Alternating

Current

UNIT- ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT

CONTENTS
Alternating Voltage and Current Developed in a Coil Rotating in Magnetic Field

Some Definitions Regarding Alternating Voltage and Current

Mean (or Average) Value of Alternating Current AC vs DC

Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current Transformer

Different Types of AC Circuits AC Generator

Power in AC Circuits Resonant Circuits

Wattless Current Half Power Points, Bandwidth and Q-Factor

 Alternating Voltage and Current Developed in a Coil Rotating in
Magnetic Field

Instantaneous Magnetic Flux ∅𝐁 = 𝐁𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐀 ∅𝐁 = 𝐁𝐀𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 ∅𝐁 = 𝐁𝐀𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭

The rate of change of Magnetic Flux

𝐝∅𝐁 𝐝(𝐁𝐀𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭) 𝐝∅𝐁
= = −𝐁𝐀𝛚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐝∅𝐁
For N number of turns 𝐍 = −𝐍𝐁𝐀𝛚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭
𝐝𝐭
𝐝∅𝐁
Voltage induced in the coil 𝐕 = −𝐍 𝐕 = 𝐍𝐁𝐀𝛚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭
𝐝𝐭
The magnitude of the emf
As, maximum value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 = 1 induced in a coil rotating in
a magnetic field changes
𝐕𝟎 = 𝐍𝐁𝐀𝛚 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 continuously with time.

Alternating Current 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭

Some Definitions Regarding Alternating Voltage and Current
Maximum Value or Peak Value or Amplitude

The maximum value of the AC Voltage or Current

is called ‘peak value’. It is represented by 𝐕𝟎 or 𝐈𝟎

𝟐𝛑
Periodic Time 𝐓=
𝛚

The time taken by the alternating current to

complete one cycle is called ‘periodic time’.

𝟏 𝛚
Frequency 𝐟= 𝐟=
𝐓 𝟐𝛑

The number of cycles completed by an alternating The unit of frequency is ‘cycle/second’ or hertz
current in one second is called the ‘frequency’ of (Hz). The frequency of the domestic alternating
the current. current is 50 cycles/second or 50 Hz.
Mean (or Average) Value of Alternating Current
For One Cycle
Alternating Current 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭

Average value for one complete cycle i.e., from t=0 to t=T

𝐓 𝐈𝟎
‫𝐈 𝟎׬‬. 𝐝𝐭 𝐈𝐦 = [−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝐓 − −𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟎 ]
𝐈𝐦 = 𝐓 𝛚𝐓
‫𝐭𝐝 𝟎׬‬
𝐈𝟎
𝐓 𝐈𝐦 = [−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝐓 + 𝟏]
‫𝐭𝛚𝐧𝐢𝐬 𝟎𝐈 𝟎׬‬. 𝐝𝐭 𝛚𝐓
𝐈𝐦 =
[𝐓 − 𝟎] 𝐈𝟎 𝟐𝛑
𝐈𝐦 = [−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝐓 + 𝟏]
𝛚𝐓 𝐓
𝐓
𝐈𝟎 ‫𝐭𝛚𝐧𝐢𝐬 𝟎׬‬. 𝐝𝐭
𝐈𝐦 = 𝐈𝟎
𝐓 𝐈𝐦 = [−𝟏 + 𝟏]
𝛚𝐓
𝐈𝟎 [−𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛚𝐭]𝐓𝟎
𝐈𝐦 = 𝐈𝐦 = 𝟎
𝛚𝐓
Mean (or Average) Value of Alternating Current
For Half Cycle 𝛚𝐈𝟎 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭 𝛑/𝛚
𝐈𝐦 = [ ]𝟎
Average value for half cycle
𝛑 𝛚
−𝐈𝟎 𝛑/𝛚
𝐓/𝟐 𝐈𝐦 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭]𝟎
𝟏 𝛑
𝐈𝐦 = න 𝐈. 𝐝𝐭
𝐓/𝟐 −𝐈𝟎 𝛑
𝟎 𝛑/𝛚
𝐈𝐦 = [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟎]𝟎
𝛑 𝛚
Alternating Current
−𝐈𝟎
𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐈𝐦 = [−𝟏 − 𝟏]
𝛑
The mean value of
where, 𝐈𝟎 is the peak value of −𝐈𝟎 AC for a half cycle
𝟐𝛑 𝐈𝐦 = [−𝟐]
the current and 𝐓 = 𝛑 is 0.637 times or
𝛚

𝛑/𝝎
𝟐𝐈𝟎 63.7% of the peak
𝐈𝐦 =
𝐈𝐦 =
𝛚
න 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭. 𝐝𝐭
𝛑 value.
𝛑
𝟎 𝐈𝐦 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝐈𝟎
Root Mean Square Value of Alternating Current
The root mean square value of an alternating cycle is defined as the square root of the
average of 𝐈 𝟐 during a complete cycle.
𝟐𝛑/𝝎
𝐓
𝐈𝟎 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝛚𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝝅
ഥ 𝟏 ഥ
𝟐
𝐈 = න . 𝐝𝐭
ഥ
𝐈𝟐 = 𝐈𝟎 𝟐
𝐈 = න 𝐈 𝟐 . 𝐝𝐭
𝟐
𝟐𝐓 𝟐 𝟒𝛑 𝝎 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 =
𝐓 𝟎
𝟐
𝟎 𝐈𝟎
𝟐𝛑 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 =
Putting 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝐓=
𝛚 𝟐 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝐈𝟎

𝟏
𝐓
ഥ 𝛚𝐈𝟎 𝟐
𝟐𝛑/𝛚
𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛚𝐭 The rms value of AC
𝐈𝟐 is equal to 0.707
ഥ = න . 𝐝𝐭
𝟐
𝐈 = න 𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 𝟐 . 𝐝𝐭 𝟐 × 𝟐𝛑 𝟐
𝐓
𝟎 𝟎
times or 70.7% of
𝐓 ഥ 𝛚𝐈𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝟐𝛑/𝛚 the peak value.
𝐈 𝟐 𝐈𝟐 = [𝐭− ]
ഥ
𝐈𝟐 =
𝟎
න(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭)𝟐 . 𝐝𝐭 𝟒𝛑 𝟐𝛚 𝟎
𝐓 Similarly
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐𝛑 𝐄𝟎
𝛚𝐈𝟎 𝟐𝛑 sin 𝟐𝛚 ×
ഥ
𝐈𝟐 = [ −𝟎− 𝛚 + 𝟎] 𝐄𝐫𝐦𝐬 =
𝟏 −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝛚𝐭 𝟐
Using, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭 = 𝟒𝛑 𝛚 𝟐𝛚
𝟐
1. The equation of instantaneous voltage obtained from an ac source is given by E = 300 sin(314t)
volt. What is the value of rms voltage ?

2. Electric mains in a house is marked as 220V, 50Hz, Write an equation for instantaneous voltage.
Different Types of AC Circuits

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Ohmic Resistance

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Inductance

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Capacitor

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance and Inductance both

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance and Capacitor both

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Capacitor and Inductance both

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance, Capacitor and Inductance

Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Ohmic Resistance

𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 On comparing the equations

𝐑
𝐕𝟎
From Ohm’s Law 𝐈𝟎 =
𝐑
𝐕 = 𝐈𝐑

𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 = 𝐈𝐑
𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐈=
𝐑
𝐕𝟎
𝐈= 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐑

As we know that,

𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Ohmic Resistance

Graphically phase relationship Phasor Diagram

𝐕𝟎 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐕 𝐕𝟎

𝐈𝟎 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐈 𝐈𝟎

𝛚𝐭
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Ohmic Resistance

In pure resistive AC Circuit, the Peak value of current, does not depend
𝐕𝟎
frequencies of current and voltage are upon frequency but is inversely 𝐈𝟎 =
same proportional to resistance R 𝐑

𝐈𝟎 𝐈𝟎

𝟎 𝛚 𝟎 𝐑
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Inductance
𝐋
𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐕𝟎 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭
𝐈=
Back Voltage induced in coil 𝐋 𝛚
𝐝𝐈 𝐕𝟎
𝐕𝐋 = −𝐋 𝐈=− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭
𝐝𝐭 𝛚𝐋
𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
As there is no resistance in circuit
𝐕𝟎 𝛑
𝐝𝐈 𝐈= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛚𝐭 − )
𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 − 𝐋 =𝟎 𝛚𝐋 𝟐
𝐝𝐭
Inductive Reactance
As we know that,
𝐝𝐈 𝐗 𝐋 = 𝛚𝐋
𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 = 𝐋 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐝𝐭
𝐗 𝐋 = 𝟐𝛑𝒇 𝐋
𝐕𝟎 On comparing the equations
𝐝𝐈 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐋 𝐕𝟎
𝐈𝟎 =
On integrating both sides 𝛚𝐋
𝐕𝟎 𝛑
න 𝐝𝐈 = න 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 − )
𝐋 𝟐
 Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Inductance

Graphically phase relationship Phasor Diagram

𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐕 𝐕𝟎
𝐕𝟎
𝛑
𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 − )
𝐈𝟎 𝟐

𝛚𝐭

𝐈𝟎
𝐈
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Inductance

The inductive reactance increases with Peak value of current, depend upon
𝐕𝟎
increasing frequency of current frequency of AC. 𝐈𝟎 =
𝛚𝐋
𝐗𝐋 ∝ 𝒇
𝐗𝐋 𝐈𝟎

𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 𝒇
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Capacitor 𝐂

𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐕𝟎 𝛑
𝐈= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛚𝐭 + )
𝟏ൗ 𝟐
from definition of capacitance 𝛚𝐂
𝐪
𝐕= As we know that,
𝐂 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐪
𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 =
𝐂 On comparing the equations

from definition of current 𝐕𝟎 Capacitive Reactance

𝐝𝐪 𝐈𝟎 =
𝟏ൗ
𝐈=
𝐝𝐭
𝛚𝐂 𝐗 𝐂 = 𝟏ൗ𝛚𝐂

𝐝
𝐈= (𝐂𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭) 𝛑 𝐗 𝐂 = 𝟏ൗ𝟐𝛑𝒇𝐂
𝐝𝐭 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 + )
𝟐
𝐈 = 𝐂𝐕𝟎 𝛚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭
 Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Capacitor

Graphically phase relationship Phasor Diagram

𝐕 𝐕𝟎
𝐕𝟎 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐈𝟎
𝛑 𝐈
𝐈𝟎 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 + )
𝟐

𝛚𝐭
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Only Capacitor

The inductive reactance decreases with Peak value of current, depend upon
𝐕𝟎
increasing frequency of current frequency of AC. 𝐈𝟎 =
𝟏/𝛚𝐂
𝐗 𝑪 ∝ 𝟏/𝒇
𝐗𝐂 𝐈𝟎

𝟎 𝒇 𝟎 𝒇
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance and Inductance both

Impedance 𝐑 𝐋
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐕𝐑 𝟐 + 𝐕𝐋 𝟐
𝒁= 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐋 𝟐
𝐕 𝟐 = (𝐈𝐑)𝟐 +(𝐈𝐗 𝐋 )𝟐 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝛚𝐋)𝟐
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐈 𝟐 (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐋 𝟐 )
In L-R circuit, the applied Phasor Diagram
voltage V leads current I by 𝐕𝐋 𝐕
𝐕𝟐 a phase angle of ∅
𝐈𝟐 =
𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐋 𝟐
𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐗 𝐋
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ =
𝐕𝐑 𝐈𝐑
𝐕
𝐈= 𝐗𝐋 𝛚𝐋
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = ∅
𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐋 𝟐 𝐑 𝐑
𝐕𝐑 𝐈
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance and Capacitor both

Impedance 𝐑 𝐂
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐕𝐑 𝟐 + 𝐕𝐂 𝟐
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐂 𝟐
𝐕 𝟐 = (𝐈𝐑)𝟐 +(𝐈𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝟏ൗ𝛚𝐂)𝟐
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐈 𝟐 (𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐂 𝟐 )
Phasor Diagram
In C-R circuit, the applied
voltage V lags current I by a ∅ 𝐕𝐑 𝐈
𝐕𝟐 phase angle of ∅
𝐈𝟐 =
𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗 𝐂 𝟐
𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐗 𝐂
𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ =
𝐕𝐑 𝐈𝐑
𝐕
𝐈= 𝐗𝐂 𝟏
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ = 𝐕𝑪 𝐕
𝐑𝟐 + 𝐗𝐂 𝐑 𝐑𝛚𝐂
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Capacitor and Inductance both

Resultant potential for value of

𝐋 𝐂
frequency in
𝐕 = 𝐕𝐋 ~𝐕𝐂
electrical resonance
𝟏 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝛚𝐋 =
Impedance 𝛚𝐂
𝐙 = 𝐗 𝐋 ~𝐗 𝐂 𝟏 𝐕𝐋
𝟐𝛑𝒇𝐋 = Phasor Diagram
𝟐𝛑𝒇𝐂
Condition of 𝟏 𝐕𝐋 ~𝐕𝐂
electrical resonance 𝒇𝟐 =
𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐋𝐂
𝐗𝐋 = 𝐗𝐂

𝐙=𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝐈
𝒇=
𝟒𝛑 𝐋𝐂
𝐕𝐂
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance, Capacitor and Inductance
Resultant potential 𝐋 𝐂 𝐑
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐕𝐑 𝟐 + (𝐕𝐋 − 𝐕𝐂 )𝟐
𝐕 𝟐 = 𝐈 𝟐 [𝐑𝟐 +(𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐 ]
𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭
𝐕
𝐈=
𝐑𝟐 + (𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐 𝐕𝐋
Phasor Diagram

Impedance 𝐕
𝐕𝐋 − 𝐕𝐂
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐
𝐕𝐑 𝐈
𝟏 𝟐
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝛚𝐋 − ) 𝐕𝐂
𝛚𝐂
Alternating Current Circuit Containing Resistance, Capacitor and Inductance

case (i) case (ii) case (iii)

from phasor diagram When 𝛚𝐋 >
𝟏
When 𝛚𝐋 <
𝟏
When 𝛚𝐋 =
𝟏
𝛚𝐂 𝛚𝐂 𝛚𝐂

𝐕𝐋 − 𝐕𝐂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ 𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ 𝐢𝐬 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨

𝐭𝐚𝐧 ∅ =
𝐕𝐑 𝐕 𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐬 𝐈 𝐕 𝐥𝐚𝐠𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐈 𝐕 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐈 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞

therefore,
for value of
frequency in 𝟏 𝟐
Impedance Triangle 𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝛚𝐋 − )
electrical resonance 𝛚𝐂
𝟏
𝟏 𝒇𝟐 = 𝐙
𝛚𝐋 = 𝟒𝛑𝟐 𝐋𝐂 𝐙=𝐑
𝛚𝐂
𝐗𝐋 − 𝐗𝐂
∅
𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝒇=
𝟐𝛑𝒇𝐋 = 𝟒𝛑 𝐋𝐂 𝐑
𝟐𝛑𝒇𝐂
1. In an ac circuit, the rms value of current is 10 amp. What will be its peak value?

2. If peak voltage of ac supply is 300 volt, what will be its rms voltage?
3. In an ac circuit voltage is of 100 2 volt. Calculate the peak value of voltage.

4. The equation of instantaneous current obtained by ac source is given by, I = 6 sin 314t What will be rms
value of current?
5. The peak value of an alternating voltage is 10V and frequency is 50Hz. What will be instantaneous
𝟏
voltage at 𝐭 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 second?
6. The equation of voltage of an alternating source is V = 200 2 sin 100πt. Calculate following:
(i) rms value
(ii) frequency of voltage
7. An alternating voltage V = 70 sin 100πt, is applied across the ends of a pure resistor of resistance 25
ohm. Find:
(i) Frequency of source
(ii) rms current flowing through resistor

8. An alternating voltage V = 140 sin 314πt, is applied across the ends of a pure resistor of resistance 50
ohm. Find:
(i) Frequency of source
(ii) rms current flowing through resistor
9. Calculate the reactance of capacitor of 50μF connected in circuit with alternating source of 50Hz.
10. A capacitor of 60μF is connected with a power supply (ac) of 110V and 60Hz. Calculate rms value of
current in circuit.
11. A capacitor of capacitance 15.0μF is connected to a source of 250V, 50Hz. Find the capacitive
reactance and current (rms and peak) flowing through the circuit. If frequency be doubled, then how the
capacitive reactance and current will be affected?
12. A pure inductor of inductance 25.0 mH is connected with ac source of 220 volt. Calculate inductive
reactance and rms value of current, if frequency of source be 50 Hz.
13. The voltages across resistor and capacitance joined across ac source are 12 volt and 5 volt respectively.
Find the applied voltage in the circuit.
14. A capacitor of 10μF is connected in series with resistance of 40 Ω and power supply of 100V and 60 Hz.
Calculate the following
(i) Impedance of circuit
(ii) Value of maximum current in circuit
(iii) Phase difference between voltage and current.
15. When an alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a current of 0.5A flows through the
circuit and is in phase with the applied voltage. When the same voltage is applied across another device Y,
𝜋
the same current flows through the circuit but it leads the applied voltage by 2 radian.
(i) Name the devices X and Y
(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit, when same voltage is applied across the series combination
of X and Y.
16. A resistor of 200 ohm and a capacitor of 15 μF are connected in series to a 220V, 50Hz ac source.
(i) Calculate the current in the circuit
(ii) Calculate the voltage (rms) across the resistor and the capacitor.
17. In an ac circuit containing a resistance and a coil of negligible resistance an ac voltage of 10V is applied.
If the resistance across the ends of coil is 8V then find out the voltage across the ends of resistance.
18. A coil of self inductance 0.50H and resistance 100 ohm is joined with an LC source of 240 volt-50Hz.
Calculate the following
(i) Impedance of circuit
(ii) Maximum current through the circuit
(iii) Phase difference between maximum voltage and maximum current.
19. When an inductor L and resistor R joined in series across a source of 12V, 50Hz, then a current of 0.5A
𝜋
flows through the circuit. The phase difference between current and applied voltage is 3 rad. Calculate
value of R.
19. When an inductor L and resistor R joined in series across a source of 12V, 50Hz, then a current of 0.5A
𝜋
flows through the circuit. The phase difference between current and applied voltage is 3 rad. Calculate
value of R.
20. A charged capacitor of 30 μF has been connected with inductance coil of 27mH. What will be frequency
of free oscillations of circuit?
21. An alternating source of 50Hz is connected with inductance of 50mH and a bulb. If a capacitor is
connected in series in circuit then calculate capacitance of capacitor so that bulb could glow with full
brightness.
22. A resistance of 100 Ω, inductance of 0.6H and capacitor of 10μF have been connected with ac current
source of 200volt and 50Hz in series. Calculate the following
(i) impedance of circuit
(ii) Current flowing through circuit
(iii) Voltage at terminals of each element
(iv) Phase difference between voltage and current
23. An ac source has been connected in series with a resistance, an inductor and a capacitor. If voltage
across their terminals are 40V, 40V and 80V respectively then what will be voltage of alternating source?
24. A series LCR circuit is connected across a variable frequency source of 240 volt. If L=10.0H, C=40μF
and R = 60Ω , then calculate
(i) angular resonant frequency of source
(ii) Current at resonant frequency
(iii) Voltage drop across the ends of inductor in the state of resonance.
 𝟓 𝟓𝟎
25. A resistor of 400Ω , inductor 𝛑 H and capacitor of 𝝅 𝛍𝐅 are connected in series with an alternating
voltage 𝑉 = 140 sin 100 𝜋𝑡 volt. Find the rms voltage across resistor, inductor and capacitor. Is sum of these
voltages greater than the source voltage? If yes, then solve this paradox.
 𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎
Power in AC Circuits ഥ=
𝐏 ×
𝟐 𝟐
Circuit containing pure resistance only ഥ = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬
𝐏

𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭

Instantaneous power in the circuit

𝐏 =𝐕 ×𝐈

𝐏 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 × 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭

𝐏 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭

For one complete cycle, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭 = 1/2

𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎
ഥ=
𝐏
𝟐
 Power in AC Circuits
For one complete cycle, 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭 = 1/2 and sin 2𝛚𝐭 = 0)
LC Circuit 𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
ഥ=
𝐏
𝟐
𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 − ∅)
𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎
ഥ=
𝐏 × × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
Instantaneous power in the circuit 𝟐 𝟐
𝐏 =𝐕 ×𝐈
ഥ = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅
𝐏
𝐏 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 × 𝐈𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛚𝐭 − ∅) Average Power = Apparent Power × Power Factor
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 − ∅ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅

𝐏 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ - 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛚𝐭. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅) 𝐑

𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ =
𝐑𝟐 + 𝛚𝟐 𝐋𝟐
𝟏
𝐏 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛚𝐭. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅ - 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝛚𝐭. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ∅)
𝟐
Power in AC Circuits

LC Circuit ഥ = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ∅

𝐏

+ 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭

- 𝐈 = 𝐈𝟎 (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛚𝐭 − ∅)
 Wattless Current
If the resistance in an AC Circuit is zero, although current flows in the circuit, yet the average
power remains zero, that is, there is no energy dissipation in the circuit. The current in such a
circuit is called ‘wattless current’.

If the circuit contains either inductance only or capacitance only (resistance is zero), then the phase
difference between current and voltage is 90°, that is, ∅ = 90°.
The average power in such circuit is ഥ = 𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐈𝐫𝐦𝐬 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟗𝟎° = 𝟎
𝐏
26. Resistance of R = 10 ohm and L = 800 mH are connected in series with ac source of emf E = 200sin300t.
Calculate the following;
(i) Impedance of circuit
(ii) Peak value of current in circuit
(iii) Power coefficient of circuit
27. A bulb is made to deliver 100W power at 220V supply. Find:
(i) Resistance of the bulb
(ii) Peak voltage of the source
(iii) rms current flowing through the bulb
28. The voltage V and current I in an ac circuit are represented by the following equations:
V = 5 cos ωt volt; I = 2 sin ωt A. Find the power dissipated in the circuit.
Half Power Points, Bandwidth and Q-Factor Conclusions

1. At maximum resonant frequency 𝛝𝟎

LCR Circuit the value of current will be maximum
and due to increase or decrease in
frequency, the value of current
changes rapidly.

2. Resonant frequency does not

depend upon resistance R of circuit.

3. The intensity of peak value of

current depends upon resistance R.
Less the value of R, greater will be 𝐈𝟎 .
For less value of R, resonance is
sharp.
For larger value of R, resonance is
flat.
 Half Power Points There are two neighboring frequencies 𝛝𝟏 and 𝝑𝟎 on both
sides of resonant frequency, such that their corresponding
current is 1/ 𝟐 times the resonant current (i.e. maximum
current through LCR circuit). These frequencies are called
half power frequencies.

Bandwidth The difference 𝛝𝟐 − 𝝑𝟏 is called bandwidth.

Less is the bandwidth, more sharpness will be resonant curve.

Note: Phenomenon of resonance occurs only in that ac circuit which contains both L and C. Because
when 𝐕𝐋 and 𝐕𝐂 are in equal and opposite phase, they cancel each other. As a result maximum
current flows through the circuit. Hence, LR and CR circuits do not exhibit resonance.
Q- Factor The ratio of resonance frequency and band-width of a series LCR
circuit is known as Q-Factor of that circuit.

𝐑𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝛚𝟎
𝐐 − 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 = 𝐐=
𝐁𝐚𝐧𝐝 − 𝐰𝐢𝐝𝐭𝐡 𝟐∆𝛚

Note: More is the value of Q, smaller will be the bandwidth 𝟐∆𝛚 and sharper will be the resonance,
due to which selectivity of circuit will be high.
Q- factor is the ratio of two same physical quantity, so it has no unit.

For higher value of Q (i.e.) for sharpness of resonance.

𝟏 𝐋 (i) Value of R should be small.

𝐐=
𝐑 𝐂 (ii) Value of L should be large.
(iii) Value of C should be small.
Resonant Circuits
AC Generator
AC Generator
AC Generator
Transformer
The emf induced in the primary coil is given by

∆ ∅𝐁
𝐞𝐩 = −𝐍𝐩
∆𝐭

The emf induced in the secondary coil

∆ ∅𝐁
𝐞𝐬 = −𝐍𝐬
∆𝐭

𝐞𝐬 𝐍𝐬
=
𝐞𝐩 𝐍𝐩
 If Vp is primary coil voltage and Vs is secondary coil voltage

𝐕𝐬 𝐞𝐬 𝐍𝐬
= = =𝐫
𝐕𝐩 𝐞𝐩 𝐍𝐩

where, r is called the ‘transformation ratio’.

In step-up transformer, r is more than 1 In step down transformer, r is less than 1

If Ip is primary coil current and Is is secondary coil current

Power in the secondary = Power in the primary

Vs × Is = Vp × Ip

𝐈𝐩 𝐕𝐬 𝐍𝐬
= = =𝐫
𝐈𝐬 𝐕𝐩 𝐍𝐩
Energy losses in a Transformer

Copper Losses

Eddy Current Losses

Hysteresis Losses

Flux Losses
Efficiency of Transformer
𝐕𝐬 × 𝐈𝐬
η=
𝐕𝐩 × 𝐈𝐩
29. An ideal transformer is connected with ac source of 240 volt, if it is connected with bulb of 24V-24W,
then what will be value of current flowing through primary coil of transformer?
30. A step down transformer work at 2.5kV line. It supplies 20A current to load. The ratio of number of
turns in primary and secondary coil is 10:1. If efficiency of transformer be 90%. then calculate the
following;
(i) Output power (ii) Output voltage (iii) Current in secondary coil
AC vs DC