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CE 421 - Dynamics of Structures - Part D - Response Spectrum

The document discusses the response of linear systems to earthquake ground motions, emphasizing the use of response spectra to analyze structural responses. It details various types of response spectra, including deformation, pseudo-velocity, and pseudo-acceleration, and their significance in design. Additionally, it highlights the importance of constructing an elastic design spectrum for new structures based on historical earthquake data to ensure seismic safety.

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Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
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29 views25 pages

CE 421 - Dynamics of Structures - Part D - Response Spectrum

The document discusses the response of linear systems to earthquake ground motions, emphasizing the use of response spectra to analyze structural responses. It details various types of response spectra, including deformation, pseudo-velocity, and pseudo-acceleration, and their significance in design. Additionally, it highlights the importance of constructing an elastic design spectrum for new structures based on historical earthquake data to ensure seismic safety.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ridwanul Islam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earthquake Response

of
Linear Systems

Response Spectrum
Ground motions recorded during several earthquake
Numerical methods are necessary to determine the structural response as
Ground acceleration during earthquakes varies irregularly to a great extent
Response History

Deformation response of SDF systems to El Centro ground motion.


Response History

Pseudo-acceleration

Pseudo-acceleration response of SDF


systems to El Centro ground motion.
Deformation Response Spectrum (RS)
Response quantity = Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration

Deformation RS for ζ = 2%
A plot of the peak value of a response
quantity as a function of the natural
vibration period Tn of the system, or ωn or
fn, is called the RS for that quantity
Pseudo-velocity Response Spectrum Pseudo-acceleration Response
Spectrum

A = is not equal to the


V = is not equal to the
. ..
peak relative acceleration, uo,
peak relative velocity, uo,

Related to the peak value of base shear


Related to the peak value of strain energy
Vbo, [or the peak value of the equivalent
Eso, stored in the system during the
static force fSo ]
earthquake

w = weight of
the structure

A/g may be interpreted as the


base shear coefficient

Used in building codes


Response spectra

deformation
response spectrum

pseudo-velocity
response spectrum

pseudo-acceleration
response spectrum.

Each of response spectra for a given ground motion contains the


same information, no more and no less
Combined D–V–A Spectrum

The three spectra are simply different ways of presenting the same
information on structural response

Knowing one of the spectra, the other two can be obtained by algebraic
operations using

Why do we need three spectra when each


of them contains the same information?
One of the reasons is that each spectrum directly provides a physically
meaningful quantity.
The deformation spectrum provides the peak deformation of a system.

The pseudovelocity spectrum is related directly to the peak strain energy


stored in the system during the earthquake;

The pseudo-acceleration spectrum is related directly to the peak value of the


equivalent static force and base shear;
Combined D–V–A Spectrum

The second reason lies in the fact that the shape of the spectrum can be
approximated more readily for design purposes with the aid of all three
spectral quantities rather than any one of them alone

A. S. Veletsos and
N. M. Newmark in 1960

Combined D–V–A response spectrum for El Centro ground motion; ζ = 2%.


Combined D–V–A Spectrum

Combined D–V–A response spectrum for El Centro ground motion;


ζ = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%.
Deformation response spectrum for El
Normalized pseudo-acceleration, or base Centro ground motion;
shear coefficient, response spectrum ζ =0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%.
for El Centro ground motion; ζ = 0, 2, 5,
10, and 20%.

Computed and published soon after EQ are recorded


Equivalent static force

udyn

peak deformation

Equivalent static
force peak value

Provides the internal forces (e.g., shears and moments in columns and beams)
Example

A 12-ft-long vertical cantilever, a 4-in.-nominal-diameter standard steel pipe,


supports a 5200-lb weight attached at the tip as shown in Fig. E6.2. The properties
of the pipe are: outside diameter, do = 4.500 in., inside diameter di = 4.026 in.,
thickness t = 0.237 in., and second moment of cross-sectional area, I = 7.23 in4,
elastic modulus E = 29,000 ksi, and weight = 10.79 lb/foot length. Assume that ζ =
2%.

Determine the peak deformation and bending stress in the


cantilever due to the El Centro ground motion.

Solution

The lateral stiffness of this SDF system is

The natural vibration frequency and


period of the system are
From the response spectrum curve for ζ
= 2% (Fig. E6.2b), for Tn = 1.59 sec, D
= 5.0 in. and A = 0.20g.

The peak deformation is


The stress computed in Example exceeded the allowable stress and the designer decided
to increase the size of the pipe to an 8-in.-nominal standard steel pipe. Its properties are
do = 8.625 in., di = 7.981 in., t = 0.322 in., and I = 72.5 in4. Comment on the advantages
and disadvantages of using the larger pipe.

Do Example 6.4, 6.5, 6.6

This example points out an important difference between the response of structures to
earthquake excitation and to a fixed value of static force
Response Spectrum Characteristics

Imperial Valley earthquake of May 18, 1940

El Centro, California

The ground velocity and ground displacement were


computed by integrating the ground acceleration.
Response Spectrum Characteristics

D-V-A Response spectrum (ζ = 0, 2, 5, and 10%) Normalized scales A/𝑢ሷ go, V/𝑢ሶ go, and
D/ugo; ζ = 0, 2, 5, and 10%
For El Centro ground motion
Response Spectrum Characteristics

Rigid system

RS shown by a solid line together with an


idealized version shown by a dashed line ζ = 5%.

Very flexible
system
Elastic Design Spectrum

The design spectrum should satisfy certain


requirements because it is intended for the
design of new structures, or the seismic safety
evaluation of existing structures, to resist future
earthquakes. For this purpose the response
spectrum for a ground motion recorded during a
past earthquake is inappropriate.

As can be seen in Figure, the response spectra


for ground motions recorded at the same site
during three past earthquakes are different.
Similarly, it is not possible to predict the jagged
RS for the north–south component of ground response spectrum in all its detail for a ground
motions recorded at the Imperial Valley Irrigation motion that may occur in the future. Thus the
District substation, El Centro, California, during design spectrum should consist of a set of
earthquakes of May 18, 1940; February 9, 1956; smooth curves or a series of straight lines with
and April 8, 1968. ζ = 2%. one curve for each level of damping

The design spectrum should, in a general sense, be representative of ground motions recorded
at the site during past earthquakes. If none have been recorded at the site, the design
spectrum should be based on ground motions recorded at other sites under similar conditions.
Elastic Design Spectrum

Mean and mean +1σ spectra with probability distributions for V at Tn = 0.25, 1,
and 4 sec; ζ = 5%. Dashed lines show an idealized design spectrum. (Based on
numerical data from R. Riddell and N. M. Newmark, 1979.)
Construction of Elastic Design Spectrum

The recommended period values Ta = 1/33 sec, Tb =


1/8 sec, Te =10 sec, and Tf =33 sec, and the
amplification factors αA, αV , and αD for the three
spectral regions, were developed by the preceding
analysis of a larger ensemble of ground motions
recorded on firm ground (rock, soft rock, and
competent sediments).

Observe that the period values Ta, Tb, Te, and Tf are fixed; the values in Fig. 6.9.3 are for firm ground.
Period values Tc and Td are determined by the intersections of the constant-A(= αAu¨ go), constant-V (=
αV u˙ go), and constant-D(= αDugo) branches of the spectrum. Because αA, αV , and αD are functions of ζ
(Tables 6.9.1 and 6.9.2), Tc and Td depend on the damping ratio.
Construction of Elastic Design Spectrum

elastic design spectrum (84.1th percentile) for ground


motions with u¨go = 1g, u˙ go = 122 cm/sec, and
ugo = 91 cm; ζ = 5%.
Construction of Elastic Design Spectrum

linear scales

logarithmic scales

The design spectrum for ground motions on firm ground with 𝑢ሷ go = 1g, 𝑢ሶ go = 122
cm/sec, and ugo = 91 cm (pseudo-acceleration)

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