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Copy of d and f block elements

The document discusses d-block elements, specifically transition elements, which are characterized by partially filled d-orbitals and include groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table. It outlines their general electronic configuration, properties such as metallic characteristics, melting and boiling points, oxidation states, and magnetic properties, as well as the formation of colored compounds and complexes. The document also highlights the distinction between transition elements and pseudo transition elements like Zn, Cd, and Hg.

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17 views20 pages

Copy of d and f block elements

The document discusses d-block elements, specifically transition elements, which are characterized by partially filled d-orbitals and include groups 3 to 12 of the periodic table. It outlines their general electronic configuration, properties such as metallic characteristics, melting and boiling points, oxidation states, and magnetic properties, as well as the formation of colored compounds and complexes. The document also highlights the distinction between transition elements and pseudo transition elements like Zn, Cd, and Hg.

Uploaded by

krisha.mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Periodic table

The transition elements


(d-block)
d-block elements:
• Elements belonging to group 3 to12 (10grps) of
the periodic table are known as d-block elements.
• In these elements last electron enter in to
penultimate (n-1)d-orbital.
• d-block elements lie between s and p-block
elements.
• Definition: The elements which contains
incompletely filled d orbitals in their GS or most
common oxidation state.
• Transition from highly electro+ metals to electro-
non metals
• All d-block elements are not transition elements but
all transition elements are d- block elements.

• Transition elements have partially filled d- subshell in


ground state or most common oxidation state .But all
d-block elements not follow this.

• Zn, Cd & Hg are not considered as transition metals.


They have d10 configuration.
They have always +2 oxd state
They are pseudo transition elements.
Explain with EC
General Electronic Configuration

(n-1)d1-10 ns1-2
Outline
• Transition series
• General electronic configuration
• General characteristics
∙ Metallic properties
∙ M.p & B.p
∙ Atomic and ionic size
∙ Ionisation enthalpy
∙ Oxidation state
∙ Magnetic properties
. Coloured ions.
. Formation of complexes
. Catalytic properties
.Formation of interstitial compounds
Transition series
Transition series
• d-block consists of four transition series

• 1st Transition series or 3d series 21Sc to 30Zn

• 2nd Transition series or 4d series 39Y to 48Cd

• 3rd Transition series or 5d series 57La, to


80Hg

• 4th Transition series or 6d series 89Ac, to


112Cn
METALLIC PROPERTIES

. Full metals ( electron donation)


. More valence electrons or more electron donation means
good electro positive metal
. They are hard metals
. High density
Melting and Boiling Point
Melting and Boiling Point: Generally High
• d block elements have large no. of unpaired electrons
hence they form strong metallic bond. Their melting
and boiling points are high. From L to R, it increases then
it decreases.
Specific cases:
• Exceptionally Zn ,Cd and Hg have low melting and
boiling point.
• Group 6 elements have highest m.p in corresponding
period (Cr, Mo, W).
• Tungsten has highest m.p among metals. So used in
bulb filaments.
Melting points
• Trends of melting points of transition elements
Variation in atomic and ionic radii
• Atomic size decreases left to right.
• Should increase from top to
bottom.
3d
4d
5d
6d
• 4d & 5d series have almost same
size.(due to lanthanoid contraction
and poor shielding effect of f
orbitals)
• Eg: Zr and Hf have same properties
due to same size
Ionisation Enthalpy
.Generally increases due to increases in nuclear charge
from left to right in series and decreases from top to
bottom.

.3d, 4d, 5d, 6d: It should decrease but 5d>4d and 3d due to
lanthanoid contraction and weak shielding by 4f electrons.

. IE1<IE2< IE3

eg. Cu and Cr : half filled and fully filled requires more


energy
Oxidation State (n-1)d1-10 ns1-2

• Transition elements have variable oxidation state , due


to very small energy difference between(n-1)d and ns
subshell . Electrons from both the subshell take part in
bonding.

• No. of Oxidation states α no. of unpaired electrons.

• Mn shows all oxidation states from +2 to +7 .


Variation in oxidation state

Common oxd state is +2 except Sc.


Zn is +2
Highest oxidation state is +7 for Mn
Magnetic Moment
• Transition metals and compounds are paramagnetic due to the
presence of unpaired electrons in their d-subshell.

• Weakly attracted-----Paramagnetic

• The spin only magnetic moment can be calculated by the formula


µ=√ n(n+2) BM where n is the no .of unpaired electrons.
Formation of Coloured
compounds
• Most of the transition metal compound are coloured
both in solid state and in aqueous solution.

• Generally atoms or ions have unpaired electrons.

• Due to d- d transition produce coloured compound.


Coloured ions
Complex Formation
• The tendency to form complex compounds is due to-
• Small size of the ion
• High charge on the transition metal ion.
• The availability of d orbitals for accommodating
electrons donated by the ligands.

• Cu2+ (aq) + 4 NH3 (aq) → [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (aq)


(blue) (deep blue)

• AgCl (s) + 2 NH3 (aq) → [Ag (NH3)2]Cl (aq)


(white ppt) (Colourless )
Alloy formation
❖ Most of transition metals form alloys because of their
∙ similar radii due to which transition metals can mutually
substitute their position in their crystal lattice.
THANK YOU

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