HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LAB

Submitted By: Usman Hassan

Registration No: 2022-ME-115

Submitted To: Mr. Zubair Sheikh

Section: C

Date: 23-10-2024

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
“To investigate the Fourier’s law for linear conduction of heat along a simple bar.”

Objective
i. To investigate the Fourier’s law for linear heat conduction along a simple bar.

ii. To determine the thermal conductivity of the material of the bar.

Apparatus
i. Heat Conduction Apparatus

Figure 1.1: Heat Transfer Apparatus

Fourier’s Law
The rate of heat transfer q is directly proportional to area A and temperature difference ∆T but inversely
proportional to thickness ∆x, i.e.,
A∆T
q∝
∆x
OR,
A∆T
q = −k
∆x
where k is known as the thermal conductivity of the material.
If ∆x → 0, then the above equation takes the form:
dT
qcond = −kA
dx

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Graphs

3
4
Observations and calculations
0.1 Units
Units for all:
T=degree centigrade
K=W/m.k

Test No Watt (W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1 5 38.2 38.4 41.1 36.5 34.9
2 10 41.2 42.5 44.9 40.0 38.5
3 15 45.9 47.3 49.9 43.6 40.1
4 20 52.5 54.8 56.0 53.3 49.0

Table 1: Part-I

Test No T6 T7 T8 T9 k
1 33.8 32.8 31.8 31.4 92.0
2 36.5 34.0 33.0 32.0 135.2
3 39.0 36.0 34.3 33.0 149.3
4 46.8 43.5 39.0 36.0 169.0

Table 2: Part-II

Result and Discussion

During lab session 1, We have studied studied fourier’s law in the lab by seeing conduction in 1-D along
a simple bar. this means that the transfer of heat is directly proportional to temparature gradient,area
of the bar and inversely proportional to L of the bar. Attendant sir measured temperature at different
locations of the simple bar .By taking all the readings of the temperature , I determined the values of
heat flux which is validated by Fourier’s law for steady state conduction.

Conclusion
We see in the experiment that heat transfer along with simple bar is dependant to temperature gra-
dient.We cannot measure perfect behavior in the experiment which was done in lab due to some heat
losses to the environment or inaccuracies in variables.We can only confirm theoretical predictions by this
experiment of how temperature differences cause heat transfer between conductive materials.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
“To investigate overall heat transfer coefficient of a composite bar(steel sandwiched by
copper) using Fourier’s law.”

Objective
i. To investigate the Fourier’s law for linear heat conduction along a composite bar.
ii. To study the effect of conduction of heat along a composite bar.
iii. To determine the thermal conductivity of each material of the bar.

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

For a plane wall separating two fluids (one hot and one cold), the heat transfer through the wall is
expressed as:
kA(T1 − T2 )
q = h1 A(TA − T1 ) = = h2 A(T2 − TB )
∆x
The total heat transfer rate q can be written as:
∆Toverall
q= P
R
P
Where R represents the sum of all thermal resistances in the system.
The overall heat transfer coefficient U is defined as:

q = U A∆Toverall

Thus, the overall heat transfer coefficient U is:

1
U= 1 ∆x 1
h1 + k + h2

Alternatively, U is sometimes expressed in terms of the R-value as:

1
U=
R-value
Where the R-value represents the total thermal resistance of the system.

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Results and Graphs

7
1 Units
Units for all:
T=degree centigrade
Unit of K is W/m.k
U=W/K

Test No Watt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
1 5 36.3 36.8 37.0 34.3 33.3
2 10 41.1 41.8 41.8 39.0 37.9
3 15 44.1 48.6 52.9 44.1 43.2
4 20 52.5 54.8 56.0 53.3 49.0

Table 3: Part-I

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 Test No T6 T7 T8 T9
1 33.2 32.0 31.6 31.4
2 37.2 33.6 32.8 32.6
3 42.9 39.0 36.8 32.1
4 46.8 43.5 39.0 36.0

Table 4: Part-II

Sr No Watt Kc Ks Ks
1 5 72.7 46.30 72.63
2 10 145.5 56.50 44.34
3 15 17.3 127.3 69.48
4 20 254.6 50.93 72.71

Table 5: Part-III

Obs. Heat (W) Keq U

1 5 61.1 0.333
2 10 63.69 0.3471
3 15 37.5 0.2044
4 20 80.40 0.4383

Table 6: Final

Discussion
In the lab session 2 ,we measure temperatures at various points along the compound sections .We
applied fourier’s law to find the heat transfer for each material.The overall heat transfer coefficient is
then calculated which was base on thermal resistances of the different materials.It was observed in the
experiment that the overall heat transfer increase with increase in power supply U as calculated in the
table 6.

Conclusion
The experiment performed on the composite sections of the bar successfully applied Fourier’s law to a
composite bar and showed how the overall heat transfer coefficient is influenced by the properties of
the individual materials. The results confirmed that the thermal resistance of each material plays a
critical role in determining the total heat transfer through the composite. It was observed while doing
the experiment that more power supply results in more heat transfer, which increases the value of U .

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
“To investigate the conduction of heat along a brass bar with different cross sectional
areas using temperature profiles”

Objective
1. To investigate the effect of change in cross-sectional area on the temperature profile along a thermal
conductor in a conduction heat transfer unit.

Apparatus
1. Heat Conduction Apparatus

Figure 3.1: Heat Transfer Apparatus

Fourier’s Law
The rate of heat transfer q is directly proportional to area A and temperature difference ∆T but inversely
proportional to thickness ∆x, i.e.,
A∆T
q∝
∆x
OR,
A∆T
q = −k
∆x
where k is known as the thermal conductivity of the material.
If ∆x → 0, then the above equation takes the form:
dT
qcond = −kA
dx

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2 Graphs

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3 Observations and Calculations
A1 = 0.00049 ± 0.0000061 m2
A2 = 0.00013 ± 0.0000078 m2
A3 = 0.00049 ± 0.0000061 m2

4 Units
Units for all:
T=degree centigrade
Unit of K is W/m.k

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 Test No Watt T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
1 5±0.1 35.4±0.1 38.6±0.1 40.6±0.1 37.8±0.1 36.0±0.1 34.6±0.1 34.0±0.1
2 10 44.2 44.3 44.9 40.9 37.0 35.0 34.0
3 15 53.0 50.0 49.2 44.0 38.0 35.4 34.0
4 20 61.8 55.7 53.5 47.0 38.9 35.8 34.0

Table 7: Part-I

Ke Kp Ke Keq
39.24 ± 1.5 167.22 ± 2.85 102.04 ± 4.8 72.77 ± 0.51
583 197.74 136.05 212.42
161.117 384.61 66.54 125.86
157.80 210.74 160.59 175.62

Table 8: Part-II

Result and Discussion

In the lab session 3 , we studied how heat conducts along a brass bar that has different cross-sectional
areas using temperature profiles.When a temperature difference is applied across the bar, heat moves
from the hot region to the cold region. the rate of heat transfer is affected by the area through which the
heat flows, we measured temperatures at different points along the bar to see how the heat conduction
changes as the cross-sectional area varies. It was observed in the lab that larger the cross-sectional area,
the more heat it can conduct.This is fourier’s law also.

Conclusion
The experiment confirmed that the conduction of heat along a brass bar is influenced by its cross-sectional
area. Sections with larger cross-sectional areas showed less of a temperature drop, indicating that more
heat was conducted through those areas. On the other hand, sections with smaller cross-sectional areas
had steeper temperature gradients, meaning less heat was conducted. These results supported Fourier’s
law, which connects heat transfer to the area and temperature gradient. Overall, the experiment helped
us better understand how changes in cross-sectional area affect heat conduction along the bar

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
“To examine the temperature profile and determine the rate of heat transfer resulting
from radial steady conduction through the wall of the cylinder.”

Objective
1. To analyze the temperature distribution and calculate the rate of heat transfer due to radial steady-
state conduction through a cylindrical wall.

Apparatus
1. Heat Conduction Apparatus

Figure 4.1: Heat Transfer Apparatus

5 Graphs

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15
6 Units
Units for all:
T=degree centigrade
K=W/m.k
r=m

Obs. Watt (W) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 K

1 5 30.3 35.8 34.7 34.2 33.6 33.0 272.53
2 10 33.1 36.2 35.2 34.4 33.8 33.3 491.51
3 15 36.9 36.6 35.7 34.9 34.1 33.6 629.24
4 20 38.9 38.1 37.1 35.8 34.9 33.9 572.76

Table 9: Part-I

r x = ln(r)
0.004 -5.52
0.014 -4.26
0.024 -3.72
0.034 -3.38
0.044 -3.12
0.054 -2.91

Table 10: Part-I

Result and Discussion

In the lab session 4 we see heat transfer through the cylindrical wall due to radial steady-state conduction
.Experiment have shown us that heat moves from the inner surface to the outer surface of the cylinder.
The temperature profile helps to see how heat disappear through the material. By seeing the temperature
gradient we can find the rate of heat transfer using Fourier’s law for cylindrical coordinates which
considers the thermal conductivity of the material and the geometry of the cylinder.

Conclusion
The experiment have shows the temperature distribution across the cylinder wall and allowed for the
calculation of the heat transfer rate due to radial steady-state conduction. The results matched with
the expected behavior described by Fourier’s law confirming that the heat transfer rate depends on the
material’s thermal conductivity,temperature difference and the cylinder’s dimensions.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
“To Investigate the Relationship Between power Input and Temperature Difference
Across a Flat Plate Under Free Convection and Determine the Convective Heat Transfer
Coefficient”

Objective
1. To understand the concept of convection, free convection, and forced convection.
2. To investigate the relation between power input and surface temperature in free convection.

Apparatus
1. Free and Forced Convection Apparatus
2. Temperature Sensor

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Convection
The convective heat transfer rate is given by:

qconv = hAs (T − T∞ )

7 Graphs

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19
 2
Sr. v (m/s) Ts (◦ C) he (W/m · K) Type hf or /hf ree
1 0.0 62 88.23 Free 1.0
2 0.5 58 100 Forced 1.13
3 1.0 56 107.14 Forced 1.21
4 1.5 53 120.0 Forced 1 .36
5 2.0 49 1142.85 Forced 1.62

Table 11: Heat transfer coefficient values over a constant Q̇ and T∞ .

Sr. Q (W) hf ree (W/m²K) hf or (W/m²K) hf or /hf ree

1 10 69.9 104.2 1.39
2 15 75.4 110.2 1.37
3 20 79.1 115.1 1.36
4 25 85.2 117.0 1.30
5 30 88.2 117.4 1.24

Table 12: Heat Transfer Coefficients for Free and Forced Convection

Result and Discussion

In lab session 6, we had seen how power input affects the temperature difference across a flat plate under
free convection. When we applied power to the plate it started to heat up and this is what we call
free convection.Then we applied forced convection by using fan. Temperature decreases as compared to
free convection. By measuring the temperature of the plate at different power levels, we were able to
observe how the temperature difference between the plate and the air changed. This information helped
us calculate the convective heat transfer coefficient.

Conclusion
The experiment showed us as we increased the power input to the plate the temperature difference
between the plate and the air also increased. High power means a greater temperature gradient. Then
forced convection is applied and different readings were taken.It was observed that the temperature in
forced convection is less than the temperature in free convection. We then calculated the convective heat
transfer coefficient and our results indicated that this coefficient is affected by the temperature difference
and the properties of the air around the plate. Overall be this experiment I have knowledge of how free
convection and forced convection was done.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
“To demonstrate the relationship between heat transfer and surface temperature and
determine the convective heat transfer coefficient for a finned plate for forced and free
convection”

Objective
1. • To demonstrate the relationship between surface temperature and heat transfer rate.
2. • To study the convective heat transfer mode of heat.

Apparatus
1. Free and Forced Convection Apparatus
2. Temperature Sensor

Convection
The convective heat transfer rate is given by:

qconv = hAs (T − T∞ )

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8 Graphs

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23
9 Units
T =degree centigrade
v=m/s

V T at 10W T at 15W T at 20W T at 25W T at 30W

0 39 41 44 47 49
0.5 37 40 43 45 46
1 36 37 41 43 44
1.5 35 36 39 41 41
2 34 35 37 38 38

Table 13: Part-I

V h/ho At 10W At 15W At 20W At 25W At 30W

0 1 1 1 1 1
0.5 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.16
1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.31
1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.61
2 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.10

Table 14: Part-II

V η (group 1) η (group 2) η (group 3) η (group 4) η (group 5)

0.5 0.094 0.1096 0.113 0.112 0.113
1.0 0.097 0.1056 0.111 0.116 0.118
1.5 0.098 0.1320 0.109 0.116 0.121
2.0 0.090 0.1386 0.107 0.115 0.123
2.5 0.092 0.1355 0.105 0.126 0.121

Table 15: Part-III

Results and Discussions

in the lab session 6, we see how heat moves from a finned plate to the air and how the surface temperature
changes during the process. We measure the heat transfer in two ways: when air is blown over the plate
(forced convection) and when air moves naturally around it (free convection).By comparing these two
we found by the calculations that due to the finned plate the temperature decreases as compared to
flat plate because area increase due to the fin plates. By increase in the area ,it is obvious that the
temperature will decrease.

Conclusion
In conclusion of this experiment, the experiment showed that the finned plate loses heat faster when air
is blown over it compared to when air moves naturally . We then calculated the heat transfer coefficient
which helps us understand how effective the plate is at cooling.

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