& testbook.com D> ounioad Testbook A JEE Mains Check Important Maths Formulas | Formulas List& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Topic - 1: Logarithms log (x/y) =log x —log y log x = y vlog x log, b= i/log, a log, a =log_ a/log, b + Base Change a!Ga* = x Topic - 2: Trigonometry © wRadians = 180° = 200 Grade sin? @ +cos? @ =1 sec? =1+tan?@ esc? @ = 1 +cot? 6 sin 9 = 0 in the first and second quadrant. cos 6 = 0 in the first and fourth quadrant. tan @ > O in the first and third quadrant. sin (2nt-+6) =sin 6 and sin [ (2n + 1)n +6] = —sin® cos (2nm +8) =cos @ and cos [ (2n + 1) +8] = —cos6 sin (2nn—9) = —sin and sin [ (2n+1)n—6] =sin 8 sin [ (1/2) +6] =cos 6 cos [(n/2) +0] = Fsind sin (n+) = 0 and cos [(2n + 1)n/2]=0 sin (0 +) =sin 8 «cos g tcos 6 +sin p cos (8 +p) =cos 8 *cos y Fsin 8 *sing tan (6 + y) = [tan 6 +tan y ]/[1 Ftan 0 «tan g] sin 9 tsinh = 2+sin[(@ + )/2] *cos [ (6 ¥)/2] cos @ +cos p = 2 +cos [(0 + $)/2] *cos [(9 - $)/2] cos 0 —cos = 2 +sin[ (0 + $)/2] vsin[ (p — 8)/2] 2 ssinO +cos p =sin (0 + ) +sin (8 — $) 2 «cos a vcos f =cos (a + B) +cos (a ~ B) 2 sina +sin B =cos (a — B) cos (a + B) rr sin (2+) =2+sin 8 +cos 8 cos (2 + @) =cos? 6 —sin® 6 = 2 *cos? @—1=1-2+sin? 6 sin (3 +0) =3+sin@ —4+sin?@ cos (3 +8) = 4 +cos? 03 «cos 0 tan (3 + 8) = (3 *tan @ tan? @)/(1— 3 tan? 0) sin? 9 —sin? =sin (0 + ) #sin (8 — @) =cos® —cos? cos? 6 —sin® 0s (0 +g) *cos (0 — y) © SESS sin (a + k= By = OVA np/2) sin(B/2)& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App cosla+{(n-1)/2}*B] sin(B/2) YR} cos (at+k*B)= sind =sinB = A=nn+(-1)"*B cos A =cos B= A=2nn+B tan A =tanB > A=nn+B sin (np/2) Check Best Books For JEE Main Maths Topic - 3: Inverse Trigonometric Function ‘© Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions - © x€[-1,1]and arcsinx € [-1/2,n/2] © x€[-1,1]and arccos x € [0,0] © x € (-0,0) and arctanx € (—n/2,n/2) ‘* Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions - sin (aresin x) = x © cos (arccos x) =x © tan (arctan x) =x © ese“ x =aresin (1/2) for |x| 21 © sec! x =cos (1/x) for |x = 1] © cot x stan“! (1/x) for x > Oand cot x = -+tan“ x forx <0 © sin! (-x) = —sin" x © cos“ (=x) = m—-cos“* x © tan" (=x) = — tant x © cot! (x) = cot x © sin x-+c0s"' x = n/2 © tan"! x +cot~! x = m/2 © esc x +secx = 1/2 © tan“! x +tan“! y stan [ (x + y) + (1 xy) ]whenx > 0,y > Oand 0 0,y>0 © sin" x -sin“ y =sin"! [x1 — y? — yV1—x ] forx > 0,y > Oand x? +y? <1 © cos~*x cos“ y =cos“* [xy — VI= a8 fT? | forx < y © sin"! [2x/(1 +x?) ] =2 tan“ x when |x| <1 © cos*[ (1 = x2)/(1 +x?) ] = 2 tan x when x = 0 © tan“ [2x/(1 —x2)] = 2 tan“ x when |x| <1 © sin”) (3x — 4x3) = 3 sin”! x when |x| < 1/2 © cos“ (4x? ~ 3x) = 3.cos“! x when 1/2 Sx <1 © sin (2xV1—x? ) = 2 sin! x when |x| < 1/v2 © cos“*(2x?-1) = 2cos"*x whenO 0 = Roots are real D =0 = Roots are real and identical D <0 Roots are Imaginary& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Ifa + ib is one root then a — ib must be the other root. Roots of ax? +ox-+¢= 0 and ax?+px+y=0thent =2= 5 a BY Hfa,b20thena+b22*Vaeb If f@) = ax? + by +c and a> 0 then f(x) 2 (4ac- b?)/4a If f(@) = ax? + bx +c anda <0 then f(x) < (4ac—b?)/4a f(z,y) = ax? + by? + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy +c can be resolved into two linear factors if and only if abc + 2f gh — af? ~ bg? — ch? - 5: Sequence and Series Ifthe first term is a and common difference is d then the n"* term of AP is a, =a+(n—1)+d n n Vier at(k-Ded = 5[2a+(n—-1)d] =F(a+a,) Ita, = An+B thena=A+Bandd=B IFS, = An? + Bn then a =A+Bandd=2+A The Arithmetic Mean of a and b is (a +b) /2 Ifa, Ay Az Ag y-+:+Ay ,B are in AP with Ay. (Ie = 1,2,3,...,n) is the Arithmetic Mean, then the common difference is d = (b — a)/(n + 1) If the first term is a and the common ratio is r then the n'” term of GP is ay = a+r"! m4 ae P1) Yhe. a*rkot = SACD where r 1 r=1 0 koa - * Qe a*r i The Geometric Mean of a and bis Va«b Ifa, Gy, G2 ,Gs ,...,Gy,,b are in GP with Gy (k = 1,2,3,...,n) are the Geometirc Mean, then the common ratio is r = (b/a)¥e") Hay a2 3 ,...+@m > 0 are terms in GP then log a, ,log a2 ,log a3 ,...,log dy are in AP If the first term is a and the common difference is d then the n‘* term of HP isa, =1/[a+ a where [r] <1 (n-1)ed] * The Harmonic Mean of a and b is 2ab/(a + 5) © AM>GM>HM n(n) n(nti)(2n+1) ra Ui = SS ye ee = ME ier KS n2(n+1)? 4 Topic - 6: Binomial Theorem (EY AMCya™ + Cy + Gey? HEC YM The (r +1)" term of (x + y)" is Troy = "CG X™ Ty" Gp = Cy > x=yorxty=n Cra $ Op = NG, a Cpamamene a k Lk 4 al and Dea —1)* ~ =— Xk-0 igi = a Xt-o CD" Aaa Cot Cy + Cyt. ACy = 2" and Co? + Cy + Ca? AGA? =" Cy& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App ‘© The greatest coefficient of (x + y)" is Cp 18 n is eVEN OF Con-1y/2 ANd Crnerja if nis odd, © Fa = Lt heb k(k + D)x?/2 + K(k + Dk + 228/314... KER eo aaa ltrtxttxtt..o0 oe tay tstoxtxt— x3 co xk 20 kta x © et =)ireo Fa andin (+x) = Dima (-1) Fy where x # Topic - 7: Complex Numbers + ib then + Re(z), z— a-ib 2 EIm(z) and zz = a + b? © [al = Va? 5? and Arg(z) =tan~ (y/x) © Arg(2 22) = Arg(z,) + Arg(22) , Arg(2,/22) = Arg (2) ~ Arg(zs) and Arg(z") = n+ Arg(z) * z= r(cos 0 +i sin 0) = re"? where r is the magnitude and @ is the argument. © Euler's Formula is e'? =cos @ +i sin® © 2cosd =e! +e and 2 sing = el —e® © If f(@+ ip) =a + tb then f(a — ip) =a-ib © The triangle inequalities are | 2, + z2|<| zi |+]22 | and|z—-2212||%11—1z2II © If'z=r(cos 6 +i sin 6) then 2" = r"[ cos (nd) +é sin (n8) J, this is De Moiver’s Theorem 1+ iv3 © Cube Root of Unity is 1, and « where w =———— and © 1s@+0? = Landi tw +o? =0 © a+b? +c? ~ ab be~ca = (at bw + cw®)\(a + ba + cw) © a +5? = (a+ b)(aw + bu®)(aw? + bu) eo ttxt1=(-w)(x-0%) © Iz =r(cos 6 +1 sin) then 2!" = r'/"{ cos {(8 + 2nk)/n} + i sin ((0 + 2nk)/n}] ‘¢ Equation of a Circle with center 2» and radius ris |z~z|=r Topic - 8: Matrices Sum of diagonal elements or the Trace of a Matrix is tr(A) = Two Matrices [aj] = [by] are equal then a, = by. (ag) + [by] = [aay + by] and ke [ay] = [+ 2) Define Amn = [aij] ANd Bey = [bij], then AB=[Leay ire * Deg] Cayley-Hamilton’s Theorem: | 4 — / | = 0 where 2 is the Eigenvalue. Commutative Property of Matrix Addition > A+B =B+A. Associative Property of Matrix Addition > (A +B) + =A +(B+C). Associative Property of Matrix Multiplication > (AB)C = A(BC). Distributive Property of Matrices > A(B + C) = AB + AC and (B+ C)A = BA+ CA. Define n,m € N then A”. A™ = A"™*™, (A")™ = A™™ and I” = | where | is the Identity Matrix. Orthogonal Matrix + A"! = AT or ATA = 1 ‘Symmetric Matrix + AT = A and Skew-Symmetric Matrix A” = —A The diagonal elements of a Skew-Symmetric Matrix are 0, that is a,; A(adjA) = (adjA)A = |A| I, > |adjA| =| A["" adj (adja) =| A|"-2A and | adj(adja) | = | A ["-DO-, eee eee renee“ festbook.com Serre (Ab) = (adj (0a) and ea = 09) where ki a constant +The Inverse of a Matrixis A~* = P47 adjA, the inverse exists only when | | + 0 Inverse of a Matrix Product is (AB)! = B1A™? ‘© The solution to the system of equations AX = Bis X = sah B where | A| #0. © If] A| # 0 but (adja)B = 0 then the solution is x = 0. © If A| = 0 and (adja)B = 0 then the system of equations has Infinite Solutions. © If |A| = 0 and (adja)B + 0 then there is NO Solution. Topic - 9: Determinants © Forann xn Determinant, if a, is the k th element in i row with Cofactor Ax, then the value of hte Determinant is ik. a, Ax. ‘¢ The value of the Determinant does not change if the rows and columns are interchanged. ‘® Interchanging the é ti row with (i + 1) th row will change the sign of the Determinant. ‘* If any two rows (or columns) are proportional then the Determinant evaluates to Zero. aqt+a bt+y aqt+z aq bb Gg Gy z ag by C2 | = Jaz bz c2)+ Ja, bo ce . a3 bs c3 az bs C3 az bs C3] ay bh a by a az bz | = Jag+ may by+mby cp + me, ‘© Row Operation +/@3 bs cs] |ast+na, bg -+mby 3 +nei|, filz) fale) fs(a) D(x) =|g(%) go(@) g(x) © Ifthe Determinant is Ii(z) ha(a) ha(®)| men its derivative is wrtten ww |Eh) the) 2h) | f@ fe) fle) Te | He) gre) g(x) | +) ea(z) gegale) Ze9s(2) Tl hale) hol) g(a) hi(z) “ho (a) h(a) ) Si(z) ee) Js(x) +] lz) — g(x 93(x) an (r) 4 a gelu(x) gho(x) gphs(x) ‘* Multiplication of Determinants > | [a;;]1*1 6; J1=1 Lai * by JI © Determinant of a Skew-Symmetric Matrix is Zero.& testbook.com D> doanioad Testbook App 111 111 a b cl=(a—b)\(b—c)(c—a)=|a b c wie ee be ca abl 111 ab (a — b)(b—c)(e=a)(at+b+e) [ad 8 al a@ b cl=(a—b)(b—o\(c—a)(a? +B + 2 — ab — be — ca) at ot ¢ @ Ifwe have ayx + yy + cy = dy Vk = 1,2,3 then the solution using the Cramer's Rule is x = 4, / 4, y = Ap / 4 and z= As / A where 4;,42,43 and A are as shown a b&b a dq, bb a A=Jay bo co), Ay= ldo by c az bs ¢3 ds bs 3 a dy 4 bb dh Az = Jaz dz ca}, by dy a3 dz C3 bs ds Topi - 10: Properties and Solutions of a Triangle _ a b @ © The Law of Sine is —> = —— = —— sind sinB sinc be+c? ‘¢ The Law of Cosine is cos A = 2be a-b The Law of Tangent is tan [ (4 ~ B)/2] = =, cot (4/2) ‘¢ The Projection Formula is a = b cos C + ccos B © sin(A/2) = (SSO | 695 (4/2) = PCO and ean (4/2) = atbte * Area of a Triangle is 4 = /s(s— a)(s— B)(s— 6) where s = 3 ¢ Area of an Equilateral Triangle is 4. where Lis the length of each side of the triangle. 4 ¢ Area of a Triangle given an angle is 4 = Shc sin A = tca sin B = ab sin€& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App a __b _ cc __ abe 2sinA2sinB2sinC_ 4A Radius of Incitele is r= 4/s = (s — @) tan (A/2) = (s — b) tan (B/2) = (s ~c) tan (C/2) Radius of the Circumcenter is R = Radius of Excircle is 7, sma’ Length of Median from angle A is m4 Length of Angle Bisector of A is by = = cos (A/2) a cotB + cote img? + by? + hy? =2( a? +b? +c?) For an isosceles Triangle a cos B = bcos A a a cot (n/n) and R = Length of Altitude from A is hy = r= esc (r/n) for a Regular Polygon with n sides and side length a 2 Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral with sides a, b,c and dis A = (= a)(s — bys — os — d) where s=(a+b+c+d)/2 Ptolemy's Theorem is AC + BD =a+c+b+d 2 = 11: Straight Lines x= rcos@ andy =r sin where r = x= +y# and @ =tan~ (y/x) Distance Formula in 2-D is d = (Gq — ¥2)? + Oi —Ya® r+ Baa Coordinates for Internal Division is ( , min’ m+n MXp-NXy MYa-NYi Coordinates for External Division is (————* , —— ) mn’ mn i . txptx3 YatIty: Coordinates of the Centroid is (“2**2*¥s Yat ¥2*¥s 3 7 axytDxz+Cx3 ays +bYatCy: Coordinates of Incenter is (+S, =) jit | sie y 3\2 Area of a Triangle with vertices (x), 1), (2.32) and (x3, ya) is! |"3 Ys} © 1 yf 5 | w 1 Latex Code:!"|"s vs 1 Equation of x — axis is y = 0 and the Equation of y ~ axis is x = 0 YoY 2-¥y Slope Intercept Form of a Line: y = mx +¢ Point Slope Form of a Line: y — y, =m(x— x1) Slope of a line is given as m =& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App ‘© Two Point Form of a Line: y — y= x ‘© Intercept Form of a Line: = + z= =1 * Normal Form of a Line: x cosa +ysina =p © Parametric Form of a Line: x =h+rcos@ andy =k +rsin@ ‘© General Form of a Line: ax + by +c =0 © Angle between two lines is 6 = + tan~! (71—"2_ ‘© Lines are Parallel if and only i = z # a © Lines are Perpendicular if and only if a; a2 + byb, = 0 by oe Te mir, Tamm ‘© Lines are Coincident if and only ing Lines are intersecting i and only if SE BL az, + by +e 2 2 © Length of Perpendicular from (x,,y,) tothe line ax +by+c=0is| Va? +6 cy — C2 Distance between two Parallel Lines is] VQ? + b ‘© Line parallel to ax + by +c = 0 has the equation ax + by + k = O.where c # k © Line perpendicular to ax + by +c = Ois bx —ay +A = a bb az be cl =0 C3 © Three lines of the form ax + by + ¢ = 0 are concurrent if and only if 733 © Linear Translation of axes by (ct,8): Xpew =X—@ aNd Ynew =¥—B Rotation of axes by angle @ anti-clockwise: xnny = x05 0 + y sin 9 and Yney = xin +y cos 0 ‘Equation of the line passing through the intersection of a,x + byy +c = 0 and apx + bay +c; = is a,x + byy + cy + A(agx + bay + cz) =0 © ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0 is the equation for pair of straight lines if and only if ahg hb f)=0 gfe or abe + 2fgh— af? — bg? — ch? = 0 © Fora pair of stright line ax? + 2hxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0, angle between them is @ = tan" ( 2uht ab ). Lines are Perpendicular if. a+b = 0 xy + Equation ofthe Angle Bisectors of ax? + 2hxy + by? =Ois= > = =P ‘© Pair of Straight Lines perpendicular to ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 is bx? ~ 2hxy +ay? = 0A) testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Topic Coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular (h, k) from (x,y) to the line ax + by +¢ = 0is oxy _ ko axytby.te n) a?+b? oxy Coordinate (h, kc) of the image of a point (x;,,) over the line ax + by +c = O's k-y, _ _ 2* (ax, +by, +0) b a?+b? = 12: Circle Standard Equation of a Circle General Equation of a Circle is x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +c = 0 where the coordinates of the centre is (-9.—f) with Radius /g? +f? —c. It g +f? — c= 0 then the Circle is actually the point (—g, —f). It g? + f?—c <0 then the Circle is Imaginary. If the end-points of the Diameter are (x,,y,) and (2,72), then the Equation of the Circle is (x — %1)(¥ = ¥2) + — 10 — ye) = 0. The parametric form of (x — A)? + (y — k)? = 1? The parametric form of x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +e = ~ktsing (g?+fPae. The point (r cos @,r sin a) is simply written as point a. The equation of a line joining the points « and fof the circle x? + y’ y sin ((a + B)/2} = acos {(a ~ f)/2}. Define C(x,y) = x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +c and (a,b) is any arbitrary point, then - © IfC(a,b) = 0 > The point is on the boundary of the Circle. © IFC(@,b) < 0 > The point lies inside the Circle. © IfC(a,b) > 0 > The point lies outside the Circle. is (x — h)? + (y—k)? =? where the centre is (h, k) with Radius +rcos@ andy =k+rsind, isx = —g +cos0-/g*+f*—c and y= c x cos {(« + f)/2} + For x? + y? = r?, the Equation of the Tangent at (a,b) is ax + by For x? + y2 = r?, the Equation of the Tangent at (r cos 8, sin @) is x cos @ + y sin @ =r. Two Tangents at points « and f of the Circle x? + y® = r? intersects each other at the point rcos “#2 rsin 248 cos 2 The Equation of Tangent for the Circle x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +c =O atthe point (a,b) is ax + by+g(xta)+fotb)te=0. Equation of the Tangent on the Circle x? + y? = r? with Slope m is y = mx tr-VI+me. Equation of the Tangent on the Circle (x — h)? + (y — k)? = r? with Slope m is written as y — k= (x-h)tr-vitm. The length of Tangent from (a, b) to the Circle C(x, y) is /C(@.5). From an external point (a, b) two Tangents can be drawn to the Circle C(x, y), the Equation of the pair of Tangents is C(x,y) - C(a,b) = T?(x, y) where T(x,y) = ax + by 2 ‘The Equation of the Normal to the Circle with center (—g,—/) and on the point (a,b) is written asy—b=[(b+ f)/(a+ 9) x -a)A) testbook.com D> Download Testbook App The Equation of the Chord of Contact is T(x.) = 0. Ifthe midpoint of the Chord is (a,b), then the Equation of Chord is T(x, y) = S(a,b) IfC,(x,y) = 0 and C)(x,y) = 0 are two given Circles, then the family of Circles passing through the point of intersection of the Circles is C, (x,y) + 2- C,(x,y) = 0. The angle between two Circles with Radius r, and r, and d being the given by @ =cos™ [ (2 + 1%? - d)/2rr2 |. Radical axis of two Circles is C,(x,y) = C2(x,y)- lance between Radii is +13: Parabola er Topic - Eccentricity of a Parabola is 1. There are four types of Parabolas - Upward, Downward, Leftward and Rightward openings. Equation of Rightward Opening Parabola is y? = 4ax where a is the distance between the Center and the Vertex of Parabola. Equation of Leftward Opening Parabola is y? = —4ax where a is the distance between the Center and the Vertex of Parabola. Equation of Upward Opening Parabola is x? = 4ay where a is the distance between the Center and the Vertex of Parabola. Equation of Downward Opening Parabola is x? = —4ay where a is the distance between the Center and the Vertex of Parabola. Length of Latus Rectum of y? = +4ax or x? = +4ay is 4a. Parametric representation of y’ at? and y = 2at. Define P(x,y) = y? — 4ax and any arbitrary point (a, b), then - © P(a,b) = 0 > The point is on the boundary of the Parabola. © P(a,b) < 0. The point is inside the Parabola. © P(a,b) > 0 = The point is outside the Parabola. Equation of a Chord joining the points ¢, and tis (ty + ta)y = 2x + 2atyty Equation of Tangent to y? = 4ax with Slope m is y = mx + (a/m). Equation of Tangent to x? = 4ay with Slope m is y = mx — am? Equation of Tangent to y? = 4ax at the point (a, b) is by = 2a(x + a). Equation of Tangent to y? = 4ax at the point tis ty =x + at? Equation of Normal to y? = 4cx at the point (a, ) is y ~ b = (—b/2c)(x — a). Equation of Normal to y? = 4ax with Slope m is y = mx — 2am — am’. Equation of Normal to y? = 4ax at the point t is y+ tx = 2at + at, Define P(x,y) = y? — 4ex and T(x, y) = by - 2c(x + @), the Equation for the pair of Tangents drawn from the point (a,b) is P(x,y) - P(a,b) = T?(x,y). The Equation for the Chord of Contact is T(x, y) = 0 where the Tangents to the Parabola is drawn from an external point (a,b) Equation of the Chord with midpoint (a, b) is T(x.) = P(a,b) Length of Co-Tangent is 2at? and the length of Co-Normal is 2a. 4ax is 14: Ellipse 2 Equation of a standard Horizontal Ellipse is 5+ a 1 where a > b, @& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App eee cee o eee eee The Eccentricity of the Horizontal Ellipse is € € (0,1). Coordinates of the Foci of a Horizontal Ellipse are (tae, 0). Coordinates of the Vertices of a Horizontal Ellipse are (+2, 0). Coordinates of the Co-Vertices of a Horizontal Ellipse are (0, +b) The equation of Directrix of a Horizontal Ellipse are x = +a/e. Length of the Latus Rectum of a Horizontal Ellipse is 22 /a. Equation of the Latus Rectum of a Horizontal Ellipse is x = tae, 2 Equation of a standard Vertical Ellipse is 5 + 5 = 1 where a <5, ral The eccentricity of the Vertical Ellipse is € 1 = Coordinates of the Foci of a Vertical Ellipse are (0, +be). Coordinates of the Vertices of a Vertical Ellipse are (0, +b) Coordinates of the Co-Vertices of a Vertical Ellipse are (a, 0). The equation of Directrix of a Vertical Ellipse are y = +b/e. Length of the Latus Rectum of a Vertical Ellipse is 2a/b. Equation of the Latus Rectum of a Vertical Ellipse is y= tbe. 2 y2 Define E(x, y) = a oa a — 1 and an arbitrary point (a,b), then © E>0= The point is outside the Ellipse. © E =0= The pointis on the boundary of the Ellipse. © E<0= The pointis inside the Ellipse. Pa Fa 2 Parametric Form of + =acos@ andy =bsin8. The Equation of a Chord joi at sin ae =cos 2, 2 9 two points a and f of +> a = mx + Val? +0, ‘ Pare The Equation of the Tangent to => + a = 1 with Slope m 2, ye e The Equation of the Tangent to “+ a =1law@ ise 4+Ru-4 2, ye x Fi The Equation of the Tangent to Fa + [ = Latthe point a is cos O+ A sin 2 2 2yy a The Equation of the Normal to 2 + 2 = 1 at the point (p,q) sox ? — 2, x2 yy? _ (a2—b?)m The Equation of the Normal to > or z 1 with Slope m is y = mx + Tab 2, 2 ‘The Equation of the Normal to a + a atthe point 9 is ax sec — by csc 8 = a? — b?.& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Topic 2 yx The Equation for the Chord of Contact for Z> +5 = LisT(@y) =0. 2, yz ‘The Equation for the pair of Tangents to 5 + a = Lis £(x,y)- E(p.q) = T2(x,y) where the Tangents are drawn from the external point (p,q) x 5 2, x2 The Equation of a Chord in = + z = 1 with mid-point at (p, q) is T(x, y) = E(.9). @ 2 The Equation of the Director Circle m5 + Lis x? +y? =a? +6? The point of intersection of two Tangents at the points « and fis ats ate cos sin > oq - a a-B a=B? cos cos - 15: Hyperbola ery . ; x _yt ‘The Equation of a standard Horizontal HypetBOMa a" ira i bp? The Eccentricity of a Horizontal Hyperbola is @ 1+5 The Coordinates of the Foci of a Horizontal Hyperbola are (ae, 0). ‘The Coordinates of the Vertices of a Horizontal Hyperbola are (+a, 0). The Equation of the Directrix for a Horizontal Hyperbola are x = +a/e. The Equation of the Latus Rectum is x = tae. The Length of the Latus Rectum is 2b?/a. 2 y2 iw The Equation of the Conjugate Hyperbola is — 75 + z ste 1,2 Ifthe Eccentricities of Horizontal and Vertical Hyperbolas are e, and es, then => + => = 1 1? ee The Equation of a Rectangular Hyperbola is x? — y? = a? or xy = The Eccentricity of a Rectangular Hyperbola is V2. a op The Parametric Form teh Lis x =asecd andy =btan, avy , Define H (x, ¥) = =a — Fz — 1 andan arbitrary point (p,q), then © H(@,q) <0 = The point lies inside the Hyperbola. © H(p,q) = 0 > The point lies on the boundary of the Hyperbola. © H(p,q) > 0 = The point lies outside the Hyperbola. x2 px _ ay The Equation of the Tangent to = — 95 = 1 at the point (p,q) apm 1. 2 ‘The Equation of the Tangent to 5 — X= 1 with Slope m is y = mx + Vaem? — b? 2 x The Equation of the Tangent to a7 = Latthe point a is 74sec e- z tan@=1& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App lageeeabe Lat the point (p,q) sox +yynete 2 The Equation of the Normal to = — 25 ey 2 The Equation of the Normal to 7 — > = 1 with Slope m is y = mx 2 The Equation of the Normal to 5 = 1 atthe point 0 is x+ secO Sus Se The Equation for the Chord of Contact is T(x, y) The Equation for the pairs of Tangents is H(x,y) - H(p,q) = T2(x,y) where the Tangents to the Hyperbola is drawn from an external point (p,q). The Equation of the Chord with midpoint (p, q) is Tx.y) = H(p, a) poe aR 7 4 xy 7 ‘The Equation of the palr of Asymptotes of aig lis x The Equation of the Tangent to a Rectangular Hyperbola at (p,q) oe ae e =1, The Parametric Form of Rectangular Hyperbola xy = c? is x = ct and y = c/t where t + 0 ‘The Equation of Normal to the Rectangular Hyperbola is y — (c/t) = t(x~ ct). -16: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability ‘Sum Rule: lim f@) +9@)] = dims) + limg(x) Difference Rule: lim[ f(x) ~ g(x) ] = limf (x) = img (x) Product Rule: tmp) + g(x) = limy(x) “tang(s) Quotient Rule: tim 1@+a@)1= lingo {img (@) provided limg(x) + 0 Scalar Multiple Rule: limk + f(x) = ke» limf (x) Power Rule: limf f(x) }* = k{ imf(x) ] Cenmacetie Fretee te Lingo (29) = Fimale) provided f(x) exists at Limg(x) Important Limit Properties - © Lim sin x +x] =1 = lim tan x +x] = lim arctan x +x] = lim{ aresinx +x] © Liml (x" —p") = (x—p)] = mp © limf in (+x) +x] =1 © lim (e*=1) +x] © lim(1 + x)'/* =e and lim (1 + 1/x)* = € and lim[ Ca¥ — 1) +x © He Limf (a) = 1 and limg(x) = then lil f() ]8 = expl Lima FG) ~ 13] L Hospital Rule: lim[ f(x) + g()] = liml s') ~ 9'@)] Missing Point Discontinuity: limf(x) exists, f(p) undef ined Isolated Point Discontinuity: tin f(x) # f(p) Finite Type Discontinuity: Left — Hand Limit # Right ~ Hand Limit Infinite Type Discontinuity: Either Left — Hand Limit + 00 ot Right — Hand Limit + 0 Oscillatory Type Discontinuity: Limit oscillates between two finite numbers.A) testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Topic Intermediate Value Theorem: If f(x) is continuous in the interval [ a,b] then f(c) = K for some © € (a,b) and K € (f(a), f(b) ) Right-hand Derivative: f(p") = lim{ { f(p + h) ~ f(p)} +h] Left-Hand Derivative: f(p") = lim{ { f(p) ~ fp —h)} +h] ‘A function is differentiable only if f(p*) = f(p") at a point x = p - 17: Differential Calculus eee Topic ‘Sum Rule: (f + 9)'(x) = f(x) +9") Difference Rule: (f — g)'(x) = f'(@) —9'@) Product Rule: (f.9)'(x) = (f'9)(x) + (F9)@) Quotient Rule: (f + 9)(x) = [@f)@) — (F9@)1 + 97) ‘Scalar Multiple Rule: (k + f(x))' = k= f(x) Chain Rule: [ f{ g(x) }]' = f'(9@)} + 9"), Derivative of some common functions - (Constant y' = 0 ° (ety enxtt © (e*)' =e* and (a*)' =a* Ina wherea>0 © (nx) = 1/x (log, x)’ = 1/(« Inp) (sin x)! =cos x and (cos.x)! = —sinx (tan xy! =sec? x and (cot x)! = — esc? x (sec x)' =tan x sec x and (sex)! = —esex cot x (arcsin x )' = 1/V1— x2 where | x| <1 © (arccos x)’ = —1/V1—x? where |x| <1 © (arctan x)! =1/(1 +x") Logarithmic Differentiation: y = [ f(x) ]9™ then y’ = [F) 9 [{9(x) + f@)} +g!) In F() ] provided /(x) > 0 Vx € Domain 0 000 dy _ _ af fax I f(y) = O then = affay dy _ dy/dt Ifx = 9, (0) and y = $2(t) then ee =. If g(x) = f-*(@) or g(F(x)) = x then f"(x)-g'Lf(@)]=1 Maxima/Minima are of two types - Local and Global f'(P) = Oand f'"(p) <0 then f(x) is maximum in the neighborhood of x = p f'(®) = Oand f'"(p) > 0 then f(x) is minimum in the neighborhood of - 18: Tangents and Normals dy dx} ,_ Tangent on y = f(x) at the point x = p has the Slope =p Normal on y = f(x) at the point x = p has the im& testbook.com D> dowrioad Testbook App yiy/it (# (Benn Yr ‘¢ Length of Tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x,,y,) is © Length of Sub-Tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x,y, ) is (e ‘© Length of Normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x19 ) is. ‘* Length of Subnormal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (2,94 ) is Topic - 19: Integral Calculus ‘¢ Indefinite Integral of some common functions - of (ax+by" dx = 0" + Cwheren e 1 anti) oa ap x= mmlaxtl 4 ¢ © § exp(ax+b) dx = enh + ¢ of perth dx =P" + C where p>0 os vn (a+b) d= — 2G © f cos(ax +b) dx = Siox*b) 4 ¢ os tan (ax + b) dx = isecloxt 14 ¢ © f cot (ax +b) dx = Mlsinaxtb)l 4 ¢ Of see? (ax +b) dx = meth) 4.6 Of ese2 (ax +b) d= et) 4 ¢ © J ese(ax+b)-cot (ax +b) dx = — Set) 4+ ¢ Of sec(ax-+b) dx= In| sec(axtb)+tan(ax+) | + ¢ os cor (ax -+ b) dx = Leste b=cot(artb)| 4A Iesibecneot D> Download Testbook App oy phi dxssin™*+¢ Tea of ty dx=ttan!2+C wee Cal dx =1sec12+C a 1 os dx =sinh *£4+C ew oy bi dx=cosh™ tage x20? Of aiydx=pin| S| +6 1 os dx=2 in| S4/+C ° a? — x? dx=5 at@—x2 +2 sin x+C f f \xtt+atdx= x? +a2+% sinh E40 oy \x?-a? dx=3Jx' 2_ 9242 cosh '=+C Ii f e* sin (bx) dx == ;lasin (bx) — bcos (bx) +C e* cos (bx) dx = pla cos (bx) + bsin (bx)]+C e@+f@l= ere. c SOLE Xf (x)] =xlO+E f f +5 f@g@)dx=fH)s g@x)dx-s (EFC): f j “an g(x) dx] dx + f@ax=f? foyay of f@ax=-fh faax oh feddx=fF fo@dx+ fh? feax © J2, FG) dx = it /¢x) isan O44 Function © [8 FG) dx =2§0 fC) dxit rc is an Even Function + King Property f” f(x)dx= ff? f(atb—x)dx 2 © Queen Property fy f(x) dx = 2 fof (2x) dx it f(x) is an Even Function otherwise 0& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App . . Topic gr f(x)dx=n im f (x) dx when fcr +x) = fe) L* FG) dx =f f(&) dx when pers =F) Morar FG) dx = ff) dx wen por+9 = fo Ser f@) dx = (n= m) fr f() dxwnen ser +s) = se0 Wall's Formula tae sin” x cos” x dx = [Lor-1)(n=3)..(1 or 2) JL @n—1)(m=3)..(1 or 2) 1K (m+n)(m+n-2)(m+n—4)..( or 2) K = Lothemise Leibniz-Newton Formula alae f(x) dx = f[hQ@d]h'(x) — Flag) |g’ (x) LimitofRiomann Sum ettRule)f.” f(x) dx = (b—a)lim=¥=5 fla + b-a. kD) Limit of Riemann Sum (Right Rule) ii f(x) dx = (b- im Lyn bra a)lim+¥p., flat ke] Important Integrals - where K = /2 when m,n are Even or /2 . _ pn/2 ea of In (sin x) dx = ff In (cos x) dx = —>In2 off Ixlax="* 7) of) Bax = |b1—Ial b Atea under two curves from x=atox=bisf [f(x) — g(x)] dx - 20: Vectors and 3-D Geometry Internal Section Formula using position vectors is # = (nd + mb) +(n+m) Vector Equation of a Line is # = @ +t Three points are collinear if az + by + cZ =O andx+y+z=0 Projection of don bis d- 6 [a+ b+eP =a +b? 4+c2 + 2G B+ b-E+E Lagrange's Identity | @ x b |? = a2b? — (4-5)? Area of a Triangle is the magnitude of (1/2)[4x b+bxé+éx a] Area of a Quadrilateral with diagonals d; and d, is A = (1/2)| d, x dy | i)& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App eee eee e (@-@-@x), | Shortest Distance between Skew Lines is | Taxa B: Distance between parallel lines is | . . Gy Ay Qz [@ 6b @]=a-(0xA=\|b, b, b Cy Cy Cz Volume of a Parallelepiped is [a-B b-é é-a [a Be} Vector Triple Product is a x (b x @) = (@-@)b-(@- bye Distance Formula in Space is d = (Ax? + Ay? + dz? x Centroid of a Triangle is é aaa ae 3 ROX _ YOVn _ 224 Equation of a Straight Line in symmetrical form is T ™ 7m xx, - _ Equation of a Line through two points is ~—+ = 24 = 2°41 XM Yea a= Vector Equation of a Plane is (7 — a) -7t x,y,z Equation of a Plane in Intercept Formis 7 + >t = = 1 Equation of a plane in Normal Form is lx + my + nz =p ning ‘Angle between two planes with normal vectors ii and 7 is —— mens nd Angle between a Line and a Plane is > ax _ Ay _ dz Foot of the Perpendicular of a Point on a Plane is given by = > = =~ = bc ax,tbyi+cz+d abet? ax ax,+by,+cz,+d. Reflection of a Point on a Plane is given by 2) Ac Ay Lom Two lines are coplanar if and only if ly mg mg Perpendicular Dist fa Point from a Pl j Satbyate | ‘erpendicular Distance of a Point from a Plane is | 4 E Vattb?+c2 dy~d2 Distance between Parallel Planes is | ——2— | Vat+b?+c?& testbook.com D> Download Testbook App Topic - 21: Probability and Statistics eee eee Probability = Number of favorable outcomes + Number of total outcomes P(A) + P(A) = 1 P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) ~ P(ANB) Conditional Probability P(4|B) = P(A B) = P(B) Multiplication Theorem P(A NB) = P(A)P(B|A) = P(B)PCAIB) Bayes’ Theorem P(B|A) = P(B)P(4|B) + P(A) Binomial Distribution P(X = x) = =p*q™* Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution are np and npq respectively ‘Arithmetic Mean is x = J, x, +n for ungrouped discrete data Arithmetic Mean is x=. fixe +DkL1 fi hen frequency is given Aq zest Seti Mean by Shortcut Method is X = where d, = x, —A,and A is the Zeer Ske Assumed Mean a wy Mean by Step Deviation Method is x = A + (' SE a ©) h where up k : Wire Weighted Mean is X = Uka1 Wk hes Mate ‘Combined Mean is given by x = =H "KEE = Xie Me Median for ungrouped distribution is (22) th term if n= Odd 2)th term+(S+1)th term 2 if n= Even (N/2)-F Median of Grouped Distribution is | + a h 7 fog Mode of a Grouped Frequency Distribution is l + —=“—-— - h 2fo-fi-he Mode = 3 * Median ~ 2+ Mean Mean Deviation is Si.) [xxx] =n ne? Variance for discrete distribution is Bee — Mean? ey? Variance for frequency distribution is = kK’ — Mean? ‘Standard Deviation is the Principal Square Root of Variance Mean Square Deviation is 5? = (AP enor =Th, fe AP +E fe - 22: Mathematical Reasoning AND (/\) is called the Conjunction Operator. OR (\V )is called the Disjunction Operator.& testbook.com . ee NOT (— ) is called the Negation Operator. IMPLIES (=> or —> ) is called the Conditional Operator. IFF (<=> or ¢+)is called the Bi-Conditional Operator. The Truth Table for Conjunction Operator is > Download Testbook App Pe paq T T T FE F F F F ‘© The Truth Table for Disjunction Operator is » pva T T T v F T F F ‘© The Truth Table for Negation Operator is. Pp -P T F F T © The Truth Table for the Conditional Operator is Pp p—q=-pVq rr i T F F 7 F T The Truth Table for bi-Conditional Operator is& testbook.com D> dounioad Testbook App P q pq ap pirq 7 i T T T T F F F r F T T F F F F T T T The Bi-Conditional Operator is Equivalent to (p —> a) \(q—> p). ‘Two compound statements are logically equivalent if both have the same Truth Table. Tautology is the statement that is always true. Fallacy is the statement that is always false. If the statement is p —> q then the Converse ie q— p. If the statement is p —> q then the Inverse is pq. If the statement is p —> q then the Contrapositive is + gq —> —p. = (pAq)=—p V sqand-(p V q)=-pA-q. eee eene