CAPSULE_CAMERA

(EMBEDDED SYSTEMS)
ABSTRACT:
An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either fixed in capability or programmable, which is specifically designed for a particular kind of application device. Capsule camera is one of those. Here a technique called capsule endoscopy is used which allows us to see places inside the small bowel where other methods cannot reach. Capsule camera is a camera with the size and shape of a pill. It contains a miniature camera, battery, light, computer chip and wireless transmitter. The procedure involves the patient taking a small capsule. The patient wears small sensors attached to the abdomen with adhesive sleeves. As the capsule moves through the digestive system it records images and sends them by radio signal to a recorder worn by the patient on a waist belt. Then a doctor takes the disk from the recorder and views the video on a highresolution monitor. The finished product is a documentary-like series of photographs that provide a first-person view of the journey through the digestive tract. Due to WHAT IS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM? An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software; either fixed in capability or programmable that is Specifically designed for a particular kind of application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, as well as the more obvious cellular phone are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems that are programmable are provided with a programming interface. INTRODUCTION In the past, doctors who needed to diagnose digestive problems would either use X-rays or endoscopy, which involves sedating A person and guiding a narrow tube with a camera attached down the throat and into the stomach and upper intestinal tract. Before endoscopy, doctors would have to perform surgery to assess some problems. Capsule endoscopy allows us to see places inside the small bowel where other methods cannot reach. CAPSULE CAMERA numerous benefits over the traditional endoscopy, capsule camera is preferred.

WHAT IS ENDOSCOPY? Endoscopy is the examination of the inside of the body using a lighted, flexible instrument called an endoscope. In general, an Endoscope is placed into the body through a natural opening like the mouth or anus. The most common endoscopic procedures evaluate the esophagus (swallowing tube), stomach, and portions of the intestine, colon. WHAT IS CAPSULE CAMERA? Capsule camera, endoscopic capsule or video pill is a camera with the size and shape of pill. The Imaging Capsule contains a miniature camera, battery, light, computer chip and wireless transmitter. The target destination for the device is the small bowel, where the miniature camera may help physicians detect sources of bleeding or diagnose disease. WHY DO WE NEED IT? At the present time, the capsule camera is primarily used to Visualize the small intestine. Whereas the upper gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) and the colon (large intestine) can be very adequately visualized with scopes (cameras placed at the ends of thin flexible tubes), the small intestine is very long (average 20-25 feet) and very convoluted. No available scope is able to traverse the entire length of the small intestine. The capsule camera travels

through the length of the small intestine in about 4 hours, and wirelessly transmits two images every second to a receiver carried by the patient. The images are of very good quality, comparable to those from scopes. The test carries a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting lesions. The main uses today are for detecting the cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, and for inflammatory bowel disease, such as Cohns disease

The patient also wears small sensors attached to the abdomen with adhesive sleeves. A mini-lens on the tip of the capsule would be connected to a tiny "engine" running off electrical signals. An antenna would take in the electric signals and send out the data collected and the "brain" behind the whole system would be a microchip operating with hi-tech fluids. As the capsule moves through the digestive system it records images and sends them by radio signal to a receiver/recorder worn by the patient on a waist Belt as the patient goes about his or her regular day. The procedure takes about 12 hours and the final recording is about 8 hours long. Afterward, a doctor takes the disk from the recorder and views the video on a high-resolution monitor. The device takes two frames every second, providing about 58,000 images in eight hours as it

A CAPSULE TO SAVE STOMACHS:

makes it way through the patients entire digestive tract. (The

. HOW IT WORKS? The procedure involves the patient taking a small capsule, or endoscope with a tiny camera, light and radio transmitter inside it.

Disposable device is eliminated naturally.) The camera transmits digital images to a recording device the patient wears on a belt. Later, the recorders data is downloaded to a physicians computer. As the video progresses, the images on the screen reveal thousands of villi, liquids and particles passing through the intestine. More important, the images reveal any telltale signs of inflammation or sores, all in great detail. The finished product is a documentary-like series of photographs that provide a first-person view of the journey through the digestive tract. CAMERA PILL TRANSMITTER The physician can stop the fast-moving photos for closer inspection, then mark and copy images showing suspected abnormalities. The patients entire test can be copied onto a compact disc for later use in consultation. It is used to diagnose problems in the gut also. In general, capsule endoscopy provided good views from mouth to colon and successfully imaged smallBowel pathologic features. Conventional endoscopy involves a lighted tube being inserted into the gut via the throat or rectum. Video images were transmitted via radio signals to aerials taped To the body and the strength of the signal was used to calculate the position of the capsule in the body. These promote greater efficiency in medical Institutions and help improve quality of life for the patients. Gastrointestinal endoscopes are now recognized as the only medical devices that can simultaneously perform observations, diagnoses (tissue extraction), and treatment. As tiny as a pill measuring just 9 millimeters in diameter and 23 mm in length, the Norika3 capsule endoscope developed by RF is uniquely painless. "Though it hasn't been in practical use yet. Although the company says it is still preparing to conduct clinical studies with

other medical institutions, it expects to market the Norika3 by the end of the year both in Japan and overseas. It will accommodate a CCD camera of 0.41 mega pixels and is likely be initially marketed at $100. The capsule moves painlessly through the gastrointestinal tract while transmitting color images on a real-time basis. The device accommodates a plastic CCD camera with a 0.6-millimeter lens as well as four Light-Emitting Diode (LED) flashing devices to supply light in the dark intestines. The camera can transmit up to 30 images per minute, as long as the patient is wearing the vest that transmits microwaves to the capsule.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Eliminates potential sedation related Offers a simple, safe and less invasive Patient satisfaction Ease of ingestion Comfort during procedure Convenience Immediate recovery

cardiopulmonary complications alternative

10. Preferred by patient over traditional endoscopy CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE TECHNOLOGY: (1) Technology of capsule endoscope: Compact, low power-consumption imaging technology, wireless Transmission technology. (2) Wireless power supply system: Eliminates constraints on operating time and energy levels. (3) Drug delivery system: Administer drugs directly to the affected area. (4) Body fluid sampling technology: Extracts body fluid for diagnosis and analysis. (5) Self-propelled capsule: Propels (capsule) freely within the gastrointestinal tract.

BENEFITS OVER TRADITIONAL ENDOSCOPY: 1. 2. Little discomfort Does not require sedation

LIMITATIONS OF CAPSULE CAMERA 1. A physician cannot stop the cameras progress to change the angle or take a prolonged look when it nears suspicious areas. 2. There is no air insufflation pumping in air to open up examination. intestinal folds for