1.

Illumination
2. Cables-types and ratings
3. Wiring systems
4. Earth protection.
1. Lighting Concepts and Units

➢ Luminous Flux (Φ), unit: lumen (lm): commonly

called light output, is the radiated power emitted
by a light source and perceived by the eye.
➢ Luminous Intensity (I), unit: candela (cd): the
visible radiant intensity in a particular direction,
sometimes referred to as brightness.
➢ Illuminance or Illumination (E), unit: lux (lx) or
lm/m2: a measure of the amount of light falling
on a surface. The average illumination of a
surface is the luminous flux per unit area.
1. Lighting Concepts and Units

➢ Luminance (L), unit: candelas per square meter (cd/m2):

is the brightness of an illuminated or luminous surface as
perceived by the human eye.
➢ Luminous Efficacy (η), unit: lumens per watt (lm/W): is
the efficiency with which the electrical power consumed
is converted into light.
➢ Luminaire Efficiency: the energy efficiency of a
luminaire. This is the ratio between the luminous flux
emitted by the luminaire and the luminous flux of the
lamp (or lamps)installed in the luminaire.
1. Lighting Concepts and Units

➢ Maintenance factor (MF): a measure of loss in

lighting level over time due to aging and or dirt
on a lamp
➢ Coefficient of utilisation (CU) or Utilisation
Factor (UF): determines the efficiency of a
lighting fixture. It is a ratio of lamp output that
reaches a working plan.
➢ Factors affecting CU include the efficiency of the
luminaire, the luminaire distribution, the
geometry of the space, the reflectance of the room
1. Lighting Concepts and Units

➢ Room Index(RI): a ratio describing how the room’s height

compares to its length and weight
𝐿×𝑊
𝑅𝐼 =
𝐻𝑚 × (𝐿 + 𝑊)
➢ Reflection Factor (RF): the ratio of luminous flux leaving
the surface to the luminous flux incident on it.
➢ Spacing to Mounting Ratio (SHR): the spacing between
luminaries divided by their heights above the horizontal
plane
1. Laws of Illumination or Illuminance

➢ Illumination is directly proportional to the luminous

intensity of the light source i.e. 𝐸 ∝ 𝐼
➢ Inverse Square Law: the illumination of a surface is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the
surface from the source;
1
𝐸∝ 2
𝑑
➢ Lambert’s Cosine Law: E is directly proportional to the
cosine of the angle made by the normal to the illuminated
surface with the direction of the incident flux
𝐸 ∝ cos 𝜃
𝐼 cos 𝜃
➢ Combining the three laws E=
𝑑2
1. Illumination

Φ
𝐸=
𝐴
Φ ×𝐶𝑈×𝑀𝐹
𝐸=
𝐴
where
E = illumination (lux, lumen/m2)
Φ = luminance per lamp (lumen)
CU = coefficient of utilization
MF = light loss factor
A = area per lamp (m2)
1. Illumination
1. Illumination
1. Interior Lighting: Types of Fixtures

➢Recessed Cove Lighting Fixture

➢Recessed Lighting Fixture
➢Indirect Pendant Lighting Fixture
➢Direct/Indirect Pendant Lighting
➢Wall Wash Light Fixture
➢Wall Scone
➢Task Lighting
➢Under Cabinet Light Fixture
1. Interior Lighting: Design Considerations

➢Purpose of the space

➢Adequate illumination
➢Uniform light distribution all over the working
plane.
➢Light of suitable colour.
➢Luminaire spacing
➢Minimum hard shadow and glare.
1. Interior Lighting: Factors affecting Lighting

➢Shadow
➢Glare
➢Reflection
➢Stroboscopic effect
➢Colour Rendering
.
1. Interior Lighting: Lumen Method

➢ Find the required lux level

➢ Select luminaire
➢ Determine room index
➢ Determine Number of Fixtures
𝐸×𝐴
𝑁=
𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
Where F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
➢ Determine minimum spacing between luminaire
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1.5 × 𝐻𝑚
Where Hm= Mounting height
1. Interior Lighting: Lumen Method
➢ Determine the number of required rows of luminaires
along width of the room
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
= ൗ𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
➢ Determine the number of luminaire in each row
= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 ൗ𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
➢ Axial spacing along luminaire
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
= ൗ𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
➢ Transverse spacing between luminaire
= 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
ൗ𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
1. Interior Lighting: Lumen Method
1. Interior Lighting: Types of Fixtures
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Most cables can be considered to be constructed

in three parts:
▪ the conductor which must be of a suitable cross-
section to carry the load current;
▪ the insulation, and ;
▪ the outer sheath which may contain some means
of protecting from mechanical damage

➢ The commonest conductor used in cables is

copper. The only other conductor used is
aluminum. It is cheaper than copper, lighter, and
its price is less liable to fluctuations
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Conductors may be divided into two groups:

Solid conductors and stranded conductors.
➢ Solid conductors are either circular or
rectangular in cross-section and are used for
fixed wiring.
➢ Stranded conductors are used in both fixed
wiring cable and flexible cords.
➢ Flexible cords have conductors comprising a
great many fine strands.
2. Cables-types and ratings
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Single-phase supplies red line conductors, black

neutral conductors, and green combined with
yellow for earth conductors.
➢ Three-Phase supplies red, yellow, and blue line
conductors, black neutral conductors, and green
combined with yellow for earth conductors.
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Except bare conductors all conductors have some

insulation and/or sheathing.
➢The conductors are covered with a colour-coded
PVC (thermoplastic) insulation and then
contained singly or with others in a PVC outer
sheath.
➢Domestic and commercial installations use this
cable.
2. Cables-types and ratings
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢PVC steel wire armour (PVC SWA) conductors are

covered with colour-coded PVC insulation and
then contained either singly or with others in a
PVC sheath.
➢This sheath is placed in an armour protection of
steel wires twisted along the length of the cable
and a final PVC sheath covering the steel wires
protects them from corrosion.
➢These cables are used for wiring underground
between buildings, for main supplies to dwellings,
rising sub-mains and industrial installations.
2. Cables-types and ratings
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable is a

type of electrical cable that is used for power
transmission and distribution.
➢ Crosslinking, making XLPE insulation
(thermosetting) more rigid and durable.
➢ The cable offers better protection during
installation and holds up better in harsh
environments or varying temperatures.
2. Cables-types and ratings
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢Flexible cord has a cross-

sectional area of each conductor
that does not exceed 4mm2.
➢Flexible cords are used for
suspending luminaires and for
connections to portable
domestic appliances having low
power consumption.
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢A mineral-insulated (MI) cable has a seamless

copper sheath which makes it waterproof and fire-
and corrosion-resistant.
➢Used for hazardous or high-temperature
installations such as oil refineries and chemical
works, boiler houses and furnaces, petrol pumps,
and fire alarm installations.
➢The cable has a small overall diameter when
compared to alternative cables and may be
supplied as bare copper or with a PVC oversheath.
2. Cables-types and ratings
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Cables can be single or multi-core

➢ Single core: has one metal conductor and is often
used for high-voltage power transmission.
➢ Multi-core: a cable that has several conductors
within a single cable structure. Has better voltage
control
➢ Multi-core cables offer cost-effective and easy
handling benefits over single-core cables.
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Cable ratings determine the parameters within

which a cable can be safely used.
➢ The most typical cable ratings are temperature,
voltage, and current.
➢ Voltage Rating: indicates the maximum voltage
the cable can safely withstand.
➢ Mismatched voltage ratings can lead to
insulation breakdown and potential electrical
hazards.
2. Cables-types and ratings

➢ Current Rating (Ampacity): defines the

maximum amount of current the cable can carry
continuously without overheating.
➢ Undersized cables can overheat, leading to fire
hazards and reduced efficiency.
➢ Temperature Rating: specifies the maximum
operating temperature of the cable's insulation.
➢ Exceeding the temperature rating can degrade
the insulation and compromise the cable's
performance.
2. Cables-sizes
3. Wiring Systems

➢ A wiring system is a network of cables and

wires that connect various electrical
components, such as switches, sockets, lights,
and appliances, to a power source.
➢ It ensures the safe and efficient distribution of
electrical energy throughout a building or
structure.
➢ There are basically two types: surface, and
conduit
3. Wiring Systems

➢ In a conduit system the cables are drawn into

steel or plastic tubing called conduit.
i. Surface conduit wiring: conduits are mounted
on the surface of walls and ceilings.
ii. Concealed conduit wiring: conduits are hidden
inside the wall.
➢ Provides good protection and is aesthetically
appealing (especially concealed).
➢ More expensive and difficult to install.
3. Wiring Systems

➢ Surface-mounted wiring is essentially wiring

that allows you to run electricity to ceiling or
wall-mounted fixtures without having to cut
into your walls.
➢ Surface-mounted wiring is easy to modify and
easy to access for maintenance and
troubleshooting.
➢ Surface-mounted wiring may not be visually
appealing.
4. Earth Protection

➢ The thin layer of material that covers our

planet, be it rock, clay, chalk, or whatever, is
what we in the world of electricity refer to as
Earth.
➢ The potential difference between two
conductors is a difference in potential (volts).
➢ The zero potential comes from the earth, the
conductive mass of the earth, whose electric
potential is traditionally taken as zero.
4. Earth Protection

➢ The accepted lethal level of shock current

passing through a person is only 50mA or
1/20A.
➢ One method of providing some measure of
protection against these effects is to join
together (bond) all metallic parts and connect
them to the earth.
➢ This ensures that all metalwork in a healthy
situation is at or near 0V, and under fault
conditions, all metalwork will rise to the same
potential.
4. Earth Protection

Need for Earthing System

a. protect human life and appliances against the
danger of a leakage current
b. keeps the voltage stable in a healthy phase in
case of a fault or defect in another phase.
c. protects and safeguards appliances and
buildings against thunder.
4. Earth Protection

➢ A TT system has a direct connection of the

supply source and the earth and a direct
connection to the installation of metalwork.
➢ A TN–S system connects the supply source to the
earth, installs metalwork to the earthed neutral,
and uses neutral and protective conductors for
separate functions.
➢ A TN–C–S system is like the TN–S system but
the supply cable sheath is also neutral.
 4. Earth Protection

➢ Earthing Conductors: connects the various metallic

components of an installation to the earthing electrode in
the ground.

➢ Earthing Bonding: ensures all components of an

installation remain at the same potential, connecting
metals and equipment.
➢ Earth Continuity Conductor: connects all metal parts and
ultimately connects them with the earthing lead.

➢ Earthing Lead: a thick wire with very low resistance used

to connect the earthing electrode to the electrical
installation system.

➢ Earthing Plate or Earth Electrode: a metal plate buried in

the ground at a depth more than 3 meters from the ground
level. It is embedded in an alternative layer of coke and
salts
4. Earth Protection

➢ The earth electrode is buried deep into the

ground.
➢ A mixture of coke and salt is placed around the
electrode to improve its conductivity.
➢ Earthing conductors are connected to various
metallic parts of the installation, such as the metal
enclosures of equipment, metal pipes, and
structural steelwork.
4. Earth Protection

➢ The earthing conductors are connected to the

earth’s lead, which, in turn, is connected to the
earth’s electrode.
➢ The earth continuity conductor ensures that all
metallic parts are electrically connected to the
earthing system.
4. Earth Protection
Practice Questions

1 (a) What is meant by ‘illuminance’? (b) A light

source of 850cd is situated 2.5m above a work
surface. Calculate the illuminance directly below the
light and 3m horizontally away from it (at work
surface level).
2. A small workshop 27m ¥ 17m requires
illuminance at bench level of 130lx. Two types of
lighting are available:
(a) 150W tungsten-filament lamps at 13lm/W or
(b) 80W fluorescent lamps at 35lm/W. Assuming
that the MF in each case is 0.8 and that the CU is 0.6,
calculate the number of lamps required in each case.
Recommended Texts

1. Electrical Installation Work by Brian by Brian

Scaddan
2. Handbook of Electrical Design Details by Neil
Sclater and John E. Traister