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94 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Graphs

Tips on Zooming SOLUTION When x is very large, the denominator x 2 + 1 in each of these func-
Zooming out is often a good way to investigate tions is almost the same number as x 2. If we replace x 2 + 1 in each denominator by
end behavior with a graphing calculator. Here are x 2 and then reduce the fractions, we get the simpler functions
some useful zooming tips:
3
• Start with a “square” window. (a) y = 1close to y = 0 for large x2 (b) y = 3
• Set Xscl and Yscl to zero to avoid fuzzy axes.
x
2
• Be sure the zoom factors are both the same. (c) y = 3x (d) y = 3x .
(They will be unless you change them.) So, we look for functions that have end behavior resembling, respectively, the func-
tions
(a) y = 0 (b) y = 3 (c) y = 3x (d) y = 3x 2.
Graph (iv) approaches the line y = 0. Graph (iii) approaches the line y = 3.
Graph (ii) approaches the line y = 3x. Graph (i) approaches the parabola y = 3x 2.
So, (a) matches (iv), (b) matches (iii), (c) matches (ii), and (d) matches (i).
Now try Exercise 65.

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.5, 3.5] [–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.5, 3.5] [–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.5, 3.5] [–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.5, 3.5]
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

FIGURE 1.35 Match the graphs with the functions in Example 11.

For more complicated functions we are often content with knowing whether the end be-
havior is bounded or unbounded in either direction.

QUICK REVIEW 1.2 (For help, go to Sections A.3, P.3, and P.5.)

Exercise numbers with a gray background indicate problems x x

5. 6.
that the authors have designed to be solved without a calculator. x - 16 x 2 - 16
In Exercises 1–4, solve the equation or inequality. 2x 2 + 1
7. 2x - 16 8.
1. x 2 - 16 = 0 2. 9 - x 2 = 0 x2 - 1
3. x - 10 6 0 4. 5 - x … 0 2x + 2
9.
In Exercises 5–10, find all values of x algebraically for which the 23 - x
algebraic expression is not defined. Support your answer x 2 - 2x
10.
graphically. x2 - 4

SECTION 1.2 EXERCISES

In Exercises 1–4, determine whether the formula determines y as a 5. y 6. y
function of x. If not, explain why not.
1. y = 2x - 4 2. y = x 2 ; 3
2
3. x = 2y 4. x = 12 - y x
x
In Exercises 5–8, use the vertical line test to determine whether the
curve is the graph of a function.
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SECTION 1.2 Functions and Their Properties 95

7. y 8. y In Exercises 29–34, graph the function and identify intervals on which

the function is increasing, decreasing, or constant.
29. ƒ1x2 = ƒ x + 2 ƒ - 1

x x
30. ƒ1x2 = ƒ x + 1 ƒ + ƒ x - 1 ƒ - 3
31. g1x2 = ƒ x + 2 ƒ + ƒ x - 1 ƒ - 2
32. h1x2 = 0.51x + 222 - 1
33. g1x2 = 3 - 1x - 122
In Exercises 9–16, find the domain of the function algebraically and 34. ƒ1x2 = x 3 - x 2 - 2x
support your answer graphically. In Exercises 35–40, determine whether the function is bounded above,
2 5 bounded below, or bounded .on its domain.
9. ƒ1x2 = x + 4 10. h1x2 =
x - 3 35. y = 32 36. y = 2 - x 2
3x - 1 1 5 37. y = 2x 38. y = 2 - x
11. ƒ1x2 = 12. ƒ1x2 = +
1x + 321x - 12 x x - 3 39. y = 21 - x 2
40. y = x - x 3
x 24 - x 2 In Exercises 41–46,. use a grapher to find all local maxima and minima
13. g1x2 = 14. h1x2 =
x 2 - 5x x - 3 and the values of x where they occur. Give values rounded to two deci-
24 - x mal places.
15. h1x2 = 16. ƒ1x2 = 2x 4 - 16x 2
1x + 121x 2 + 12 41. ƒ1x2 = 4 - x + x 2 42. g1x2 = x 3 - 4x + 1
3
In Exercises 17–20, find the range of the function. 43. h1x2 = -x + 2x - 3 44. ƒ1x2 = 1x + 321x - 122
2 2
17. ƒ1x2 = 10 - x 45. h1x2 = x 2x + 4 46. g1x2 = x ƒ 2x + 5 ƒ
18. g1x2 = 5 + 24 - x In Exercises 47–54, state whether the function is odd, even, or neither.
Support graphically and confirm algebraically.
x2 3 + x2
19. ƒ1x2 = 2
20. g1x2 = 47. ƒ1x2 = 2x 4 48. g1x2 = x 3
1 - x 4 - x2
In Exercises 21–24, graph the function and tell whether or not it has a 3
49. ƒ1x2 = 2x 2 + 2 50. g1x2 =
point of discontinuity at x = 0. If there is a discontinuity, tell whether it 1 + x2
is removable or nonremovable. 51. ƒ1x2 = -x 2 + 0.03x + 5 52. ƒ1x2 = x 3 + 0.04x 2 + 3
3 x3 + x 1
21. g1x2 = 22. h1x2 = 53. g1x2 = 2x 3 - 3x 54. h1x2 =
x x x
ƒxƒ x In Exercises 55–62, use a method of your choice to find all horizontal
23. ƒ1x2 = 24. g1x2 =
x x - 2 and vertical asymptotes of the function.
In Exercises 25–28, state whether each labeled point identifies a local x x - 1
minimum, a local maximum, or neither. Identify intervals on which the 55. ƒ1x2 = 56. q1x2 =
x - 1 x
function is decreasing and increasing.
x + 2
25. y 26. y (5, 7) 57. g1x2 = 58. q1x2 = 1.5x
3 - x
(5, 5) x2 + 2 4
(!1, 4) 59. ƒ1x2 = 60. p1x2 =
(3, 3) x2 - 1 x2 + 1
4x - 4 2x - 4
(2, 2) 61. g1x2 = 62. h1x2 =
(1, 2) x3 - 8 x2 - 4
x
x

27. y 28. y
(1, 6)
(1, 5)
(5, 4)
(!1, 3) (3, 3)

(5, 1) (!1, 1) (3, 1)

x x
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96 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Graphs

In Exercises 63–66, match the function with the corresponding graph (b) Show how you can add a single point to the graph of ƒ and
by considering end behavior and asymptotes. All graphs are shown in get a graph that does intersect its vertical asymptote.
the same viewing window.
(c) Is the graph in (b) the graph of a function?
x + 2 x2 + 2
63. y = 64. y = 70. Writing to Learn Explain why a graph cannot have
2x + 1 2x + 1 more than two horizontal asymptotes.
x + 2 x3 + 2
65. y = 2
66. y =
2x + 1 2x 2 + 1
Standardized Test Questions
71. True or False The graph of function ƒ is defined as the
set of all points 1x, ƒ1x22, where x is in the domain of ƒ. Justify
your answer.
72. True or False A relation that is symmetric with respect
to the x-axis cannot be a function. Justify your answer.
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1]
In Exercises 73–76, answer the question without using a calculator.
(a) (b)
73. Multiple Choice Which function is continuous?
(A) Number of children enrolled in a particular school as a
function of time
(B) Outdoor temperature as a function of time
(C) Cost of U.S. postage as a function of the weight of the letter
[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] (D) Price of a stock as a function of time
(c) (d)
(E) Number of soft drinks sold at a ballpark as a function of
67. Can a Graph Cross Its Own Asymptote? The outdoor temperature
Greek roots of the word “asymptote” mean “not meeting,” 74. Multiple Choice Which function is not continuous?
since graphs tend to approach, but not meet, their asymptotes.
(A) Your altitude as a function of time while flying from Reno
Which of the following functions have graphs that do intersect
to Dallas
their horizontal asymptotes?
(B) Time of travel from Miami to Pensacola as a function of
x
(a) ƒ1x2 = driving speed
2
x - 1
(C) Number of balls that can fit completely inside a particular
x box as a function of the radius of the balls
(b) g1x2 =
x2 + 1
(D) Area of a circle as a function of radius
x2
(c) h1x2 = 3
(E) Weight of a particular baby as a function of time after
x + 1 birth
68. Can a Graph Have Two Horizontal Asymptotes?
75. Decreasing Function Which function is decreasing?
Although most graphs have at most one horizontal asymptote,
it is possible for a graph to have more than one. Which of the (A) Outdoor temperature as a function of time
following functions have graphs with more than one horizontal (B) The Dow Jones Industrial Average as a function of time
asymptote?
(C) Air pressure in the Earth’s atmosphere as a function of alti-
ƒx3 + 1ƒ tude
(a) ƒ1x2 =
8 - x3 (D) World population since 1900 as a function of time
ƒx - 1ƒ
(b) g1x2 = 2 (E) Water pressure in the ocean as a function of depth
x - 4
76. Increasing or Decreasing Which function cannot be
x classified as either increasing or decreasing?
(c) h1x2 =
2x 2 - 4 (A) Weight of a lead brick as a function of volume
69. Can a Graph Intersect Its Own Vertical (B) Strength of a radio signal as a function of distance from the
x - ƒxƒ transmitter
Asymptote? Graph the function ƒ1x2 = + 1.
x2 (C) Time of travel from Buffalo to Syracuse as a function of
(a) The graph of this function does not intersect its vertical driving speed
asymptote. Explain why it does not. (D) Area of a square as a function of side length
(E) Height of a swinging pendulum as a function of time
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SECTION 1.2 Functions and Their Properties 97

Explorations (d) ƒ102 = ƒ152 = 2;

77. Bounded Functions As promised in Example 7 of this (e) ƒ132 = 0.
section, we will give you a chance to prove algebraically that 80. Group Activity Sketch (freehand) a graph of a function
p1x2 = x/11 + x 22 is bounded. ƒ with domain all real numbers that satisfies all of the follow-
(a) Graph the function and find the smallest integer k that ap- ing conditions:
pears to be an upper bound. (a) ƒ is decreasing on 1- q , 02 and decreasing on 10, q 2;
(b) Verify that x/11 + x 22 6 k by proving the equivalent in- (b) ƒ has a nonremovable point of discontinuity at x = 0;
equality kx 2 - x + k 7 0. (Use the quadratic formula to
(c) ƒ has a horizontal asymptote at y = 1;
show that the quadratic has no real zeros.)
(d) ƒ102 = 0;
(c) From the graph, find the greatest integer k that appears to
be a lower bound. (e) ƒ has a vertical asymptote at x = 0.
2
(d) Verify that x/11 + x 2 7 k by proving the equivalent in- 81. Group Activity Sketch (freehand) a graph of a function
equality kx 2 - x + k 6 0. ƒ with domain all real numbers that satisfies all of the follow-
ing conditions:
78. Baylor School Grade Point Averages Baylor
School uses a sliding scale to convert the percentage grades on (a) ƒ is continuous for all x;
its transcripts to grade point averages (GPAs). Table 1.9 shows (b) ƒ is an even function;
the GPA equivalents for selected grades.
(c) ƒ is increasing on 30, 24 and decreasing on 32, q 2;
(d) ƒ122 = 3.
Table 1.9 Converting Grades
82. Group Activity Get together with your classmates in
Grade 1x2 GPA 1y2 groups of two or three. Sketch a graph of a function, but do not
60 0.00 show it to the other members of your group. Using the lan-
65 1.00 guage of functions (as in Exercises 79–81), describe your func-
70 2.05 tion as completely as you can. Exchange descriptions with the
75 2.57 others in your group and see if you can reproduce each other’s
80 3.00 graphs.
85 3.36
90 3.69 Extending the Ideas
95 4.00
83. A function that is bounded above has an infinite number of up-
100 4.28
per bounds, but there is always a least upper bound, i.e., an
Source: Baylor School College Counselor. upper bound that is less than all the others. This least upper
bound may or may not be in the range of ƒ. For each of the fol-
(a) Considering GPA 1y2 as a function of percentage grade lowing functions, find the least upper bound and tell whether or
1x2, is it increasing, decreasing, constant, or none of these? not it is in the range of the function.
(b) Make a table showing the change 1¢y2 in GPA as you (a) ƒ1x2 = 2 - 0.8x 2
move down the list. (See Exploration 1.)
3x 2
(c) Make a table showing the change in ¢y as you move down (b) g1x2 =
the list. (This is ¢ ¢y.) Considering the change 1¢y2 in 3 + x2
GPA as a function of percentage grade 1x2, is it increasing, 1 - x
(c) h1x2 =
decreasing, constant, or none of these? x2
(d) In general, what can you say about the shape of the graph (d) p1x2 = 2 sin 1x2
if y is an increasing function of x and ¢y is a decreasing 4x
function of x? (e) q1x2 =
x 2 + 2x + 1
(e) Sketch the graph of a function y of x such that y is a de-
84. Writing to Learn A continuous function ƒ has domain
creasing function of x and ¢y is an increasing function of
all real numbers. If ƒ1 - 12 = 5 and ƒ112 = - 5, explain why ƒ
x.
must have at least one zero in the interval 3- 1, 14. (This gener-
79. Group Activity Sketch (freehand) a graph of a function alizes to a property of continuous functions known as the Inter-
ƒ with domain all real numbers that satisfies all of the follow- mediate Value Theorem.)
ing conditions:
(a) ƒ is continuous for all x;
(b) ƒ is increasing on 1- q , 04 and on 33, 54;
(c) ƒ is decreasing on 30, 34 and on 35, q 2;
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98 CHAPTER 1 Functions and Graphs

85. Proving a Theorem Prove that the graph of every odd 87. Looking Ahead to Calculus A key theorem in
function with domain all real numbers must pass through the calculus, the Extreme Value Theorem, states, if a function ƒ is
origin. continuous on a closed interval 3a, b4 then ƒ has both a maxi-
3x 2 - 1 mum value and a minimum value on the interval. For each of
86. Finding the Range Graph the function f 1x2 = the following functions, verify that the function is continuous
2x 2 + 1 on the given interval and find the maximum and minimum
in the window 3- 6, 64 by 3- 2, 24.
values of the function and the x values at which these extrema
occur.
(a) What is the apparent horizontal asymptote of the graph?
(a) ƒ1x2 = x 2 - 3, 3-2, 44
(b) Based on your graph, determine the apparent range of ƒ.
1
3x 2 - 1 (b) ƒ1x2 = , 31, 54
(c) Show algebraically that - 1 … 2
6 1.5 for all x, x
2x + 1
thus confirming your conjecture in part (b). (c) ƒ1x2 = ƒ x + 1 ƒ + 2, 3-4, 14
(d) ƒ1x2 = 2x 2 + 9, 3-4, 44