EU111 fluorescent lamps.

ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
Light Fixtures TYPES OF LED LIGHTS
- A light fixture, light fitting, or luminaire is 1. Standard led light / bulb
an electrical devices used to create - This type of LED light doesn't usually
artificial light and/or illumination by use come with any extras, like being able to
of an electric lamp. color change or connect to a smart home
- All light fixtures have a fixture body, a system. However, standard LEDs are the
light socket to hold the lamp and allow most affordable type of LED light, making
for its replacement which may also have a them a brilliant choice for basic home
switch to operate the fixture and also lighting.
require an electrical connection to a
power source. 2. Can led lights / recessed lights
- The use of the word “LAMP” to describe - Can LED lights are specifically designed to
light fixtures is common slang for an all in fit into recessed lighting sockets, which
one luminary unit. In technical are commonly referred to as cans. These
terminology, a lamp is the light source, LEDs have built-in reflectors to help direct
what is typically called the light bulb. the light down and out of the bulb for
- Light fixtures are classified by how the longer beams and wider coverage. home.
fixture is installed, the light function or compatible can LEDs.
lamp type. Light fixture in US usage; in
British English it is called a light fitting. 3. Dimmable Lights
However, luminaire is the international - Dimmable LED lights are a relatively
electrotechnical commission (IEC) common option that gives the user the
terminology for technical use. ability to control the brightness of the
light with a compatible dimmer switch.
Some dimmable LED lights require a
physical dimmer switch to function,
though many are capable of being
controlled through a smart home system
or a mobile app.

4. Track LED Lights

LED LAMPS (light emitting diode) - Intended for direction lighting, work area
- led lamps have been advocated as the task lighting, and spotlighting decorative
newest and best environmental lighting features of the home, track LED lights
method. need to be installed on compatible
- According to energy saving trust, LED lighting tracks. The LED lights can be
lamps use only 10% power compared to a moved along the track and the direction
standard incandescent bulb, where of the light can be adjusted to focus the
compact fluorescent lamps use 20% and beam towards a specific area or object.
energy saving halogen lamps 70%.
- A downside is still the initial cost, which
is higher than that of compact
5. Tube LED Lights Different Kinds of Outlet
- Many businesses are installing tube LED 1. Convenience outlet or attachment cap
lights as a replacement for fluorescent 2. Lighting outlet
lighting tubes because tube LED lights are 3. 3. Receptacle outlet
high-efficiency options that come in a
wide range of color temperatures to suit
any workspace. These LEDs offer a
functional choice for lighting professional
workspaces, kitchens, and office
buildings.

6. LED Strip Lights

- Instead of tubes, tracks, and sockets, LED
light strips have a built-in design with a SWITCHES - are devices which open or closed the
band of material that holds the entire row circuit in an electrical circuit.
of LEDs. LED light strips often come with
adhesive backing, so they can be attached CONDUIT (flexible and metal)- is the most
to the wall, ceiling, floor, computer desk, common electrical raceway used in all types of
or any other clean, flat surface that meets construction. According to the type of material
the manufacturer's guidelines. used, it may be classified into:
1. Metallic such as steel pipes, aluminum,
CLASSIC CHANDELIERS etc.
- A chandelier is a branched decorative 2. Non - metallic such as plastic.
ceiling monted light fixture with two or
more arms bearing lights. and according to its make, conduits may be
- chandeliers are often ornate, containing classified as:
dozens of lamps and complex arrays of 1. Rigid metal
glass or crystal prisms to illuminate a 2. Flexible metal
room with refracted light. 3. Rigid Non-metal
- The world’s largest chandelier approved 4. Flexible Non-metal
by guinness world record is in the hassan
sharbartley mosque, cairo, egypt. Purpose of Electrical Conduits are as follows:
1. To provide a means for running wires
OUTLET (ELECTRICAL) from one point to another.
- An outlet is a point in the wiring system 2. to physically protected the wire.
at which current is taken to supply 3. To protect the surroundings against the
utilization equipment. in simple terms, an effect of electrical grounding.
outlet is any point that supplies electrical 4. To protect the wiring system from
load. Usually an outlet consist of a small damage by the building and the
metal or non-metal box into which a occupants.
raceway and or cable ends.
JUNCTION BOX Insulator:
- Its an enclosure within which electric 1. Asbestos
circuit, such as the electrical wiring for 2. Dry air
different sections of a building are 3. Glass
connected to other circuits such as 4. Latex
outside power sources. 5. Mica
- Junction box are also common in 6. Latex
telecommunication circuitry and are used 7. Oil
to protect the connections and provide 8. Porcelain
easy access to them. 9. Rubber
10. Slate
Fire resistant junction box 11. Thermoplastic
- Fireproof enclosure made of special 12. Varnish
halogen-free polyster material for use in 13. Wax
tunnels and public buildings.
! There is no such thing as perfect conductor, or
Utility Box perfect insulator because conductors, insulators
- It is an enclosure within which electric and resistors are esistive substances, thus a good
circuits, such as the electrical wiring of conductor must have extremely low resistance,
the same branch circuit are connected. while a good insulator must have extremely high
Different types of switches are also resistance.
connected for lighting outlet utilization.
Factors influences conductor resistance
WIRES AND CABLES 1. Composition of a conductor
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATOR - The mineral composition at a
- Electric conductors are the materials used conductor is an essential factor in
to carry or allow the flow of electric determining a good conductor.
current. Insulators on the other hand, are 2. Length of the conductor
those materials that resist the flow of - The longer the wire, the higher
electric current. the resistance.
3. Cross sectional area
The following are some of the materials - the bigger the cross sectional
considered as good electric conductors: area of the wire, the lower the
1. Aluminum resistance.
2. Brass 4. Temperature
3. Copper - Metal offers high resistance to
4. Iron high temperature.
5. Lead
6. Nickel
7. Platinum
8. Silver
9. Tin
10. Zinc
Different Types of Cables: of constant vibrations which cause water
1. Armored cable (AC) leak of the pipe joints.
2. Metal clad cable (MC)
3. Mineral insulated cable (MI) Four varieties of cast iron pipe:
4. Non-metallic sheathed cable (NM) 1. STANDARD CI PIPE
5. Shielded non-metallic sheathed cable 2. SINGLE HUB CI PIPE
(SNM) 3. DOUBLE HUB CI PIPE
6. Underground feeder and branch circuit 4. HUBLESS CI PIPE
cable(UF)
7. Service entrance cable (SE) Cast iron pipe fittings:
8. Power and control tray cable (TC) • 1/8 bend offset
9. Flat cable assemblies (FC) • ¼ bend
10. Flat conductor cable (FCC) • Short sweep
11. Medium voltage cable (MV) • Long sweep
• Y branches
• Upright y branches
EU112 • Combination y 1/8 bend
PLUMBING MATERIALS • Inverted y branch
• Double hub
There are numerous kind of materials • Reducer
available for plumbing installation but so far, the • Increaser
most popular and commonly used are: • ½ s trap
• Reducing short t y
• Cast iron soil pipe • Reducing long t y
• Acid resistant cast iron pipe • Reducing 45 degree y
• Asbestos pipe
• Bituminous fiber sewer pipe 2. ASBESTOS PIPE
• Vitrified clay pipe - it is made of asbestos fibers and Portland
• Lead pipe cement. Asbestos pipe could be used as
• Galvanized steel pipe soil, waste, ventilation and downspout.
• Galvanized wrought iron pipe This kind of pipe is remarkably superior
• Brass pipe for embedment in concrete structure for
• Copper pipe having the same material properties.
• Plastic or synthetic pipe
Asbestos pipe fittings:
1. CAST IRON SOIL PIPE • Tee
- the most popular and generally specified • Cross tee
material for drainage system in buildings • Wye
is the cast iron pipe. It is durable, • Double wye
conveniently installed and answer to the • Sanitary tee & sanitary cross
most plumbing needs of all types of • Bend (90, 75, 60, 45, and 30 degrees)
buildings less than 25 storey high. • Trap
Buildings taller than 25 storey do not • Inverted y
specify the use of cast iron pipe because • Cleanout plug
 Copper pipe fittings:
• Reducer • Spigot joint copper to galvanized steel
• Enlarger • Flared or compression copper to galvanized
• Tap tee steel
• Flared or compression tee to threaded
3. LEAD PIPE fitting
- It is also one if the oldest plumbing • Flared fitting
materials used by the Egyptians, the • Slip nut and ferrule
greeks and the roman builders as soil and
waste pipe. Lead is highly resistant to acid Copper pipe is classified into three types,
and is suitable for underground depending upon its wall thickness.
installation. But because lead is
poisonous and injurious to human health, 1. K type – Heaviest. It is suitable for
it is never used to convey water for underground installation.
human consumption. 2. L type – Lighter than K type. It is
commonly used in residential water
4. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE supply line and for radiant heating
- It is made out from mild steel, drawn installation.
through a die and welded, cast into 6.00 3. M type – Thinnest. This type of copper
meters long. This pipe easily corroded by pipe is specially designed for small water
alkaline and acid water. Galvanized steel supply lines and for radiant heating
pipe deteriorate faster when used as hot installation.
water supply line.
7. PLASTIC or SYNTHETIC PIPES
5. BRASS PIPE - Plastic pipe is a new concept in the field
- it is one of the most expensive types of of plumbing. It was introduced in the
pipe. This pipe is made of an alloy or zinc Philippines at the early part of 70’s,
and copper mix at 15% and 85% although this type of materials was
proportion respectively. Because of its developed in Germany in the mid year of
smooth interior surface and high 1935.
resistance to acid, brass pipe become
superior material for waste and water Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes
supply installations. • Rigid type
• Flexible type
6. COPPER PIPE
- it is a durable and extremely corrosive The flexible types are:
resistant material. It is easy to install 1. The Polyethylene (PE)
compared with other types of pipe. 2. The Polybutylene (PB)
Rigid type of plastic pipes are: Plastic pipe fittings:
1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) • ¼ bend
2. Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) • 45 degree elbow
3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) • 90 degree long sweep elbow
4. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) • Wye
5. Polypropylene (PP) • Double bend
6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR) • Coupling
• Cleanout plug
Advantages of plastic pipe: • Tee
1. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and • Tee wye
corrosion. • Double tee wye
2. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no • P trap
pipe taste.
3. The extreme smooth interior surface
prevents the building of scale, rust, and
foreign material that often impedes flow
through metallic pipes.
4. There is no turbulence of water and
therefore, has a minimum resistance to
flow.
5. PVC pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of
the metal pipe. They are easily and
quickly to installed through solvent
cementing.
6. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and
easy to cut as well.
7. PVC pipe can be connected to existing
metal pipe using threaded adapter.
8. PVC is virtually acid proof to any chemical
used in recommended strengths around
the home.
9. No special tools are needed for installing
pvc except a rule to measure and to cut.
10. The best reason to all: ‘You can do it
yourself’