Communicable Diseases (VENEREAL) ▪ If the test result is positive, treatment (Penicillin)

SYPHILIS GONORRHEA
▪ Other names: Sy, Bad Blood, Pox ▪ Other terms: Drip, Clap, Morning Drop
▪ Also known as “The Great Pretender” ▪ Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
▪ Causative agent: Treponema Pallidum ▪ Classification: Bacterial
▪ Classification: Bacterial ▪ Incubation Period: 2 to 10 days
▪ Incubation period: 10 days to 3 months ▪ Infection may be transmitted to the Newborn’s eyes during
▪ Symptoms first appear at 21 days. delivery called Ophthalmia neonatorum
.
Mode of transmission Signs and symptoms
▪ Direct Sexual Contact with the Syphylitic sore Males:
▪ Vaginal, Oral or Anal Sex ▪ Dysuria
▪ Perinatal Transmission mother to baby during delivery ▪ Burning urination
(Congenital Syphilis) ▪ Penile discharges (whitish, yellowish, greenish)
Females:
Signs and symptoms: ▪ Asymptomatic
A. Primary stage:
Painless Chancre found in penis, vagina, anus, rectum, mouth Treatment
chancre lasts for 3-4 weeks ▪ Ceftriaxone
B. Secondary stage: - 1 week to 6 months ▪ Doxycycline 100 mg po/BID/7 days
▪ Maculopapular Rash-marks the start of second stage; ▪ Some take co-trimoxazole
may Not be pruritic; red, brown, rough spots On palms,
soles of feet CHLAMYDIA
▪ Patchy hair loss ▪ Causative Agent: Chlamydia Trachomatis
▪ Sore throat ▪ Classification: Bacterial
▪ Lymphadenopathy/Lymphadenitis (swollen lymph ▪ Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks
nodes)
▪ Fever, headache, weight loss, muscle aches and Signs and symptoms
fatigue Females:
DOC: Penicillin 2.4 mu IM single dose (preferred early tx) for 6 ▪ Vaginal Discharge (Thick/ Heavy grayish, whitish,
months to severe cases yellowish discharge)
C. Latent stage ▪ Burning on urination/Itching
There are no visible s/s/ Dormant stage ▪ Painful Sexual Intercourse (Dyspareunia)
▪ Early Latent: infection occurs within the past 12 ▪ Abdominal pain
months Males:
▪ Late Latent: when infection occurs more than 12 ▪ Discharges (Thick/ Heavy grayish, whitish, yellowish)
months ago ▪ Burning on urination/Itching (urethral
D. Tertiary syphilis opening/urination)
▪ Appears 10-30 years after the person gets the infection
(brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, Treatment
joints) ▪ Doxycycline 100 mg po/bid for 21 days
Nursing considerations for a Pregnant Mother
▪ Complications: Abortion, preterm labor Complications in pregnancy:
▪ Infection is passed to the fetus after the 4th month of ▪ Premature Birth
pregnancy as Congenital Syphilis ▪ Stillbirth
▪ Obtain a serum test VDRL (Venereal Diseases ▪ Neonatal Conjunctivitis
Research Laboratory) get sample of blood and tested ▪ Newborn Chlamydial Pneumonia
against antibodies against antigen produced by ▪ Salpingitis,
bacteria ▪ Ectopic Pregnancy
▪ The first prenatal visit; prepare to repeat the Test at 36 ▪ Infertility
weeks’ gestation because the Disease may be
acquired after the initial visit.
GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS/BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS Signs and symptoms
▪ Causative agent: Varies/anaerobic bacteria, thrive A. Physical
without the presence of oxygen (mobiluncus and prevotela) ▪ Flu-like symptoms for 2-3 weeks
▪ Maculopapular rash
Signs and symptoms ▪ Anorexia/loss of appetite
Female ▪ Weight loss
▪ vaginal discharge (whitish, grayish, greenish and fishy ▪ Fever of unknown origin
smell) ▪ Malaise/body weakness
▪ Burning on urination/Itching (mild) ▪ Persistent Diarrhea
▪ Pulmonary tb (localized)- parenchymal lesions in lungs
Treatment ▪ Esophageal Candidiasis: yeast infection of the
▪ DOC: Metronidazole 500 mg po/bid/days ▪ Esophagus caused by Candida albicans (fungi,
▪ Clindamycin 300 mg po/bid/7 days opportunistic microorganism affecting susceptible
host)
TRICHOMONIASIS (TRICH) ▪ Kaposi’s Sarcoma: a type of cancer Painless purplish
▪ Causative agent: Trichomonas Vaginalis spots on the legs, feet or Face
▪ Classification: Protozoan ▪ Pneumocystis Carinii caused by the fungus
▪ Incubation period: 4 to 20 days Pneumocystis jirovecii
▪ Average: 7 days - Unproductive dry cough, fever, chest pain,
malaise and fatigue
Diagnostic Aid: ▪ Gaunt- Looking (Haggard)
▪ Vaginal Smear, a normal saline wet smear of vaginal ▪ Apprehensive (Restless)
secretions indicates the presence of protozoa. B. Mental
- 1 drop of vaginal discharge in a glass slide, place 1-2 Early Stage (2-4 weeks)
drops of 0.9 NaCl/PNSS then seen on microscope for ▪ Forgetfulness
presence of protozoa ▪ Loss of concentration
Complications in pregnancy: ▪ Apathy and Lethargy
▪ Infection is associated with premature Later Stage (10 years)
▪ Rupture of the membranes and ▪ Confusion
▪ Postpartum endometritis. ▪ Disorientation
▪ Seizures
Signs and symptoms ▪ Loss of memory
Females ▪ Coma
▪ Vaginal discharge (Clear whitish yellowish greenish
frothy) Diagnosis
▪ ELISA Test
Treatment - presumptive test for HIV;
▪ DOC: Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID 7 days - It is also called Enzyme immunoassays (EIA)
- sample collected: blood, Urine sample fluids from
HIV/AIDS Cheeks and gums placed in cartridge with HIV antigen
▪ Causative Agent: Retrovirus, Human alpha T-cell if it change color (positive)
Lymphotropic Virus 3 (HTLV3) ▪ Western Blot
▪ Classification: Viral - confirmatory test for Aids;
Mode of Transmission same as Hepa B - Sample of blood, blood components separated by
▪ Direct Sexual contact. plasmapheresis placed in blotting paper add HIV
▪ Perinatal enzyme if it changes color (Positive)
▪ Sharing of needles during tattooing, razors, needle ▪ CD4 T-cell count
prick injury (Never recap used needles, never point - CD4 T-cell helper T cells which helps fighting foreign
needle to any part of body, always use disposable microorganisms
needle container) - Number of CD4 t-cells
- Use gloves, gown, mask, goggles to avoid splash - Normal range: 500-1500cells/mm^3
▪ Incubation Period: 3 months- 15 Years
Treatment therapy late in pregnancy to prevent an outbreak
▪ Antiretroviral: Retrovir or Zidovudine 300 Mg Bid during labor and birth.
▪ Others: Emtricitabine, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir, ▪ No vaginal internal examination is done in the
Abacavir, Lamivudine, Tenofovir, Alafenamide presence of active vaginal herpetic lesions.
▪ Delivery of the fetus is usually by cesarean section if
Nursing considerations in Pregnancy active lesions are present in the vagina
▪ Zidovudine (Retrovir) recommended for the prevention of ▪ Delivery may be performed NSD if the lesions are in
maternal-to-fetal HIV transmission the anal, perineal, or inner thigh area
- It is administered orally beginning after 4 weeks’ ▪ Maintain contact precautions.
gestation, intravenously
- During labor, and in the form of syrup to the newborn CANDIDIASIS/MONILIASIS
for 3-6 weeks after birth. ▪ Infants: Oral Thrush (Treated by Gentian Violet)
▪ A positive ELISA that fails to be confirmed by western blot ▪ Causative Agent: Candida Albicans
should not be considered negative, and repeat testing ▪ Classification: Fungal
should be done in 3 to 6 months. ▪ Incubation Period: 2-5 Days
▪ Neonates born to HIV-positive clients may test positive
because antibodies received from the mother may persist Signs and Symptoms
for 18 months after birth (Natural Passive) ▪ Vaginal Discharge (Thick, Cottage-Cheese, Cheesy,
▪ Administer zidovudine to the newborn as prescribed for the Cheese-Like or Creamy)
first 6 weeks of life. ▪ Irritation And Itching
▪ All HIV-exposed newborns should be treated with ▪ Dyspareunia
medication to prevent Infection by Pneumocystis Carinii ▪ Dysuria
(Metronidazole, Fluconazole, Antifungal)
▪ HIV culture is recommended at 1 and 4 Months after birth; Treatment
▪ Infants at risk for HIV infection should be seen by the HCP ▪ DOC: Fluconazole, miconazole (Monistat)
at birth and 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 Month, 2 months, and 4
months of age. Considerations in pregnancy
▪ Infants receive recommended immunizations at the regular ▪ Predisposing Factors: Use of Antibiotics, diabetes
schedule; however, no live vaccines should be mellitus, and Obesity.
administered. (BCG, OPV, Measles) ▪ For extensive irritation and swelling, sitz baths may be
prescribed.
HERPES
▪ Causative agent: Herpes Simplex Virus CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM
▪ Classification: Viral ▪ Causative agent: Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
▪ Incubation period: 4 days; (range, 2 to 12 days) ▪ Infection affects the cervix, urethra, anus, penis, and
▪ Mode of transmission: scrotum.
▪ Mode of transmission: Direct sexual contact
Signs and symptoms:
▪ Painful blisters around mouth, eyes, penis, vagina Diagnostic test
anus or cold sores ▪ Culture is indicated for clients with a positive history or with
▪ Flu like symptoms active lesions,
▪ Fever - Weekly cultures may be done at week 35 or 36 of
▪ Malaise pregnancy until delivery; the test is performed to
▪ Lymphadenopathy determine the route of delivery.

Treatment Assessment
▪ DOC: Acyclovir 400 mg PO/3x a day ▪ Small to large wart-like growths on the genitals.
▪ Cervical cell changes
Nursing considerations in pregnancy
▪ Acyclovir (Zovirax) can be used to treat recurrent Interventions
outbreaks during pregnancy or used as suppressive ▪ Lesions are removed by the use of cytotoxic agents,
Cryotherapy, Electrocautery, and laser.
 ▪ Encourage annual Papanicolaou smear. Oxyuriasis or Enterobiasis (pinworm)
▪ Sexual contact should be Avoided until lesions are ▪ Other names: Threadworm, Seat worm
healed (Use Condoms) ▪ Causative agent: Enterobius vermicularis, Oxyuris
Vermicularis invades the cecum and the appendix
Communicable Diseases (HELMINTHIASES)
ASCARIASIS (Roundworm) Signs and Symptoms
Causative agent: Ascariasis lumbricoides ▪ Itching above the anus at night (anal swabbing early
Mode of Transmission: Fecal Oral, 5Fs morning, eggs tend to collect at night)
▪ Anorexia/loss of appetite
Signs and Symptoms ▪ Weightloss
A. Acute stage ▪ Insomnia/Sleep Pattern Disturbance
▪ First cue: vomiting with worms
▪ Abdominal discomfort Diagnosis
B. Severe Stage ▪ Scotch tape Method sticky side out against the anal
▪ Severe abdominal pain or perineal area- picks up the eggs. Anal swabbing in
▪ Severe vomiting early morning
▪ Restlessness ▪ Kato-katz Method place eggs in a slide and viewed in
▪ Sleep Pattern disturbance, Insomnia microscope
▪ Ascariasis Treatment
▪ Gentian violet given for 7 to 10 days
Treatment Side Effects
▪ Albendazole 400 mg single dose for adult (half in ▪ Nausea/Vomiting(purple)
children) ▪ Diarrhea
▪ Mebendazole 100 mg BID for 3 consecutive days/500
mg PO once HOOKWORM
▪ Ivermectin- 150-200 mg/kg PO once Causative Agents:
▪ Ancylostoma duodenale
TAENIASIS (Tapeworm) ▪ Necator Americanus
Chronic, benign intestinal disease (raw meat/fish) - Do not walk barefoot
Causative agents:
▪ Beef Worm (Taenia Saginata) Signs and Symptoms
▪ Pork Worm (Taenia Solium) First Signs: Pruritic rash
▪ Fish Worm (Diphyllobothrium Latum) Light infection (no symptoms)
Mode of Transmission Initial: Itching and a localized rash
▪ Ingestion of beef, pork, fish with tapeworm cysts Heavy infection
▪ Uncooked meat and fish ▪ Abdominal Pain
▪ Diarrhea
Signs and symptoms ▪ Anorexia (Loss of Appetite)
▪ Nausea/Vomiting ▪ Weight loss
▪ Flatulence (gas) ▪ Fatigue
▪ Hunger/ Increased appetite ▪ Anemia
▪ Weight loss Treatment
▪ Anemia ▪ DOC: Albendazole 400 mg single dose for adult (half
▪ Diarrhea in children)
▪ Mebendazole 100 mg BID for 3 consecutive days
Prevention: ▪ Ivermectin 150-200 mg/kg PO once
▪ Proper hand washing
▪ Cook meat and fish thoroughly
DOC:
▪ Praziquantel (Biltricide) 5-10mg/PO Once
▪ Niclosamide for under 2: 500 mg on day 1, then 250 g
OD for 6 days
Jean Piaget Cognitive Development Theory Stage 2: Preoperational Stage
It has something to do with intellectual development, and mental Age Bracket:2-6 years old/Toddler and Preschooler
abilities, knowledge, reasoning, critical thinking skills are Characteristics:
developed ▪ Intuitive/Inquisitive
- Terrible two”
Biography - Asks a lot of questions
▪ Birthday: August 9, 1896 ▪ Egocentrism
▪ Birth Place: Neuchâtel, Switzerland - Centered on oneself. Doesn’t mean selfishness
▪ Date of Death: September 16, 1980 but it means self-centeredness
▪ Wife: Valentine Chatenay - Lacks empathy, ability to put self in the shoes of
▪ Swiss psychologist other people. Emotional development is immature.
▪ Published a book in 1970 ▪ Animism
▪ Founded the International Center for Genetic Epistemology - Belief of child that everything has life
in 1955, how knowledge is developed and originated. - “Play pretend” usual game.
▪ Regarded as father of genetic epistemology - Too engrossed on superheroes
- Collective monologue, they tend to talk to
Stages Of Cognitive Development themselves infront of mirror
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage ▪ Centration/centered
- Infant learns by using senses and motor activity (reflexes) - Focuses on one aspect of situation only
Age Bracket: 0-12 months/0-1 year old - Only size matters, bigger better. Quality is not yet
Characteristics: understood.
▪ Palmar grasp - Ex. Bigger Lollipop is given to 8 yr old, 3 yr old is
- Place finger/object on to palm of infant, he/she smaller. They tend to cry, tantrums
grips. If not done there is something wrong. - Decentration, opposite which 7–11-year-old
Brought to clinic for further investigation possesses. Able to understand different features
▪ Reflexive/Putting objects into mouth of a situation. The more decentration, you’re more
- Rooting reflex, finger on the side of lips. Infant mature.
follows it. ▪ Irreversibility
- Sucking reflex to obtain nutrition, nipple on to the - They can’t understand that things can be reversed
mouth of infant, baby sucks it. They place anything - 1000 coins and 1000 bill
inside their mouth, risk for infection and - 10+15=25, 25-15=10
gastroenteritis, diarrhea, DHN. Make sure that ▪ Transductive Reasoning
nails are trimmed and hands are clean. - Neither inductive nor deductive
▪ Following Colorful Objects - Inductive reasoning, from simple to complex.
- Visual and hearing development, sensory stimulus Specific to general, from concrete to abstract
- When placed in crib, colorful object and has sound - Deductive reasoning, from general to specific,
to develop senses (Age appropriate) formula before examples
- If pregnant, listen to classical music (1st trimester) ▪ Symbolic Thinking/Semiotic Thought
baby tends to be more intelligent - Mental representations , symbols, picture of past
▪ Object Permanence events, places, people and things
- Belief of Infant that object still exists even if it is not - “Like before’
perceived by senses. Not seen or touched at the
moment but it still exists Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage
- Jean Piaget states “Every born child is potential Age Bracket: 7-11 years old/ Elementary
genius”, “Men are born with knowledge” Characteristics:
responsibility of mother to hone their child ▪ Decentration
- John Locke opposes with Tabula Vasa/ Blank ▪ Reversibility
slate. “Everyone is born without knowledge” - Things can be reverse
Hereditary is not involved in growth and ▪ Classification
development only Environmental. - Ability of child to classify objects according to
color, size, shape, texture, etc.
▪ Seriation/Order
 - Ability of the child to arrange objects from smallest weight in solving the conservation of liquid problem. This means
to biggest or vice versa they lack ____
✓ Mentally retarded 50-69 A. Decentration
✓ Slow learner 70-89 B. Centration
✓ Normal IQ: 90-110 C. Seriation
✓ Fast learner: 111-129 D. Formal Operation
✓ Gifted: 130 and above
▪ Conservation 4. In Piaget’s concrete operational stage, a teacher should
- Things stay the same regardless of the container provide ________.
that they are placed into A. Activities for hypothesis formulation
B. Activities for evaluation purposes
Stage 4: Formal Operational C. Learning activities that involve problems of
Age Bracket: 12 years old and above classification and order
Characteristics: D. Stimulating environment with ample objects to play
HOTS (Higher order Thinking skills) with
▪ Hypothetical Reasoning
- Knows how to make hypothesis/ inference 5. Research on Piagetian tasks indicated that thinking becomes
▪ Logical Reasoning more logical and abstract as children reach the formal
- Arranging in proper sequence operations stage. What is an educational implication of this
▪ Inductive Reasoning finding?
- Basic to complex A. Engage children in analogical reasoning as early as
▪ Deductive Reasoning preschool to train them for higher order thinking skill
▪ Abstract Reasoning (HOTS)
B. Learners who are not capable of logical reasoning from
Four Components of Cognitive Development ages 8-11 lag behind in their cognitive development
▪ Schema C. Let children use mental representations or pictures of
- Basic knowledge/prior knowledge past events
▪ Assimilation D. Expect hypothetical reasoning for learners between 12
- Fitting of new experiences into the existing to 15 years of age
schema
▪ Accommodation
- Creating new schema
▪ Equilibrium/Equilibration
- Ability to balance or connect old and new
information

1. Activating prior knowledge means ____

A. Using rehearsal to overlearn something
B. Making multiple comparisons
C. Recalling the place where something was learned
D. Thinking about something that has already been
learned

2. Pepe successfully arranges his many pebbles from smallest

to largest. Which cognitive phenomenon is hereby illustrated?
A. Animism
B. Reversibility
C. Seriation
D. Conservation
3. In Piaget’s experiments, he noted that children at the intuitive
stage lack the ability to attend simultaneously to both height and