D - Block

• It is often called transition element because their position in periodic table in between
s-block & p-block.
• Their properties are move between high reactive metallic element of s-block (Ionic
compound) and element of p-block (which is highly covalent).
• Typically, transition element have incomplete filled d-suborbital.

What is transition element ?

A transition element may be defined as the element whose atom in ground state or ion in
common oxidation state has partially filled d-subshell .
Note :-
Group 12 [ Zn, Cd, Hg ] have completely filled sub-shell in the ground state as
well as in their common oxidation state. Hence they are not regard as transition element.

1. Electronic Configuration
General electronic configuration of d-block element is (n − 1)d 1−10 ns 1−2 .
maxm no.
Non
of Danger Coinage
transition
unpaired Group Metal
element
electron

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

3d Series Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

4d Series Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

5d Series La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

6d Series Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn

Note :-
• There are 14 elements in the periodic table which have exceptional electronic
configuration in which 3 elements belongs to f-block i.e Ce , Gd & Lu .
• Mercurous ion = Hg22+
[ Hg ] = [ Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s2
[ Hg+ ] = [ Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s1
Experimentally it is found that mercurous ion is diamagnetic in nature , so it is
Hg +. − . Hg + ⇒ Hg22+
• Zn, Cd & Hg are d-block element , but they are not transition element .
Q. Copper have 3d10 4s1 configuration, then why it is called transition element ?
According to definition ; ion of element in their common oxidation state has partially
filled d-sub-shell .
Cu+2 = 3d9 4s0
because, 3d 9 is partially f illed d − subshell
2. Metallic Character
Last but one i.e penultimate shell is expanding hence they have a lot of similarities in
physical and chemical properties .
• Nearly all transition element shows typical metallic properties.
• Trick = PhD. Metals
P Physical State of metal is generally solid , except mercury

H Metals are Hard

Ductile ( drawn into wires )

D
high Density
High Melting Point
M
Malleable ( beaten into thin sheet )
Electrical Conductivity
E
Electropositive
Tensile Strength (maximum load that a material can support without fracture)
T
Toughness

A Alloy Formation

L Lusture ( it is due to electronic vibration )

S Sonorous

• Most of the transition element have C.C.P / H.C.P structure.

• transition element are very hard and have low volatility and hence have high enthalpy
atomisation.
• Cr, Mo & W have maximum no. of unpaired electron , therefore they are very hard
metal & have maximum enthalpy of atomisation in their respective series.
( Unpaired e- ∝ Metallic bonding )
( Atomisation means ⇒ M (s) ⟶ M (g) )
• Metal having very high enthalpy of atomisation, i.e (they have very high boiling point)
noble in their reaction .

3. Melting Point & Boiling Point

• Melting and boiling point of d block element is greater than s block element .
• Stronger metallic bond due to presence of more no. of unpaired electron .
• Zn, Cd & Hg have not unpaired electron, hence very low melting point and boiling
point .
• Zn, Cd & Hg impurities is removed by liquidation, these 3 metals are volatile metal .
• In 3d series melting point & boiling point increases from Sc to Cr & decrease from Mn
to Zn .
• Mn & Tc have low melting point because of half filled electronic configuration, &
have high boiling point .
Highest Melting Point = W ( Tungsten )
Lowest Melting Point = Hg ( Mercury )
4. Density
• Atomic volume of transition element are low as compared with group 1 & group 2
element because of increase effective nuclear charge, since extra electron add in inner
shell. Hence density of transition element are relatively high .
• In 3rd series, on moving from left to right , due to increase in zeff ; atomic volume
decreases, since atomic mass increase. hence density increase along the period .

Density
Sc < Ti < V < Cr < Mn < Fe < Co < Ni < Cu > Zn ← zinc has exceptionally low density
3.43 4.1 6.07 7.19 7.21 7.8 8.7 5.9 8.9 7.1

Sc < Ti < V < Zn < Cr < Mn < Fe < Co < Ni < Cu

NOTE :-
• 3d < 4d < < 5d
lanthanide contraction

• Maximum Density = Os & Ir ( Ir ≤ Os )

5. Atomic Size
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
164 147 135 129 137 126 125 125 128 137 ← pico meter

Trick
Sc > Ti > Mn > Zn > V > Cr ≃ Fe ≃ Co ≃ Ni > Cu > Ni
scooty mein zinc bhi barabar koi nahi

NOTE :-
• 3 Group ⇒ Sc < Y < La < Ac
• 4 to 12 Group ⇒ 3d < 4d ≃ 5d
lanthanide contraction
6. Ionization Enthalpy
The minimum amount energy required to remove an electron from outer most shell in
ground state from an isolated gaseous atom is known as ionisation potential.

NOTE :-
• Electron can not be removed from solid state of an atom, it has to convert in gaseous form,
Energy required for conversion from solid state to gaseous state is called Sublimation energy.
• Ionisation Potential is always an endothermic process (ΔH = +ve)
• It is measured in eV/atom (electron volt/atom) or Kcal/mole or KJ/mole
• There is no regular trends in ionisation enthalpy in d series .
Learn it for d block elements
• Group 3 = 3d > 4d > 5d
• Group 4,5,6,10 = 5d > 4d > 3d
• Group 7,8,9,11,12 = 5d > 3d > 4d
Q. Compare Ionisation energy of IE1 , IE2 & IE3 in Zn & Cu .
IE1 ⇒ Cu < Zn
Zn = [Ar] 3d10 4s2
IE2 ⇒ Cu > Zn
Cu = [Ar] 3d10 4s1
IE3 ⇒ Cu < Zn

Q. Compare Ionisation energy of IE1 , IE2 & IE3 in (i). Cr & Mn (ii). Mn & Fe .
Cr = [Ar] 3d5 4s1 IE1 ⇒ Cr < Mn IE1 ⇒ Mn < Fe
Mn = [Ar] 3d5 4s2 IE2 ⇒ Cr < Mn IE2 ⇒ Mn < Fe
Fe = [Ar] 3d6 4s2 IE3 ⇒ Cr < Mn IE3 ⇒ Mn > Fe

Q 1st Ionisation potential of Cr < Mn but 2nd Ionisation potential of Cr >Mn , explain .
7. Oxidation State
• Transition element can show variable oxidation state because both (n-1)d & (n)s
electrons can participate in bond formation.
Q. Why both (n-1)d & (n)s sub-shell participate in bond formation ?
A. (n-1)d & (n)s sub-shell have nearly same energy thats why both sub-shell
participate in bond formation .

• Maximum Oxidation Number possible of transition elements will be no. of electrons in

(n-1)d + (n)s sub-shell .
• Oxidation Number increasing on moving left to right , it reaches to maximum for middle
element then decrease .

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+1
x +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7

Note :-
• High Oxidation No. element is Os & Ru with +8 oxidation no.
• Eg :- OsO4 & RuO4

• Transition elements can show + ve , -ve as well as zero oxidation no. in metal carbonyl .
Eg :- [ Ni(CO)4 ] , [ Fe(CO)5 ] & [ Co(CO)4 ]-
• +3 oxidation no. is more stable in aqueous solution .
• On moving in a period , Stability of higher oxidation state decrease .
+5 +6 +7
Eg :- VO3- > CrO4-2 > MnO4-
• On moving down the group , Stability of higher oxidation state increase .
+7 +7 +7
Eg :- MnO4- < TcO4- < ReO4- ⇐ Group 7
+6 +6 +6
CrO3 < MoO3 < WO3 ⇐ Group 6
• Generally higher oxidation state of transition element is shown in Oxo-Salt .
+4 +7
Eg :- MnF4 MnO4-
• For same elements, as oxidation no. increase , acidic character in oxides also increase .
+2 +3
Q. which is more basic ⇒ FeO > Fe2O3
+2 +3 +6
Q. which is more basic ⇒ CrO > Cr2O3 > CrO3
Basic Amphoteric Acidic
+2 +3 +4 +6 +7
MnO Mn2O3 MnO2 MnO3 Mn2O7
Basic Basic Amphoteric Acidic Acidic

Oxidation State Nature of Oxide / Hydroxide ( d-block)

+1 , +2 , +3 Basic
+4 Amphoteric Exception = Cr2O3 Amphoteric
+5 , +6 , +7 Acidic

8. Electrode Potential
• Reducing power of d-block elements depends on their electrode potential.
M(s) ⟶ M+(aq) + e–
• It depends upon following factors :-
• Enthalpy of atomisation ∙ Ionisation enthalpy ∙ Hydration enthalpy

• The oxidation potential which gives the tendency of the overall change to occur, depends
upon the net effect of these three steps.
• The overall energy change is ΔH = ΔsubH + IE + ΔhydH
• Standard oxidation potential (SOP) of Cu is minimum in the 3d series so it is least
reducing elements in 3d series.
• Au is the least reducing element in the d-block because of highest +ve value of Standard
reduction potential
• The poor reducing capacity of the transition metal is due to high heats of vaporization,
high ionization potential and low heat of hydration of their ions, because reduction
potential depends upon all these three factors.
Q. Which element in 3d series have maximum reduction potential ?
A. Cu ( copper )
-3 V ——————————————————————— 0 V ——————— +3 V
Trick :- Li K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H C H A P A
Cu Hg Ag Au Pt
9. Magnetic Moment
• Paramagnetic substance attracted in magnetic field .
• Paramagnetic substance have unpaired electrons .
• Diamagnetic substance repelled by magnetic field .
• Diamagnetic substance have no unpaired electrons .

Magnetic Moment = n(n + 2) B.M ( n = unpaired electron )

Q. Arrange in magnetic moment of Cr+3 , Fe+3 & Mn+3 .

A. Cr+3 , Fe+3 , Mn+3
3d3 3d5 3d4
3.8 BM 5.8 BM 4.8 BM
Answer :- Fe+3 > Mn+3 > Cr+3

10. Formation of Interstitial Compound

• Transition element from interstitial compound with small elements such as H, B, C, N etc
• The small atom of these non-metallic elements get trapped in the vacant spaces of lattice
of transition elements
• Eg :- WC , Fe3C , TiH1.3-1.8
Properties
• They are generally non-stoichiometric compound .
• Neither typical ionic nor covalent .
• Harder than pure metals.
• High melting point than pure metal .
• Malleability & Ductility less than pure metal .
• They are chemically inert .

NOTE :- The process of adsorption of excess of H atom by the transition metals like Pd, Pt
etc is called occlusion.
11. Catalyst
• Transition elements have remarkable tendency to act as catalyst because
‣ variable oxidation state
‣ presence of free valencies over metal surface (adsorption)
‣ presence of vacant d-orbital
12. Formation of Non-Stoichiometric compound
• Non-Stoichiometric Compound means atoms are not present in simple whole no. ratio .
• due variable oxidation state , transition element shows non-stoichiometric compound .
FeO Fe2O3 ⇐ Stoichiometric Compound
1:1 2:3
Fe0.93O Ni0.98O ⇐ Non-Stoichiometric Compound

13. Complex Formation

• Transition element forms complex due to :-
‣ small size
‣ effective nuclear charge is high
‣ presence of vacant d-orbital

14. Alloy Formation

• Alloys formation homogeneous solid solution in which the atoms of one metal are
distributed randomly among the atoms of other metal or non-metal .
• Alloys are generally form by those atom which have metallic radii within about 15%
each other .
• Transition elements have almost same size , so one atom of one element can displace
atom of other element .

atoms of metal M atoms of different metals

NOTE :- Almost all metals can form amalgams with mercury, the notable exceptions being
iron, platinum, tungsten, and tantalum.

Trick :- Iron Plate kare Tan Tun

15. Color
• Most of the transition metal ions exhibit colour property.
• Color transition element due
‣ d-d transition
‣ Ligand -Metal charge transfer
‣ Metal -Ligand charge transfer

What is d-d transition ?

Excitation & De-excitation of unpaired electrons in their t2g and eg sets of 'd' orbitals is
called d-d transition .

They require less amount of energy to undergo excitation of electrons. Hence they absorb
visible region of light exhibiting colour.
In the field of inorganic chemistry, color is commonly associated with d–d transitions. If
this is the case, why is it that some transition metal complexes show intense color in
solution, but possess no d electrons ? Because of Charge transfer .

What is Ligand -Metal charge transfer ?

Transfer of electron from filled Ligand orbital to vacant metal orbital is called ligand to
metal charge transfer . π - donor ligands show LMCT spectra .
KMnO4 (dark pink) , K2Cr2O7 (orange) having d° configuration but shows colour due to
change transfer and charge is transferred from anion to cation ( Ligand to Metal ).

Ligand to Metal Charge Transfer ( LMCT ) Meta to Ligand Charge Transfer ( MLCT )
Compounds of d-blocks
16. KMnO4 ( Potassium Permanganate )
• Most important ore of manganise is pyrolusite ( MnO2 ).
• It is prepared by fusing pyrolusite ore either with KOH or K2CO3 in presence of
atmospheric oxygen or any other oxidising agent such as KNO3.
• The fused mass turns green due to the formation of potassium manganate, K2MnO4.

Step1 :- 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 ⟶ 2K2 MnO4 + 2H2O

ore any any Green Color
base O.A ( unstable & show disproportionation )

OR MnO2 + K2CO3 + KNO3 ⟶ K2 MnO4 + CO2 + KNO2

• The Fused mass treated with acidic water to give permanganate through disproportion .
• The fused mass can also extracted with water and the solution is now treated with a
current of chlorine or ozone or carbon dioxide to convert manganate into permanganate.
+6 +7 +4
Step2 :- 3K2 MnO4 + 2H2SO4 ⟶ 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O + 2K2SO4
Green Color acid Dark Pink
( unstable & show disproportionation )
OR 3K2 MnO4 + 2CO2 ⟶ 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2K2CO3
OR 2K2 MnO4 + Cl2 ⟶ 2KMnO4 + 2KCl

Mechanism :-
O2 ⟶ 2 O
2 MnO2 + 2 O ⟶ 2 MnO3
2 MnO3 + 4 KOH ⟶ 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
———————————————————————
Step 1 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 ⟶ 2K2 MnO4 + 2H2O
Step 2 2K2 MnO4 + 4H2SO4 ⟶ 2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2H2O + K2SO4

Q. Write the balanced reaction of MnO2 + K2CO3 + KNO3 ⟶ ?

A. MnO2 + K2CO3 + KNO3 ⟶
Pyrolusite Base O.A
KNO3 ⟶ KNO2 + O
MnO2 + O ⟶ MnO3
MnO3 + K2CO3 ⟶ K2MnO4 + CO2
————————————————————————————
Step 1 MnO2 + K2CO3 + KNO3 ⟶ K2 MnO4 + CO2 + KNO2
Question does not ask to write 2nd step .
Commercial Method :- ( Electrolytic Oxidation of K2MnO4 )
Commercially it is prepared by the alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 followed by the
electrolytic oxidation of manganate (Vl) .
Anode ( Oxidation )
MnO4-2 ⟶ MnO4-1 + e-

Laboratory Method :- ( by heating Mn+2 salt with peroxydisulphate , S2O8-2 )

2 Mn+2 + 5 S2O8-2 ⟶ 2 MnO4-1 + 10 SO4-2 + 16 H+

Physical properties of KMnO4

• KMnO4 is purple color crystalline solid .
• It is moderately soluble in water .
• Color of is KMnO4 due to ligand to metal charge transfer .
• Structure of MnO4-2 & MnO4-1

manganate ion permanganate ion

Chemical properties of KMnO4

• Heating effect
when heated it decomposes at 513 K
+7 +6 +4
2 KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
‣ It is not a disproportionate reaction.
‣ This method is used to produce O2 in Lab .

• Reaction of KMnO4 with Concn H2SO4

On treatment with concentrated H2SO4 (KMnO4 is taken in excess), it forms manganese
heptoxide via permanganyl sulphate which decomposes explosively on heating.
KMnO4 + concn H2SO4 ⟶ Mn2O7
excess (an explosive)
• Oxidising Agent
‣ KMnO4 is strong oxidising agent .
‣ It can act as a oxidising agent in acidic , basic as well as in neutral medium but
product in all medium is different .
‣ It is powerful oxidising agent in acidic medium .

Mn+7 ⟶ Mn+6 • Medium should me strong alkaline .

Basic 1 Purple Green • It gives 1 nascent oxygen during reaction .
• dil. H2SO4 is used as an acid ( unless otherwise mention )
• we don’t use HCl / HNO3 bcoz Cl- will convert into Cl2 &
Acidic 5
Mn+7 ⟶ Mn+2 NO3- will convert NO2- .
Purple Pale Pink
• dil. H2SO4 is not Oxidising agent but dil HNO3 is O.A .
• It gives 5 nascent oxygen during reaction .

• Neutral medium is not as such present .

• Very diluted basic medium is called neutral medium .
Neutral 3
Mn+7 ⟶ Mn+4 • In very diluted medium ⇒ KMnO4 ⟶ K2MnO4 ⟶ MnO2 .
Purple Brown
Purple Green Brown
• It gives 3 nascent oxygen during reaction .

Acidic Medium Neutral / Weak Basic Medium

KMnO4 KMnO4
H 2S S
Br − BrO3−
SO2 SO3
SO3−2 / NO2−1 SO4−2 / NO3−1

ite ate I− IO3−

X − (HX , KX) X2 (Except F2)

Fe+2 (ferrous) Fe+3 (ferric) S2O3-2 SO4-2

H 2O 2 O2
HCOOH CO2 + H2O
H2C2O4 CO2 + H2O Mn+2 MnO2

S2O3-2 S4O6-2
(thiosulphate) (terta-thionate)
MnO2
Mn+2
NOTE :-
• Only 5 Non-Metal shows disproportion with base , i.e Cl2 , Br2 , I2 , P4 & S .

I2 + cold dil . OH − ⟶ I − + OI −
I2 + hot conc . OH − ⟶ I − + IO3−

NCERT REACTION :-
In acidic solution
• 10 I– + 2 MnO4– + 16 H+ ——> 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 5 I2
• 5 Fe + MnO4 + 8 H
2+ – +
——> Mn2+ + 4 H2O + 5 Fe3+
• 5 C2O4 + 2 MnO4 + 16 H ——> 2 Mn + 8 H2O + 10 CO2
2– – + 2+

• 5S 2–
+ 2 MnO4– + 16 H+ ——> 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 5 S
• 5 SO 2–
+ 2 MnO4– + 6H+ ——> 2 Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5 SO42–
• 5 NO + 2 MnO4 + 6H ——> 2 Mn + 5 NO3 + 3H2O
– – + 2+ –

In neutral / Faintly alkaline solution :-

• 2 MnO4 + H2O + I– –
——> 2 MnO2 + 2 OH– + IO3–
• 8 MnO4 + 3 S2O3 + H2O ——> 8 MnO2 + 6 SO4 + 2 OH
– 2– 2– –

• 2 MnO4 + 3 Mn + 2 H2O——> 5 MnO2 + 4H

– 2+ +
17. K2Cr2O7 ( Potassium Dichromate )
• Most important ore of Chromium is Chromite ore ( FeCr2O4) .
+2 +3
• Chromite Ore ( FeCr2O4) is a mixture of FeO & Cr2O3 .
• Chromate is stable in basic medium & Dichromate is stable in acidic medium .
Trick :- A : B :: C : D
A C
⇒ =
B D
⇒ A×D =B×C
⇒ Acid × Dichromate = Base × Chromate

Preparation :-
Step 1 :-
Chromite Ore is roasted with Sodium Carbonate in presence of air in reverbatory furnace .
+2 +3 +6 +3
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
Reducing Agent Base O. A
Any Chromium Salt in +3 O.N.

Step 2 :-
The roasted mass is extracted with water when Na2CrO4 goes into the solution leaving
behind insoluble Fe2O3 . The solution is then treated with calculated amount of H2SO4 .

2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 → Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O

Step 3 :-
The solution is concentrated when less soluble Na2SO4 crystallises out ( Less soluble
Na2SO4 will crystalline first ). The solution is further concentrated when crystals of
Na2Cr2O7 are obtained. Hot saturated solution of Na2Cr2O7 is then treated with KCl
when orange red crystals of K2Cr2O7 are obtained on crystallisation.

Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCI → K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

Q. why we not take K2CO3 instead of Na2CO3 in step 1 ?

A. because solubility of Na2Cr2O7 is more than K2Cr2O7 , If we took K2CO3 instead of
Na2CO3 in step 1 , so we will not able to separate the product of step 2 .
Mechanism :-
Step 1 :-
( O2 ⟶ 2 O ) ×7
( 2 (FeO.Cr2O3) + 7 O ⟶ Fe2O3 + 4 CrO3 ) × 2

7 O2 ⟶ 14 [O]
4 FeO.Cr2O3 + 14 [O] ⟶ 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CrO3
Basic Acidic
8 CrO3 + 8 Na2CO3 ⟶ 8 Na2CrO4 + 8 CO2
Acidic Na2O + CO2
Basic
——————————————————————————————————————————
4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 → 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2
Step 2 :-
Chromate is stable in basic medium , but if it present in acidic medium it will convert
into dichromate .
2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 → Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O

Step 3 :-
It is a single displacement reaction .
Na2Cr2O7 + 2 KCI → K2Cr2O7 + 2 NaCl

Physical properties of K2Cr2O7

• K2Cr2O7 is Oragne-Red color crystalline solid .
• K2Cr2O7 shows color due to charge transfer .
• It is less soluble in cold water but freely soluble in hot water .
• Structure of Chromate ion & Dichromate ion .

Chromate Ion Dichromate Ion

Yellow Colour Orange Colour
All Cr-O bonds are identical 6 Cr-O bonds are identical
Chemical properties of K2Cr2O7
• Heating Effect
4 K2Cr2O7 + heat ⟶ 4 K2CrO4 + 2 Cr2O3 + 3 O2
‣ This method is used to produce O2 in Lab .
• Oxidising Agent
‣ K2Cr2O7 is strong oxidising agent only in acidic medium
‣ It convert Cr+6 ( Orange ) into Cr+3 ( Green ) .
‣ In basic medium , it does not exist .
CrO2– + 14 H+ + 6 e– → 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O + 3[O]

Acidic Medium
K2Cr2O7
H 2S S
SO3−2 / NO2−1 SO4−2 / NO3−1

ite ate

X − (HX , KX) X2 (Except F2)

Fe+2 (ferrous) Fe+3 (ferric)
Sn+2 Sn+4

Cr+3

Test
• Chromyl Chloride Test ( CrO2-2 is called chromyl )
The chromyl chloride test is applicable only for compounds having Cl– ionic bonds.
Step 1:- Mix NaCl & K2Cr2O7 in a test tube then add H2SO4 drop wise , Brown gas of CrO2Cl2 is formed .

NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 ⟶ CrO2Cl2 + Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

Orange Brown Vapour
Step 2:- Pass the Chromyl chloride brown vapour in NaOH solution , Pale yellow solution is formed .

CrO2Cl2 + NaOH ⟶ Na2CrO4 + 2NaCl + 2H2O

Brown Vapour Pale Yellow Soln

Step 3:- then add lead acetate in Na2CrO4 solution , yellow ppt is formed .
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb ⟶ PbCrO4 + 2CH3COONa
Pale Yellow Soln yellow ppt
 • Drunken Drive Test

f-Block
• The element in which last electron enters into (n-2)f orbitals are called inner transition
element .
• They are placed at the bottom of the periodic table .

4f Series 58Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu 64Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 71Lu

5f Series 90Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No 103Lr

• Location :-
‣ Block = f
‣ Period = 6,7
‣ Group = 3
• Lanthanoids ⇒ Rare Earth Element ⇒ Lanthanones
• Note :- Ce , Gd & Lu having d1 configuration and rest have d0 configuration
• Pm is only synthetic radioactive element .
• Ce can shows +4 oxidation state .
Chemical properties of Lanthanoides

Actinodes