AND

BASTC ELECTRICAL

ENGENEERING

ELECTRONTCS oF
S t u d y
S t u d y

c a s e
C a s e

Computer
ENTOPLC
TOPTC

ASSTGNWMENT SCLence
Dqial
InfbmatiDn lochnogy.
inomatuDn
CiYCuits
Crcuits
n
lochholmy.

9UBM2TTED BY.
L lavanua ouou
EAR CSE

R No: 121021lDHO 26
 CASESTUDY OF DIGITAL CIRCUTTS

TN COMPUTER SCIENCE (Enfosmation

Tochnotgg
*. DEgital Hockpnics

Eleckonics those oloctronlcs

Daital
onstread
S s toms that
LSe a dtal
Sug
oloctronics aOo

an analog signal Degital

BColocan
repregentatibn
Cbmmom
the most
the basa a dita
alphexa and
Compeeters, mobile jphones
elrcuits or
unda mental wnit
Common
*The mest

eloctonice the
g gabes B
digiau more Compla
humeDUS
Dgic gates
combunen9 olectonEcs is collocvely
Sstem dEgttal
cult
dlEgint
Engineers the tesms
electonic
The most
Sstom and logic"
CErcut olfgutal
the
conteyt e
are interchangeable

oltgcta circuits
advantoges ollgitas circults
LSuaL
The
Companed To crcults. are.
lhen andlbg
 sem ntertoco teu
wth
DEgltal
th
Cormputer
and are
easy 6 Corol 8etuos
Posslblo D add now
* s ten
eotuva
Sgkem. ltthout
t a olaital
to do this
chorg
ha dunoo Cund
Temokel dust
cuploodling new
by
* Dosta bugs can be lorkeo
anound nteth a goftare Cupgaade aEe
the Pmduct Cuustoney hand

Lntomation Stag Can be mush

in olRqitaul System S than un analog one

Panticelan the eat ncise umunihy

possible to
make t
e oltgttal Sysfem
t ater lithout
etreuue
Sfore alata aund

leadaution
RobuStness

one the primouy aduantages dugita

olectnonfcs Stems Kom t
snpy being
dRgtra aobustnos

Stems the
.The obutnegs act
thout
the hose s Loss than the hose
 then the pexfoom S as
mogn tem

ther wore neise at au. This S a

neceBQuY and Stctent propextuy

irult conddered
COn thus be 9eenatnol
Dattanl 8tgrals o

Losslos data thasmiwn

cuchuoue
D
COYtain imuts
ulthin
fransmisgum ard procOu
Analbg stgnal
ntroucos hoRse
emtast aluoy
thore no doa-logs
.Theore ticauu
data. This
deital
When copyng Sygtems. lhich
Over
anmig
90at advant but o nofse
eproduce OVeny
aithfuy
coy ntd the sga.
thd makos

DsadNantages

More onesgy han

circuits
Dtgttal
acComptRsh she Some
circults
analD ascs,
CalCulation ouncl stgral PDCDgUg
more heat as Well
Thus proucin
batony POwered Sysems
poTEable

this
can ba a maupr (mining Ractor, but
suatibm lhere pouwey s plentful
 Aolfgltal Ss em & Rten Ppeenod
bacause the
advantages Lsteo aboua
eSpectay that Ce-) Prohammnbuy and
ease
pfadung nlBthout cquurg
hoadulae Changes
A panticula exampte the CeLular

elophone Which boeng a batteny - powerd

PorEabe oloulce
. USes a Louw -pocoe aunagoDnE end o
the Ondid signa
and une
aczune
tho base Station
pm
Location
Tho hose Skatin beung a Exad
eth access the pouoYgid. Con ahod
USe pocDe hungy softwane ooeneo
t
adi kechntauas.
diqtal
t0 PDcess the sgols used
Ccmtol
* Remotee
Colluta Standardds are those

become awaflable
S a n d a r o l s

Somotimes more
ctcuitsS
Dlaltau
pectaly
in Small uantities
c p e n S u o

The lorld hn lhich nle ue

anal
rom thus ulorld Such
aud Signals as
Legtt
aABERNuSUe KAsmnneuw erwmaen .
 oloctric Corducttuty
Eemporalture, SOund
and phenomena

eloctc and manetic Rolds

CPLoD time aro
Such as tho continubuS and
puposes
moSt prattcto aather than
uanttttog
thus analog
doital ones
olscyecte

Can Usually
Usally be mitigatool
pvbiem
This
Sygtem
to
8tere
erough
H
by destoing
the
to the
to
the Sgal
Taprosent
dota
olEgtal RCdolty
desêmed dLago

Samplur theorer
Shannom
The lygulst- as to haw
importanE
gulde line
prDvEdles

data is ncodad a.cudtoy

much altcas
analDg stanal.

FTOgiu
on be rague, that
SsEems
*Degtral
o digctal data
sungte piece
the maaning lge
LDst oOr misthtopnetod
olated data cou COMploly
bLockS

char
Thi's PoDblem can be mlttgatao

olostgning the ollgital Stem or

Jwbustrness.
 f o r xample, a panlty bit o other
CDolo
dlete ctine CY e e Comectu
bath
Con be serteo into stnglo
than
Cortain racbon
that loss
the data s Couptoo
e has
Can alotomine thoet thls
#The Syskem uncotupt the olaka.

OCCurrd and pOssibly

Comuptocd data
the
0 ask cfor practice a
Standad

FP sis uL unsend
ForFor xample
to
Sofunae olosian o

instnictLon
embeeladod
intemupt
pogam memy nlEth
l th
m c r v c o n t o l l e r
S po
p otts
s
the coole to he
that comupis Cause
radom.

othesuuise

Cottd

0ecutocd cercutts
SSues
n llgctat
Araueg mocle e m nala
cêrculis
altal be Faken
has to
Cone
Qund natue2
Componets.

sO tht tho aralpg

Components demite OvOY
olesgn
urdor r
these behaveou
oladrnol agial
the must be Palol o
atentLoN
*n panticuua
magins, to parasitio
au notse
ad tmurg
holucana and capacitancog to poDpe GE temrq
 Cauie ntoonuittont
these can
Lnatentton

Such as "gliiches
vanishingy
pwblome Some ogec
puses that may Jouggg d
do not
o no9t
that
thot
ast "unt Pulses
others
hot Sultchig Cthveshotd VoLtages.
but
valld
each Combênattons e
Cunexpectee undecnlod)

Shates
logc diautal cercuuts
digtal
that draus
the hact
A Corallan the
ComponontS
om analg
macle aao 8louuer

that allgital clrcuit s .

lace Colculatms.
that aalog
porfem
Cwcut peado
HOwOVer tho digitat Colculoluen
w th
Power
Tepeatabulsty due to
amoun
Same
IAlith much
better aiira eircuity
immuntty e
the hab hoTse

C o n S t u c t t o n .

8ten constructo

digital circuut

*.A Cescuu Colad Lopc ates.

oloctDnuc
Smal
90prosents a curctLom
Hates
* Each Logc gaute is an
A
ooocn ogic
olocicoluy
contleo Suui th
0nangement

6aclor Td eluce they

gates ch sen alibly
ad CesE and únCrae
izo Power ConSumpHon
 as nigratod Crclts, thoy ae
Manuhacted
Npen sULe mptomon fation lhen
the Least
VOumes
made

They
*They e uSuay dosanod nginwrs
etectronuc dasqn tomotibn Setuoeme
usr
clrcuit s Connectool
Another om o dgital
bables Cmany sold as Pogsarmmada
rom Lookup

dlouTce,"

Theretore n Smal VOCume popducts.

COe 8en the
mogoammablo Copic deutce

popccaed 3Outiom hoy coo usuauuy dostgnood

by
by ongincoy usg eloctronLc dasgn automation

SeRLooO.
The Conenttonal Soution pmgrammable
Loqic ContouOY Dr PLC These e wscLallu4
pognammad olecrictans, usug taddar gic.

SnicHUe
Susems
Engtnaexs Lse
man methoodS to minimize

ogec Runctions, oroler to euce2 the

Qrd hus the humboor

COmplecituy
aurd pone o dgdal rcuit.
The Most utdoly uad mothd thotho appitalian
D
aa mindmixation aloeurthm Wthin aa CAD
 h stotaly t h ablos, karough
authough
hauo also boon
Mps and BoDtean aulgebea
used

To choose Tepre sentatuon, engenecrs consar

pes dgia ystems

Mast digtal SyStems divtdo rto combiraba
System ad Saquoncifel 8ystom.
ao uualy a Convertural
* "8pocialtzed COmputorS
nltth a Special punpose microprog1am.
Computo
o
dlesgn toos.
Atomatol

costly engunorin Ro much o

TO Saue
Coic machine3
the jort e olesgning tange
automatno 7he computer Pgamg
has bæn
tools ano Cculad
oloctrpnic design automaio
Sust EDA

Dosgn testabilty
Stote ¢akes a micnseCbrd
each
*f esting than he numbe
are mbre Shautes
and there
unoriunatel

mornseonds. the univeTSe bogun

cases s pm.
ths aldicuoULS Sourdurg9
AnotHer common testurg Scheme PoDvioles a
Some Ppat tho logic
modle hat
tOst
tD entor a te3t oucto the test cue
machune

usualy cOoriS2 Joogp hdopordlanE POet

machin.
 trade OfIs

Fos xamples eome g hornuorS NAND Gtas

the Smplost gao to bultd
lagctal
.The Yellabuldly a Loge gato
geuto dosori bo its ro
tue betuwaon chalune (MTBE)
Mocem eloctonc algitce LDgLc aountinoly
Sultches at uue gigahortz (bxo hanEz). laboctory syslarn
keaherbz (Ixto hest)
lon eloctnc gic

. I S possible o constnuct hon sloctavnuc digital

mochanism S In pincipe any echno8H Copauhlo 8
presordeg wgic opprations.
JD dcroto bne sLpnal2 thot
ane digitid or to the cuauo-pom
Signals n a digual
Syseem.
¥. Lgc vOltaae LoueLS.
N
Tulo States a ua ao
ugualy aaprantday
Some maasuUbeMoNNtt o loctnc CLODenN
Noltoge S the most commo, but Cunent is usS0d
Noltoge
8Ome Raumilios
A threshold
dostanoc ROY each gc famdy
that hreshotd the cuLbeis CDw 0hen aboue high
Hou0uc u UDaLc circuîts an dotoct Such a
Bauue ard most JusE choose
untespet he 6tgnal ardomy as tho
ao O a .