
34 – 41 580 (f) To which class does the article belong
42 – 49 260 whose mass is 100 grams ?
50 – 57 140
Total 3000 10. Pie chart drawn in figure depicts the
number of students of classes VII to X of
6. Draw the frequency polygon representing a school. Read it and answer the following
the following frequency distribution. questions, if there are 720 students in these
four classes.
Class interval Frequency
(a) How many students are in class X ?
30 – 34 12
(b) How many students are more in class VII
35 – 39 16
than in class VIII ?
40 – 44 20
(c) Find the ratio of the students of class IX
44 – 49 8
to that of class X.
50 – 54 10
55 – 59 4
IX VIII
7. Find the mean, median and mode of the 75° 105°
following data.
60° 120°
25, 19, 17, 24, 23, 29, 31, 40, 19, 20, X
VII
22, 26, 17, 35, 21, 19, 35.
a a a a
8. If the median of , a , , and is 6,
2 3 5 4 Objective Type Questions
then find the value of a (a > 0).
1. The arithmetic mean of the observations
9. The following table represents the masses from the data 3, 4, 6, 8, 14 is 5, then the
(in grams) of some articles. Read the table value of x is -
and answer the questions that follow :
(a) 35 (b) 32 (c) 36 (d) 33
Class Intervals Frequency
0 – 100 4 2. The mean of 40 observations was 160. It
100 – 200 5 was detected on rechecking that the value
200 – 300 15 of 165 was wrongly copied as 125 for
300 – 400 18 computation of mean. Find the correct
400 – 500 2 mean.
500 – 600 3 (a) 160 (b) 161 (c) 163 (d) 162

NANCE 84
 Statistics
3. The mean of 10 numbers is 20. If 5 is 10. Find the mean of the following numbers :
subtracted from every number, what will 12, 14, 17, 25, 10, 11, 20, 8, 15 and
be the new mean? 18 -
(a) 10 (b) 12
(a) 12 (b) 15
(c) 15 (d) 11
(c) 17 (d) 13
4. The mean of 16 numbers is 8. If 2 is
added to every number, what will be the 11. The mean of 5, 7, p, 11, 15, 17 and 20
new mean ? is 12, find p.
(a) 12 (b) 11 (a) 7 (b) 8
(c) 14 (d) 10 (c) 9 (d) 6

5. If x and y are two distinct positive integers, 12. If the mean of 5 observations is 15 and
then mean of x and y is always greater that of another 10 observations is 20, find
than __. the mean of all 15 observations
(a) 11.30 (b) 16.33
(a) xy (b) 2 xy (c) 17.33 (d) 18.33
(c) 2 xy (d) xy 13. Find t he mean o f t he fo llowing
6. Neeta and her four friends secured 65, distribution :
78, 82, 94 and 71 marks in a test of x : 4 6 9 10 15
mathematics. Find the average (arithmetic f : 5 10 10 7 8
mean) of their marks. (a) 7 (b) 9
(a) 50 (b) 78 (c) 8 (d) 6
(c) 68 (d) 70
14. Find t he mean o f t he fo llowing
7. The marks obtained by 10 students in distribution :
physics out of 40 are 24, 27, 29, 34, 32, x : 10 30 50 70 89
19, 26, 35, 18, 21 compute the mean of
f : 7 8 10 15 10
the marks.
(a) 20.50 (b) 25.50 (a) 55 (b) 30
(c) 26.50 (d) 24.50 (c) 40 (d) 50

8. The mean of 20 observations was found 15. Find the value of p, if the mean of
to be 47. But later it was discovered that following distribution is 7.5.
one observation 66 was wrongly taken x : 3 5 7 9 11 13
as 86. Find the correct mean. f : 6 8 15 p 8 4
(a) 45 (b) 44 (a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 54 (d) 46 (c) 2 (d) 4
9. A car owner buys petrol at Rs. 20.00, 16. If the mean of the following data be 9.2,
Rs. 24.00 and Rs. 25.00 per litre for find the value of p.
three successive years. Compute the
average cost per litre of petrol when he
spends Rs. 12000 on petrol each year.
(a) 22.78 (b) 30.78 (a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 20.78 (d) 21.78 (c) 15 (d) 6.4

NANCE 85
 Statistics
17. The marks of 30 students are given 20. For the following distribution, calculate
below, find the mean marks. mean using all the suitable methods.
Marks Number of Students Size of Item 1–4 4 –9 9–16 16–27
10 4 Freque ncy 6 12 26 20
11 3 (a) 13.25 (b) 10.25
12 8 (c) 11.25 (d) 12.25
13 6
14 7 21. The mid value of a class interval is 42. If
15 2 the class size is 10, then the upper and
lower limits of the class are :
(a) 12.5 (b) 10.5
(c) 14.5 (d) 11.5 (a) 47 & 37 (b) 37 & 47
(c) 37.5 & 47.5 (d) 47.5 & 37.5
18. A survey was conducted by a group of 22. The arithmetic mean of 5 numbers is 27.
students as a part of their environment If one of the numbers be excluded, their
awareness programme, in which they mean is 25. The excluded number is :
collected the following data regarding the (a) 28 (b) 26
number of plants in 20 houses in locality. (c) 25 (d) 35
Find the mean number of plants per
house. 23. The median of 0, 2, 2, 2, –3, 5, –1, 5,
5, –3, 6, 6, 5, 6 is :
Number of plants No. of houses
(a) 0 (b) –1.5
0–2 1 (c) 2 (d) 3.5
2–4 2
4–6 1 24. The average value of the median of 2, 8,
6–8 5 3, 7, 4, 6, 7 and the mode of 2, 9, 3, 4,
8 – 10 6 9, 6, 9 is :
10 – 12 2 (a) 9 (b) 8
12 – 14 3 (c) 7.5 (d) 6
Which method did you use for finding the 25. If the mean of first x natural numbers is
mean and why ? 26, then find the sum of the first x natural
(a) 4.1 (b) 8.1 numbers
(c) 6.1 (d) 7.1 (a) 1320 (b) 1362
(c) 1632 (d) 1326
19. Find the mean of the following distribution
by direct method. 26. If the mode of the observation 4, 2, 3, 3,
3, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, x, 3, 4, 4, 2, 3, 4 is 4 then
Class Interval Frequency x cannot be -
0 – 10 3 (a) 2 (b) 4
11 – 20 4
(c)  (d) Both (a) & (c)
21 – 30 2
31 – 40 5 27. If the mean of 2, x and y is 8, then the
41 – 50 6 mean of x, y and 8 is _________ .
(a) 21.9 (b) 20.9 (a) 8 (b) 9
(c) 28.9 (d) 27.9 (c) 12 (d) 10

NANCE 86
 Statistics
28. If the ratio of mode and median is 9 : 7, 35. If the mean of x and 1/x is M, then the
then find the ratio of mean and mode. mean of x3 and 1/x3 is -
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 5 M (M 2  3)
(c) 5 : 9 (d) 8 : 9 (a) (b) M (4M2 – 3)
2
29. If the mode of a data is 18 and the mean (c) M3 (d) M3 + 3
is 24, then median is - 36. In a class test in English, 10 students
(a) 18 (b) 24 scored 75 marks, 12 scored 60 marks, 8
(c) 22 (d) 21 scored 40 marks and 3 scroed 30 marks.
30. A group of 10 items has mean 6. If the The mode for their scores is
mean of 4 of these items is 7.5, then the (a) 75 (b) 30
mean of the remaining items is - (c) 60 (d) 25
(a) 6.5 (b) 5.5
(c) 4.5 (d) 5.0 37. The average age of a group of eight
members is the same as it was 3 years
31. If in a data, 10 numbers arranged in ago, when a young member is substitued
increasing order. If the 7th entry is for an old member. The incoming member
increased by 4, t hen t he median is younger to the outgoing member by
increases by (a) 11 years
(a) zero (b) 4 (b) 24 years
(c) 6 (d) 5
(c) 28 years
32. The mean of 6, x, y, 7 and 14 is 8. Then (d) 16 years
(a) x + y = 13
38. Following are the percentages of marks
(b) x – y = 13 of 10 students of a class :
(c) 2x + 3y = 13
50, 60, 70, 72, 74, 75, 80, 88, 75, 100
(d) x2 + y2 = 15
Frequency of students in the class (60–
33. The number of times a particular item 68) will be :
occurs in a class interval is called its (a) 5 (b) 1
(a) mean (c) 6 (d) 3
(b) frequency 39. The mode of the following data is -
(c) cumulative frequency Size 1 3 5 7 9
(d) none of these Frequency 6 9 12 3 15
34. If the mean of x and 1/x is M, then the (a) 4 (b) 5.66
mean of x2 and 1/x2 is (c) 6.25 (d) 9
(a) M2
40. Mean of ages of 20 students is 10 years.
(b) M2/4 5 students with mean age of 12 years
(c) 2M2 –1 leave the class. Mean of ages of the
(d) 2M2 + 1 remaining studetns will be -

NANCE 87
 Statistics
(a) 4 (b) 5.66 (a) 21 (b) 22
(c) 6.25 (d) 9.33 (c) 20 (d) 24
41. A student gets the following percentages 44. The following data have been arranged
in an examination English = 50%,
in descending orders of magnitude 75,
Biology = 40%, Mathematics = 60%,
Physics = 70%, Chemistry = 80% 70, 68, x + 2, x –2, 50, 45, 40 If
the median of the data is 60, find the
It was suggested that he has been given
double weightage on his marks in Physics value of x.
and Chemistry than in other subjects. (a) 50 (b) 60
What is the arithmetic weightage mean of (c) 40 (d) 30
marks ?
(a) 57.4 (b) 59.4 45. Mean of n observations is x. If each of
(c) 58.4 (d) 64.28 these observations is increased by 1, 2, 3,
4, ........ n respectively, then what will be
42. Find the mean of 50 observations. It is
their mean?
given that the mean of 32 of them is 28
and the mean of the remaining 18 (a) x
observations is 30.
( n  1)
(a) 30.24 (b) 28.72 (b) x 
2
(c) 24.82 (d) 30.32
n ( n  1)
43. The median of the observations 11, 12, (c) x 
2
14, 18, x + 2, x + 4, 30, 32, 35, 41
arranged in ascending order is 24. Find ( n  1)
(d) x 
the value of x. 2n

1 a 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 d 6 b
7 c 8 d 9 a 10 b 11 c 12 d
13 b 14 a 15 b 16 d 17 a 18 b
19 c 20 a 21 a 22 d 23 d 24 c
25 d 26 d 27 d 28 a 29 c 30 d
31 a 32 a 33 b 34 c 35 b 36 c
37 b 38 b 39 d 40 d 41 d 42 b
43 a 44 b 45 b

NANCE 88
 1. The value of 6. If a and b are natural numbers such that
214  130  88  44  25 :
1
(a) 14 (b) 15  1 b
   0.3 , then the value of ab is:
(c) 16 (d) 17 a
2. Teacher dictated the same dividend to four (a) 81 (b) 24
students. He gave them four different (c) 192 (d) 375
divisors, 42, 56, 112 and 126 respectively,
7. If the sum of the digits of a number (10n  1)
and asked to divided that dividend. Each
student got the same remainder as 11, then is 4707, when n is a natural number, then the
the dividend is: value of n is:
(a) 477 (b) 523
(a) LCM of all divisors + 11
(c) 532 (d) 704
(b) HCF of all divisors + 11
8. The last digit in the decimal representation of
(c) Sum of all divisors + 11
2000
(d) None of the above 1
  is :
5
1  1 1  1 1 1 
3. The value of 1 2  1 2  1 2  1 2  1 2  1 4   (a) 2 (b) 4
   
(c) 5 (d) 6
is:
9. Unit’s digit in the product (2137) 753 is :
1 1
(a) (b) (a) 1 (b) 3
2 4
(c) 7 (d) 9
1 1 10. The smallest possible integer x, for which
(c) (d) 1
16 5 1260 x = N3, where N is a positive integer,
is:
4. If 1.21  1.1 then .000121 is equal to:
(a) 1470 (b) 2450
(a) 0.0011 (b) 0.011 (c) 3675 (d) 7350
(c) 0.11 (d) 11.0 1
11. The number lies between the
1 5
5. The value of 0.4 is:
numbers:

4 4 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (a) and (b) and
10 9 3 2 2 2

4 9 1 1 1 1
(c) (d) (c) and (d) and
100 4 4 3 5 4

NANCE 89
 1 1 18. Factors of x2 + ax + b are (x– 7) and (x +9)
12. If x   5, the value of x 3  3 is -
x x then the values of a and b are :
(A) 125 (B) 110
(C) 140 (D) 135 (a) a = 2, b = – 63 (b) a = –2, b = 63

13. A number when divided by 195 leaves a (c) a = –2, b = –63 (d) a = 2, b = 63
remainder 47. If the same number is divided 19. Three numbers x, y and z are such that x = y
by 15, then the remainder will be:
z2  x 2
(a) 1 (b) 2  z but x + y + z = 0. Value of z 2  y 2 is:
(c) 3 (d) 4

3 3 4
14. If x   7  x , then the value of x is: (a)  (b)
4 5 5

7 3 5
(a) 4 (b)  (c) (d)
3 5 3
(c) –28 (d) 28 20. The denominator of a fraction is greater than
15. If x = 1, y = –1 and z = –1, then the value of numerator by 6. If 3 is added to numerator
and 2 is subtracted from denominator, the
x 2 yz 2
is: 6
3 fraction becomes , then the equation so
7
formed is:
1 1
(a) (b) 
3 3 x4 6 x 3 6
(a)  (b) 
(c) 1 (d) –1 x 3 7 x4 7
16. HCF and LCM of two expressions are x 3 6 x 2 6
(x–6) and (x+6)(x–1)(x–6) respectively. If (c)   (d)  
x  6 2 7 x6 3 7
one of the expressions is x2 – 7x + 6, then the
other expression is : x 1  x 1 
21. The value of x in x    2 is:
(a) (x – 6)(x–1) 2  3 
(b) (x + 6)(x–1) (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (x + 6)(x–6)
(c) 3 (d) 0
(d) (x2 – 7x+6)(x–1)
22. A number lying between 10 and 100 is seven
1
17. If the expression x2 + K + 2 is a perfect times the sum of its digits. If 9 is substracted
x
from it, the digits of the number are reversed.
square, then the value of K is: Then the number is :
(a) 2x (b) 2
(a) 63 (b) 54
1
(c) 1 (d) (c) 21 (d) 42
2x

NANCE 90
 23. The expression x2 – y2 – z2 + 2yz + x + y – z 30. Area of a rectangle is A. If its length is reduced
has a factor by 10% and its breadth is increased by 10%
(a) x – y + z + 1 (b) – x + y + z then which of the following statements is
true ?
(c) x + y – z + 1 (d) x – y – z + 1
24. If 5x = 1000, then the value of 5x – 2 is - (a) A remains unchanged
(a) 10 (b) 20 (b) A is decreased by 1%
(c) 40 (d) 80
(c) A is decreased by 0.1%
x x (d) A is increased by 0.1%
25. If x x , Where x and y are
y y
31. If from time t = 0, to time t = 1, a population
positive real numbers, then y is equal to: in a town increases by i %, and from time t =
(a) x + 1 (b) x2 – 1 1 to time t = 2, the population increases by j
(c) x – 1 (d) x2 + 1 % then the increase in population from time t
26. If x < – 2, then |1–|1+x| | equals = 0 to time t = 2, is :
(a) 2 + x (b) x (a) (i + j)% (b) (ij)%
(c) – x (d) – (2 + x)
27. If xy + yz + zx = 1, then the expression  ij 
(c) (i + ij)% (d)  i  j  %
 100 
xy yz zx
  is equal to :
1  xy 1  yz 1  zx 32. If the selling price of 8 articles is equal to the
cost price of 10 articles, then the gain or loss
1 1 percentage is:
(a) (b)
xyz xyz
10  8
(a)  100 gain
(c) x  y  z (d) xyz 8
28. The sum of the present ages of a father and 10  8
(b)  100 loss
his son is 99 years. When the father was old 8
as his son is now, his age was four times age
10  8
of the son at that time. The ratio of the present (c)  100 gain
10
ages of the son and and the father is :
10  8
(a) 3 : 7 (b) 3 : 8 (d)  100 loss
10
(c) 4 : 9 (d) 4 : 7
33. A sold a commodity to B with 10% profit. If
29. Let x and y be two numbers such that x = 6y.
B resold the same commodity to A with a loss
Then y is less then x by :
of 10%, then A will have:
(a) 50% (b) 60%
(a) 1 % loss (b) 11 % loss
1
(c) 75% (d) 83 %
3 (c) 1 % profit (d) 11 % profit

NANCE 91
 34. If an article is sold for Rs. p, there is a loss of 39. In the diagram BC || DE, if AD = 3 cm, DB =
15%. If however, the same article is sold for 4 cm and AC = 10.5 cm then, the value of
Rs. q, there is a profit of 15% then the ratio EC is:
(q – p) : ( q + p) is:
A
(a) 20 : 23 (b) 20 : 3
D E
(c) 3 : 20 (d) 17 : 23
B C
35. A 400 m long train is running at the speed of
(a) 4 cm (b) 4.5 cm
60 km per hour. It crosses a bridge of length
800 m in - (c) 6 cm (d) 7 cm
40. I1, I2, I3 are three parallel lines. AD = 2 cm,
2 BE = 6 cm and CF = 12 cm then the true
(a) 6 seconds (b) 20 seconds
3 relation between AB × EF and BC × DE is:
(c) 2 seconds (d) 72 seconds D I1
A
I2
3 B E
36. A can do part of a work in 9 hrs. B can do I3
8 C F

1
part of the same work in 4 hrs. Both work 1
4 (a) AB × EF = BC × DE
2
together and complete the work in :
(b) AB × EF > BC × DE
48 5 (c) AB × EF < BC × DE
(a) hrs (b) hrs
5 48 (d) AB × EF = BC × DE
35 8 41. In right angled triangle ABC, EC is a bisector
(c) hrs (d) hrs
8 35 of the  BCD and BD  AC.  BAC =
30°, then  CED is: A
37. In the given diagram B  C  65º and
(a) 65° 30°
D  30º , then the true statement is:
(b) 60° F D
A (c) 45° E

(d) 30° B C

65° 65° 30°

B C D 42. In  ABC, AB = AC. If a point P is taken on
the side AB such that AP = PC = CB, then
(a) BC = CA (b) CA > CD
the measure of angle A is :
(c) BD > AD (d) AC = AD (a) 18° (b) 36°
38. The true statement for the perimeter of a (c) 54° (d) 72°
triangle is :
43. If the diagonals of a rhombus are 8 cm and 6
(a) Greater than the sum of its altitudes cm respectively, then the perimeter of the
(b) Less than the sum of its altitudes rhombus is
(c) Equal to the sum of its altitudes (a) 20 cm (b) 16 cm
(d) None of these (c) 12 cm (d) 28 cm

NANCE 92
 44. In the given diagram, PQRS is a cyclic 49. Areas of six surfaces of a cuboid are 12, 12,
quadrilateral and O is the centre of circle, 20, 20 and 15, 15 sq. cm respectively. Volume
then the value of  PQS is: Q of this cuboid in cm3 is :
(a) 34°
56°
R (a) 12 (b) 15

(b) 40° P O (c) 60 (d) 94

40° 50. If area of a circle A1 is 25 times the area of a
(c) 50°
circle A2, then ratio of their circumference is:
(d) 56° S
(a) 1 : 5 (b) 5 : 1
45. Radius of a circle is 13 cm. A chord is 12 cm.
(c) 25 : 1 (d) 1 : 25
away from its centre, then the length of the
51. Radius and height of a cylinder are 7 cm and
chord is :
14 cm respectively. It is divided along its axis
(a) 12 cm (b) 13 cm vertically into equal parts. The increase in its
(c) 5 cm (d) 10 cm total surface area is:
46. In cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, AD = DC, (a) 392 sq. cm (b) 308 sq. cm
AB = BC and  ABC = 70°. Value of x is (c) 196 sq. cm (d) 154 sq. cm
A
(a) 35° 52. Area of a rectangle is A. If its length is reduced
by 10% and its breadth is increased by 10%
(b) 55° B 70° D
then which of the following statements is true?
(c) 90°
X° (a) A remains unchanged
(d) 110° C
(b) A is decreased by 1 %
47. In the diagram O is the centre of circle. AE + (c) A is decreased by 0.1%
EB = CE + ED. OP  AB and OQ  CD
(d) A is increased by 0.1%
then true relation between OP and OQ is:
53. If four equal circles of maximum size are
(a) OP > OQ D
drawn inside a square of side 4a units such
(b) OP < OQ that each circle touches the adjacent two as
O Q
B shown in the figure, then area of the shaded
E
1 P
portion is :
(c) OP = OQ A
C
2
(d) OP = OQ
48. Two parallel chords AB and CD, of length 6
cm and 8 cm respectively, are 1 cm apart.
The radius of the circle is : (a) a 2 (1  ) sq units (b) a 2 (2  ) sq units

(a) 2.5 cm A 6 cm B (c) a 2 (3  )sq units (d) a 2 (4  ) sq units

C 1 cm D

(b) 4.0 cm 8 cm
54. A square, a rectangle and right- angled
(c) 5 cm isosceles triangle have the same perimeter.
Out of these three, the figure with the greatest
(d) 5.5 cm
area is:

NANCE 93
 (a) Square 8 7 8 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 3 3 2
(b) Rectangle
58. If the area (in m2) of the square inscribed in a
(c) Right angled isosceles triangle
semicircle is 2, then the area (in m2) of the
(d) Data is insufficient square inscribed in the entire circle is :

55. Two spherical balls of 6 cm diameter are (a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
melted and cast into a conical shaped vessel
59. In the figure given below, if each circle has a
with a base of 12 cm diameter. The height of
radius of 3 cm, then the perimeter (in cm) of
the vessel is:
the triangle is:
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 3.5 cm (d) 6 cm
(a) 18 (1  3) A
56. The volume and whole surface area of
cylindrical solid of radius ‘r’ units are V and (b) 9 (4+ 3 )
S respectively . If the height of the cylinder is
V (c) 6 (6  3) B C
1unit, then is equal to :
S
(d) 3(6  3)
1 1  1 1 
(a) 1   (b)  1   60. Spherical marbles, each of diameter 1.4 cm,
2  r 1  2  r 1 
are dropped into a beaker of right circular
1 1 1  1 cylindrical shape, containing some water and
(c) 1   (d) 1  
2 r 2 r are fully submerged. The diameter of the
beaker is 7 cm. If the water level in the beaker
57. A conical vessel, with internal radius of the
rises by 5.6 cm, then the number of marbles
base 8 cm and height 42 cm, is full of water.
dropped into the beaker is:
This water is poured in a right circular
cylindrical vessel the radius of whose base is (a) 100 (b) 120
16 cm. What is the height, in cm, of the water
(c) 150 (d) 180
level in the cylindrical vessel?

ANSWER KEY
Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. b a a b b a b d c d
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. c c b d b c b a c b
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. a c a a b d b d d b
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. d a d c d a c a c d
Q. N. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. b b a c d c d c c b
Q. N. 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. b b d a d a d b a c

NANCE 94