ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

50040 2ND YEAR | 2ND SEMESTER | MR. ISIAH SAM BARTOLOME PRELIMS

MODULE 01: PLUMBING A1 PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

FUNDAMENTALS
● Before the 40s – household plumbing
installation was considered a luxury item
TOPIC OUTLINE available only to the upper crust of the
society.
A. Plumbing Fundamentals
a. Plumbing in the Philippines WATER SUPPLY
b. Objectives of Plumbing *water is considered to be fit for
c. Mandatory Requirements for a consumption if it is visibly clear*
Drainage System Water was provided through:
d. Drainage System • Abundant rainfall
e. Definition of Terms • Springs
• Wells
• Rivers or creeks
A PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS How is water conveyed?
• Through improvised bamboo pipes
WHAT IS PLUMBING? • Carried by man himself
● Defined as the art and science of • Through animal-drawn carts, sleds
installing pipes, fixtures, and other How water is stored?
apparatus to convey and supply water in • Earthen jars
buildings and to dispose and discharge • Wooden containers
wastewater and other liquids, gases, and • Bamboo containers
other substances out of buildings.
● The concept and importance of plumbing WATER DISPOSAL
became more defined and appreciated • Constructed toilets were merely
only during the Greco-Roman excavated pits covered with coconut
Civilization. trunks, bamboo, or any suitable material,
● The collapse of the Roman Empire and provided with a slot where the user
inhibited the European development of shoots excretion.
plumbing and sanitation. • Due to outbreak of epidemics, sector of
● During the Renaissance period, Europe the society and government introduced
was plagues with epidemics causing the programs address the situation which
revival of the plumbing. involves massive education on proper
● The first plumbing apprentice law was sanitation and water supply systems were
passed during the 17th century by the constructed.
English parliament. Feance followed Since most of the households cannot afford
during the 18th century. plumbing, water disposal is done through
excretion into:
PLUMBER - title given to a person who is • Rivers
skilled in the filled of sanitation. • Seashores
• Plumbarius (Roman Word) which • Creeks
means lead worker. • Trees
• Plumbum (Latin Word) which means • Bushes
lead. • Secluded places
• Any waterways

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• That, the drainage system must be

A2 OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING
vented, to avoid siphonage or back flow of
the water seal.
Main Objectives:
• To supply water to different parts of the A4 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
building
• To remove and discharge human wastes
Conditions for an effective water supply in Waste is classified into two types:
building: 1. Solid Waste – discharged by water closet
• To provide a sufficient amount of water to 2. Liquid Waste – coming from various
supply each fixture fixtures
• To prevent backflow of used water into These types of wastes are also conveyed and
the water supply disposed by two types of drainage piping:
The drainage system should accomplish the 1. Soil Pipe
following: • Pipes that convey waste coming
• Fast removal of the waste with a from the water closet
minimum probability of leakage and • Can accept both wastes from
stoppage of drains the water closet and fixtures
• To prevent the entry of house of vermin
and obnoxious gases into the house from
the piping system

A3 MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR A

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

All plumbing designs and installations are

governed by a set of rules and limitations
prescribed by the National Plumbing Code,
which states that:
“All drainage systems must conform with a set
of requirements enumerated as follows”:
• That, all pipe joint must be well-fitted and 2. Waste Pipe
tightly connected with each other to • Pipes that convey waste from
prevent leakage of gas and liquid. various fixtures other than the
• That, the drainage pipe should be graded water closet
or inclined properly for a downward
gravity flow of water toward the main
sewer line or to septic tank.
• that, the drainage pipe should be
provided with adequate cleanout,
accessible for repair in case of stoppage.
• The drainage system must be provided
with a ventilation pipe that will convey
gases to the atmosphere where it can do
no harm to human health.
• That, except for water closet, each fixture
shall be provided with suitable trap that
will prevent backflow of gases.

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The Drainage Installation is sometimes

CONTINUOUS Vertical vent that is a
referred to as DMV which means:
VENT continuation of the drain to
D – for drainage of solid waste
which the vent connects
W – for waste coming from various fixtures
other than the water closet
BRANCH Any part of the piping
V – refers to the ventilation of the piping
system other than a main,
system
riser, or stack

A5 DEFINITION OF TERMS MAIN Any system of continuous

piping, which is the
principal artery of the
PLUMBING TERMS system where branches are
connected
MAIN VENT The principal artery of the
RISER A water supply pipe, which
venting system to which
extends vertically to one full
vent branches are
story or more to convey
connected
water into pipe branches or
BRANCH VENT A horizontal vent plumbing fixture
connecting one or more
STACK VENT The extension of soil or
individual back vents with a
waste stack above the
vent stack or stack vent
highest horizontal drain
connected to the stack. The
DRY VENT A vent that does not carry
uppermost end above the
liquid or water-borne
roof is called stack vent
wastes
through the roof (SVTR)
STACK The vertical main of a
system of soil, waste, or vent TRAP A fitting or device designed
and constructed to provide,
pipings extending through
when properly vented, a
one or more stories and
liquid seal which prevents
extended through the roof
the backflow of foul air or
VENT STACK The vertical vent pipe methane gas without
installed primarily for materially affecting the
providing circulation of air flow of sewage or
to and from any part of the wastewater through it
soil waste of the drainage
system TRAP SEAL The maximum vertical
depth of liquid that a trap
WET VENT That portion of a vent pipe will retain, measured
through where wastewater between the crown weir
also flows through and the top of the dip of the
trap
COMMON VENT An arrangement of venting
so installed that one vent SOIL PIPE Any pipe, which conveys
pipe will serve two (2) traps the discharge of water
closet, urinal or fixtures

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having similar functions, pipe, adequately sized to

with or without the provide free movement of
discharges from other air above the flow line of the
fixtures to the building drain
drain or building sewer
PUBLIC SEWER A common sewer directly
CIRCUIT VENT A group of vent pipe which controlled by public
starts in front of the authority to which all
extreme fixture connection abutters have equal rights
on a horizontal branch and of connections
connects to the vent stack
DRAINAGE Includes all the piping
PLUMBING Approved-type installed SYSTEM within public or private
FIXTURE receptacles devices or premises which convey
appliances supplied with sewage or other liquid
water or receive liquid or wastes to a legal point of
liquid-borne wastes and disposal but does not
discharges such wastes include the mains of a
into the drainage system to public sewer system or a
which they may be directly public sewage treatment or
or indirectly connected. disposal plant
Industrial or commercial
tank, vats, and similar VENT SYSTEM Pipes installed to provide
processing equipment are flow of air to or from a
not plumbing fixtures, but drainage system or to
may be connected to or provide a circulation of air
discharges into approved within such system to
traps or plumbing fixtures protect trap seals from
as provided for in the Code. siphonage and back
pressure
BATTERY OF Any group of two (2) or
FIXTURES more similar, adjacent
fixtures which discharge WATER Of a building or premises
into a common horizontal SUPPLY consists of the water service
waste or soil branch SYSTEM pipe, water supply line,
water distributing pipe and
COMBINATION A fixture combining one the necessary branch pipes,
FIXTURES sink and tray or a two or fittings, valves, and all
three compartment sink or appurtenances required for
tray in one vent the supply of portable
water
COMBINATION A specially designed
WASTE AND system of waste piping AIR GAP, The unobstructed vertical
VENT SYSTEM embodying the horizontal DRAINAGE distance through the free
wet venting of one or more atmosphere between the
sinks or floor drains by lowest opening from any
means of a common pipe, plumbing fixture,
horizontal waste and vent appliance or appurtenance

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conveying waste to the FIXTURE a water supply pipe

flood-xlevel rim of the SUPPLY connecting the fixture with
receptor the fixture branch

AIR GAP, An unobstructed vertical POUGHIN-IN the installation of all

WATER distance through the free pipings and fitting parts of
DISTRIBUTION atmosphere between the the plumbing system,
lowest opening from any which can be completed
pipe or faucet conveying prior to the installation of
potable water to the flood- fixtures and accessories.
level rim of any tank, vat or These include sanitary and
fixture storm drainage, tap, hot,
and chilled water supplies,
BACKFLOW The flow of water or other gas piping, vent, pipings,
liquids, mixtures or and the necessary fixture
substances into the
distributing pipes of a FLUSH VALVE a device located at the
potable supply of water bottom of the tank for the
from any source other than purpose of flushing water
from its intended source closet and similar fixtures

BACK- The flowing back of used, FLUSHOMETER A device which discharges

SIPHONAGE contaminated or polluted VALVE a predetermined quantity
water from a plumbing of water into fixtures for
fixture or vessel into a water flushing purposes and is
supply pipe due to a actuated by direct water
negative pressure in such pressure
pipe

BIBB Synonymous with faucet, GROUP VENT A branch vent that

cock, tap, plug, etc/ the performs its functions for
word “faucet” is preferred two (2) or more traps

BLING FLANGE a flange that closes the end LOCAL VENT a pipe or shaft to convey
of a pipe, there is no foul air from a plumbing
opening from the passage fixture or a room to the
of liquid or gas outer air

FIXTURE the water supply pipe LOOP OR a vertical vent connection

BRANCH between the fixture supply CICUIT VENT on a horizontal soil or waste
pipe and the water- pipe branch at a point
distributing pipe downstream of the last
fixture connection and
FIXTURE DRAIN the drainpipe from the trap turning to a horizontal line
of a fixture to the junction of above the highest overflow
that drai8n with any other level of the highest fixture
drainpipe connected there at; the
terminus connected to the

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stack vent in the case of is pumped to give it at a

looping venting or to the head
vent stack nearby in the
case of circuit venting SANITARY The wastewater containing
SEWAGE human excrement and
RELIEF VENT a vertical vent line, the liquid household waste.
primary function of which is Also called domestic
to provide additional sewage
circulation of air between
the drainage and vent SANITARY A sewer intended to receive
systems or to act as an SEWER sewage with or without
auxiliary vent on a specially pretreated industrial
designed system such as a wastes and without the
“yoke vent” connection admixture of rain or
between the soil and vent groundwater
stacks
WATER- A pipe which conveys
RE-VENT PIPE The part of a vent line, DISTRIBUTING potable water from the
OR BACKVENT which connects directly PIPE building supply pipe to the
PIPE with an individual trap plumbing fixtures and
underneath or behind the other water outlets
fixture and extends to the
branch or main vent pipe at
any point higher than the
fixture or fixture trap it
serves. It is sometimes call
an individual vent

SIDE VENT A vent connecting to the

drain pipe through a fitting
at an angle greater than 45°
or to the vertical

INVERT The lowest portion of the

inside of any pipe or
conduit that is not vertical

RETURN BEND An open return bend

usually made up to 90°
bends with inside and
outside threads flanged or
welded fittings; and applied
also to a 180° band in
copper tubing

STANDPIPE A vertical pipe, or a

reservoir, into which water

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● Water is also beneficial in terms of

MODULE 02: WATER, WATER protection against fire.
SUPPLY, & WATER SYSTEMS
A1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
TOPIC OUTLINE
1. Water Level – always takes the shape of its
A. Water container to the limit of its volume and tends to
a. General Properties of Water find its own level.
b. Chemical Properties of Water 2. Mass – is the amount of matter in a body. It
c. How do you tell whether the remains constant regardless of where the body is
water is safe? in the universe.
d. Water quality problems and it’s 3. Force – is that which changes the state of rest
causes, effects, & solutions or the uniform motion of a body.
e. Where does water come from? 4. Pressure – is defined as the force per unit area.
B. Water Supply 5. Head – in water is measured vertically from the
a. Definition free surface of the liquid to the point at which
b. Groundwater pressure is being calculated.
c. Rainwater 6. Capillarity – commonly known as capillary
d. Protecting the Water Supply attraction, is the spontaneous movement of
C. Water Supply Systems water up or down narrow tubes and pipes due to
a. Definition of Terms the unbalanced molecular attraction at the
b. Wells and its Types boundary between the water and the pipe.
c. Hard Water
d. Municipal Water Supply
Systems A2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
e. Water Supply Systems in the
Philippines Lead
f. Government Agencies • It poses the greatest threat to infants
associated with Water and young children with developing
Governance nervous systems
• It delays their physical or mental
development
A WATER • Adults may develop kidney problems or
high blood pressure
WHAT IS WATER? Arsenic
● Defined as a chemical compound • It occurs naturally in some water
consisting of two hydrogen atoms and supplies
one oxygen atom. • It can cause:
● Water makes up most of our bodies and o Dry, hacking coughs and
also most of what we eat. burning hands and feet
● As engineers, we want to help our clients o Increased risk of lung, skin, or
conserve water while maintaining a bladder cancer
good-quality interior environment Nitrates
● Water holds heat well and removes large • It can cause a condition commonly
quantities of heat when it evaporates. known as “blue baby” disease in infants
● Water is employed through sprays, Chloride
evaporative coolers, and cooling towers • It can affect the taste of ground water
to cool buildings and other structures.

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Copper power plants, and military installations

• It gives water an undesirable taste contaminate water.
Iron
• It produces a red, brown, or yellow color
A4 WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS AND ITS
in water
CAUSES, EFFECTS, & SOLUTIONS
• It can cause brownish stains on washed
clothes
• It can affect the taste of water but is not PROBLEM: Turbidity
harmful to health CAUSE: Silt or suspended matters picked up in
Sulfates the surface or surface flow
• It acts as a natural laxatives EFFECT: Discoloration and bad taste. Has little
Zinc detrimental effects on health
• It does not pose a health threat but SOLUTION: Filtration
leaves an undesirable taste in water PROBLEM: Color
Sodium CAUSE: Presence of iron and magnesium. Has
• Too much sodium in water may be little detrimental effects on health
dangerous for people with heart, EFFECT: Discoloration of fixtures and laundry
kidney, or circulatory problems SOLUTION: Precipitation by filtration through
• Some water softeners also increase oxidizing filter
sodium levels PROBLEM: Taste
CAUSE: Presence of algae, decomposing
organic matter, dissolved gases and phenolic
A3 HOW DO YOU TELL WHETHER THE substances
WATER IS SAFE? EFFECT: Bad taste
SOLUTION: Water treatment process
PROBLEM: Odor
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CAUSE: existence of contaminants in water
EFFECT: Bad odor
1. Turbidity 1. Water pH SOLUTION: Water treatment process
2. Change in Color 2. Toxic Substances PROBLEM: Hardness of water
3. Unpleasant taste a. Lead CAUSE: Presence of calcium and magnesium
and odor b. Arsenic carbonated and bicarbonates. Presence of
c. Nitrates calcium and magnesium sulfate and chloride
d. Chlorides EFFECT: clogging of pipes. Impaired
e. Copper laundering and food preparation. Causes
f. Iron scaling, resulting in the reduction of thermal
g. Sulfates efficiency and restriction of flow
h. Zinc SOLUTION: By boiling (for carbonate
i. Sodium hardness). By chemical precipitation using
lime and sodium carbonate (for sulfate and
chloride hardness. Use of water softeners
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(zeolite))
1. Bacteria
PROBLEM: Pollution
2. Protozoa
CAUSE: Contamination by organic matter or
3. Viruses
sewage (pathogenic bacteria)
EFFECT: Disease
RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SOLUTION: Chlorination
• Radioactivity from mining and
radioactive materials used in industry,

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Groundwater
A5 WHERE DOES WATER CAME FROM?
• It sinks into the soil and fills the open
spaces with water
The total amount of water on the earth and in the • It makes up the majority of the water
atmosphere is finite. supply.
• It can also be used to store excess
Bodies of water (oceans and seas) – 70% of the building heat in the summer for use in
earth’s surface the building in winter
Distributed as follows: • It can harm building foundations when
1. Saltwater – 67% it leaks into spaces below ground
2. Freshwater – 3%, where it is divided as: In the Philippines, groundwater is the
• Frozen in the polar caps – 2% common source of water in cities,
• Global water source – 1% municipalities, and rural areas.

A quarter of the solar energy reaching the earth Groundwater is primarily used by 60% of
is employed in constantly circulating water households, and in communities without the
through evaporation and precipitation, in a convenience of piped water service from
process known as hydrologic cycle. municipal or city water districts, or
Metropolitan waterworks and Sewage System
The hydrologic cycle, also commonly known as (MWSS) concessionaries, people use water
the water cycle, consists of evaporation, from the nearby “poso” or deep well.
condensation, and precipitation.
Rainwater
There are 3 Principal loops in the cycle, namely: • The earliest agrarian societies depend
1. Surface Runoff Loop upon rain for agriculture.
2. Evapotranpiration Loop • Rainfall was absorb into the ground,
3. Groundwater Loop which served as a huge reservoir.
• The water that accumulated
underground emerged as springs and
artesian wells, or in lakes, swamps, and
marshes.
• Water enters a storm drain and is
dumped out in rivers far away from
where it started.
• Huge amounts of stormwater also leak
into sewer pipes that mix it with
sewage and take it even farther away to
be processed in treatment plants.
• Progress has been made in designing
building sites to improve surface and
ground water qualities.
B WATER SUPPLY

B1 PROTECTING THE WATER SUPPLY

The most accessible sources of water for human
use are precipitation and runoff. Rain, snow, and
other precipitation provide a very large but thinly • Water is an important natural resource
spread supply of relatively pure water. and should be managed in a holistic and
sustainable way.

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• Our current practices use large amounts A shutoff valve within the building also
of high quality water for low-grade tasks controls the water supply.
like flushing toilets.
• The increasing population and Water (Street) Main – a water supply pipe for
consumption per person puts pressure public or community use controlled by public
on limited supply of clean water, authority.
threatening world health and political
stability. Water-Service Pipe – the pipe from the water
• Protecting and conserving our clean main, water meter, water supply system, or
water supplies is critical to our health. other approves sources of water supply, to the
• Proper collection, treatment, and building or structure served.
distribution of water protect our supplies.
Water-Distribution Pipe – a pipe that conveys
potable water from the building supply pipe to
the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets
in the building.

Fixture Branch – a pipe connecting several

fixtures

Fixture Supply – a water supply pipe

connecting the fixture with the fixture branch
or directly to a main water supply pipe.

C1 WELLS
C WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

• Wells supply water of more reliable

Water mains are large pipes that transport quantity and quality than a rainwater
water for a public water system from its source system.
to service connections at buildings. • Deep wells are expensive to drill, but the
water deep underground comes from
A service pipe installed by the public water hundreds of kilometers away, and the
utility runs from the water main to the long trip filters out most bacteria.
building. • Well water sometimes contains dissolved
minerals.
Within the building or in a curb box, a water
meter measures and records the quantity of Types of wells according to the method of
water passing through the service pipe and construction:
usually also monitors sewage disposal services. 1. Dug
• It is a well 0.90 to 6.00 meters in diameter
A control valve is located in the curb box to dug through soft upper soil.
shut off the water supply to the building in an • The sides may be of masonry or concrete
emergency or if the building owner fails to pay to prevent carving-in.
the bill. • It is necessary that the well should be
impervious to a depth of at least 3.00
meters.

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2. Bored 4. Drilled
• It is a well-constructed using either hand • Percussion or Standard
or power-driven earth auger. o A drilling rig is used to drill the well
• A well casing is lowered to the bottom of hole and then a casing pipe is
the hole. forced down the hole to prevent it
• Cement grout is poured into the gap from caving-in.
between the hole and the casing to o When a water-bearing stratum of
prevent contamination. sufficient capacity is found, a well
screen is set in place to permit the
water to flow into the casing and
to hold back the fine material.

3. Driven
• It is a well done by forcing into earth a 60
to 90 cm long piece of perforated tube
• Drilled Well – Truck Mounted Drilling
attached to a pointed screen called a
Machine
“drive point”.
o The depth of a drilled well is
limited only by the distance one
must dig to obtain adequate
supply of fresh water, even down
to 450 meters (equivalent to a 130
storey building)

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• Jetting • Once the water is inside the building, its

o The jetting method utilizes either pressure is changed by its size of the
a wash pipe placed inside a well pipes it travels through.
screen or a string of 2-inch pipe set • Bigger pipes but less pressure on the
adjacent to the well point. Water is water flow, white small pipes increase the
pumped into the casing or into pressure.
the pipe string allowing the well • The water pressure at individual fixtures
screen and casing to sink into the withi8n the building may vary between
formation by its own weight. 35 and 204 kPa (5-30 psi).
• Too much pressure = splashing; too little
pressure = slow dribble
• If the pressure is still too high, pressure
reducers or regulators are installed on
fixtures.

C4 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

Three levels according to Department of Health

(DOH) based on The Code on Sanitation of the
Philippines (P.D. 856):
1. Level l (point source or stand-alone water
points) – hand pumps, shallow wells, rainwater
collectors
• Rotary 2. Level ll (communal water point) – bored wells
• Reverse-Circulation Rotary and spring systems
3. Level lll (waterworks) – piped water supply
with a private water point household service
C2 HARD WATER connections

• Hard water results from calcium salts in The Philippines is endowed with rich water
the water, which can build up inside hot resources, with rivers and lakes covering 1,839
water pipes and cause scaling. sq.km. and 421 river systems in 119 proclaimed
watersheds. Water demand is expected to
• Hard water can also turn soap into scum.
increase from 1.303 m³ in 2025.
• A water softener installed on the pipe
leading to the hot water heater will help
There are four urban regions that are considered
control it.
to be in critical condition in terms of water quality
and quantity; the National Capital Region (NCR,
C3 MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS Metro Manila); Central Luzon; Southern
Tagalog; and Central Visayas.
• The water in a community’s water mains
The main sources of Metro Manila’s water supply
is under pressure to offset friction and
are the Angat, Ipo, and La Mesa Dams. The
gravity as it flows through the pipes.
water from these dams are then processed by
• The water pressure in public water
the La Mesa and Balara Treatment Plants,
supplies is usually at or above 345 kPa.
which converts it from a raw state to clean and
potable water.

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C5 WHAT ARE THE GOVERNMENT

AGENCIES THAT UNDERTAKE WATER
GOVERNANCE?

National Water Resources Board (NWRB)

and Presidential Task Force on Water
Resource Development and Management
(PTFWRDM)
Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) – flood control and drainage
Department of Health (DOH) – sanitation
Department of Environment and National
Resources (DENR) – watershed protection
and water quality
Department of Interior and Local
Government (DILG) – LGU-managed water
supply, and sewage and sanitation systems
and capability building
National Power Corporation (NPC) –
hydropower development
National Irrigation Administration and
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
(BSWM) – irrigation development
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewage
Systems (MWSS) – water supply, sewage and
sanitation in Metro Manila and partially in its
neighboring provinces
Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)
– Water Districts – managed water supply and
sewerage systems

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