Section 1: Punctuation

These are the frequently asked questions about punctuation

marks in Cambridge checkpoint exams
Dash:
The dash is used to show a sudden break in thought, to add emphasis, or to add extra
information. It creates a dramatic pause and highlights additional details.

Example: "I ran to the door — my heart was pounding — as the storm began."

Semicolon:
The semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses without using a conjunction. It
indicates a pause that is stronger than a comma but weaker than a full stop, helping to link ideas
or link two sentences together.

Example: "The sun was setting; the sky turned a brilliant shade of orange."

Colon:
A colon is used to introduce a list, quotation, or explanation. It signals that what follows is
directly related to the clause before it.

Example: "She brought three things to the picnic: sandwiches, fruit, and lemonade."

Ellipsis:
The ellipsis (three dots) indicates a pause, a trailing off of thought, or that some text has been
omitted (removed). It creates a sense of hesitation or continuity.

Example: "I was going to tell him the secret, but then... I changed my mind."

Parentheses:
Parentheses enclose additional information or clarifications that are not essential to the main
point. They add extra detail without breaking the flow of the sentence.

Example: "The museum (which opened last year) has become very popular among visitors."
Section 2: Reading
Fiction Passage 1: The Mysterious Door
Deep in the heart of the old city stood an ancient library—a place of whispered secrets and
forgotten lore. Liam, a curious twelve‐year‐old with a passion for history, visited the library
every Saturday. On a chilly autumn afternoon, as golden sunlight filtered through tall, stained‐
glass windows, Liam embarked on his usual exploration. The library, with its creaking wooden
floors and shelves laden with dusty books, sparked his imagination as much as it hinted at untold
mysteries.

As he wandered through the labyrinthine corridors, Liam noticed something unusual: a door he
had never seen before. This door, painted a deep royal blue, was tucked away in a dim corner.
Unlike the other plain and unassuming doors, this one boasted an intricate brass handle and
delicate carvings that hinted at secrets of the past. His heart quickened—was this door meant to
be found, or was it hidden on purpose? The mysterious allure was irresistible.

Approaching slowly, Liam recalled stories of hidden passages and secret rooms. He pressed his
ear against the cold, heavy wood, listening intently for any sound from the other side. The
silence was almost tangible—an invitation to step into the unknown. With a deep breath, he
reached out and grasped the handle; it was cool and smooth in his small hand. For a moment,
time seemed to freeze—the familiar hum of the library faded into the background.

Liam hesitated, his thoughts racing like wild horses. Finally, with a determined push, he swung
the door open. A gust of cool, musty air rushed out—carrying the scent of old parchment and
something unidentifiably ancient. Beyond the threshold lay a narrow, spiraling staircase
descending into darkness; a pathway that beckoned him like a siren’s call. The corridor beyond
was illuminated only by sporadic, flickering lights, and shadows danced along the stone walls.

Inside this hidden realm, the architecture was markedly different. Faded murals and cryptic
symbols adorned the walls; some parts were lined with rusty metal bars, while others were
smooth and polished, as if untouched by time. Liam’s eyes widened in wonder and trepidation.
Each careful step he took on the cold stone floor echoed in the silence. The intricate carvings
appeared to tell a story—a narrative that remained elusive.

A particular section of the wall caught his attention: a series of symbols separated by dashes (–)
and semicolons (;). These punctuation marks not only organized the symbols but seemed to serve
as clues. Liam paused, studying them closely. Were these symbols decorative, or did they form a
coded message? The complexity of the markings challenged him, and he wondered if they had
been crafted long ago for a specific purpose.

As he ventured further, the interplay of light and shadow created a surreal atmosphere. The
rhythmic breaks provided by the dashes underscored the mystery of the coded script. In that
moment, the passage itself seemed to speak, urging him to continue his journey into the depths of
history. This mysterious door had transformed a routine visit into an extraordinary adventure—
one that Liam would never forget.

Comprehension Questions for Fiction Passage 1

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What color was the mysterious door?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o Where is the library located?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “labyrinthine” mean in the context of the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “Liam, a curious twelve‐year‐old with a passion for history, visited the
library every Saturday,” why are the commas used?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “A gust of cool, musty air rushed out—carrying the scent of old
parchment and something unidentifiably ancient,” why is the dash used?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence from the text suggests that Liam was both curious and cautious?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Punctuation (Hard):
o In the sentence “A particular section of the wall caught his attention: a series of symbols
separated by dashes (–) and semicolons (;),” explain why a colon, dashes, and
semicolons are used.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
 8. Figurative Language (Hard):
o Identify and explain the figure of speech in “the passage itself seemed to speak.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How do the detailed descriptions of the door and hidden passage build the mysterious
atmosphere? Provide evidence from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Fiction Passage 2: Lost in the Forest

Deep within a sprawling forest—where sunlight barely pierced the thick canopy—Ella and her
younger brother Sam found themselves far from the familiar campsite. The forest was a world of
towering trees, winding trails, and the constant rustle of leaves in a gentle breeze. It was a realm
of beauty and mystery, where every sound and shadow might conceal untold secrets.

On that fateful afternoon, the siblings had been playing near the campsite when curiosity led
them deeper into the woods. “Let’s see what adventures await us,” Ella had exclaimed, her eyes
sparkling with excitement. But as they ventured further, the comforting sounds of the campsite
faded, replaced by an eerie silence that made the forest feel both enchanting and foreboding.

The trees, with bark rough and timeworn, loomed like ancient guardians. Sam’s unease grew as
the path became less distinct and the ground, carpeted with leaves and twigs, muffled their
footsteps. “Ella, maybe we should go back,” he whispered, his voice trembling slightly. Yet Ella,
though her heart pounded with uncertainty, reassured him with a brave smile: “Don’t worry; I
know these woods better than I let on.”

The forest was alive with subtle sounds: the distant chirp of birds, the rustle of small creatures in
the underbrush, and the occasional creak of a branch. Determined to find their way back, Ella
suggested they listen for the sound of water—a river or stream that might serve as their guide.
They paused, closed their eyes, and strained to hear a faint gurgle amidst the symphony of
nature.
After a few tense moments, the sound of flowing water grew steadily louder. “That must be the
river,” Ella whispered hopefully. Encouraged, they pushed forward, weaving through clusters of
trees and stepping over fallen logs. Along the way, Ella pointed out vibrant green ferns, moss-
covered rocks, and even the graceful curve of a twisted branch highlighted by dappled sunlight.
These observations, though meant to lift their spirits, underscored the vastness and
unpredictability of the wilderness.

At one point, a particularly twisted branch arched gracefully—its curve reminiscent of a bow.
“Look, Ella! Nature is like art,” Sam exclaimed. Their admiration was abruptly interrupted by a
sudden, sharp rustling from a nearby bush—a noise that burst forth like a whisper turned into a
shout. They froze, eyes scanning the dense foliage.

“Maybe it’s just a squirrel,” Ella suggested, though her tone betrayed a hint of uncertainty. Sam,
however, gripped her hand tightly, his eyes wide with apprehension. Notice how the author uses
dashes and commas to punctuate moments of tension and pause, mirroring the siblings’ mixed
feelings of wonder and fear.

At length, the murmur of the river became unmistakable. With hearts lightened by hope, they
quickened their pace. Gradually, the forest thinned, and the open sky reappeared overhead.
Finally, they emerged at the bank of a wide, flowing river, its waters glistening in the late
afternoon sun. Relief flooded over them as the familiar campsite came into view, promising
safety and warmth.

Comprehension Questions for Fiction Passage 2

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What natural feature do Ella and Sam use to guide them back?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o What suggestion did Sam make when he felt uneasy?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What is meant by “canopy” in the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In “The trees, with bark rough and timeworn, loomed like ancient guardians,” why are
commas used?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
 5. Figurative Language (Medium):
o Identify the simile in the passage that compares the trees to something else. What does
it imply?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence in the text shows that Ella is determined and resourceful?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Punctuation (Hard):
o In the phrase “a noise that burst forth like a whisper turned into a shout,” how does the
dash (or the change in structure) affect the description?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Inference (Hard):
o How does the description of the forest contribute to the overall mood? Provide text
evidence.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How does the author’s use of punctuation (commas, dashes) enhance the reader’s
understanding of the siblings’ emotional journey? Provide specific examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Fiction Passage 3: The Hidden Message

On a quiet summer afternoon, Jake was rummaging through the attic of his grandparents’ old
farmhouse—a treasure trove of memories, dusty relics, and secrets. The attic overflowed with
faded photographs, antique furniture, and boxes filled with letters from a bygone era. Amid the
clutter, Jake discovered a peculiar parchment; its surface, yellowed with age, was covered in
intricate symbols and mysterious markings.

The parchment, slightly curled at the edges, immediately captivated Jake. He gently unfurled it
on a creaking wooden table, careful not to damage its delicate texture. His eyes traced elaborate
patterns and swirling lines that seemed to dance across the paper. The symbols were unlike any
he had seen before—they were a curious mix of letters, numbers, and shapes, separated by
dashes (–) and semicolons (;). In that moment, excitement and curiosity surged through him.
Was this a forgotten message, a coded instruction left behind by someone long ago?

Remembering the books on ancient codes he had read, Jake decided to investigate further. He
fetched his notebooks and pencils and began transcribing the symbols exactly as they appeared—
every dash and semicolon preserved. “Every detail matters,” he muttered, aware that even the
punctuation could be a vital clue.

Hours passed as Jake meticulously analyzed the parchment. He cross-referenced the symbols
with patterns in his reference books and online articles. At times, frustration set in when the
symbols refused to yield their secret. Yet, just as he was about to set the parchment aside, a
breakthrough emerged: one symbol repeated several times, followed by a semicolon, then a dash,
and another similar symbol. “This pattern must be a key,” he thought excitedly.

Gradually, connections began to form. The parchment hinted at a hidden treasure beneath the
farmhouse. When rearranged, parts of the text revealed a coherent message: “Seek the secret
room; follow the light.” His heart raced at the possibility that his grandparents had left him a map
—a clue to explore a long-forgotten part of the house.

The attic, once a repository of discarded memories, now pulsed with possibility. Every creak of
the floorboards, every ray of light slicing through the dust, seemed to whisper secrets of the past.
The punctuation marks—the dashes and semicolons—had evolved into symbols of mystery and
guidance. They punctuated the text, breaking it into pieces that, when reassembled, pointed
toward adventure.

Determined to follow the parchment’s instructions, Jake descended the narrow staircase leading
to the basement, where he suspected a secret room lay hidden. Each step was filled with
anticipation, the atmosphere charged with the promise of discovery. The old farmhouse, with its
creaking floors and dim lighting, was the perfect setting for an adventure that blurred the
boundaries between past and present.

At the basement’s threshold, Jake paused. With trembling hands, he pushed open a heavy
wooden door to reveal a room filled with relics, old maps, and mysterious artifacts. The hidden
message had led him here, and in that moment, he understood that the secrets of the past were
waiting to be uncovered by those brave enough to look.
Comprehension Questions for Fiction Passage 3

1. Scanning (Easy):
o Where did Jake find the peculiar parchment?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o Which punctuation marks are highlighted as clues in the coded message?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “meticulously” suggest about Jake’s approach?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “Every detail matters,” why are quotation marks used around the
phrase?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o Why does the writer include dashes and semicolons in the description of the symbols?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence in the text suggests that the parchment might be linked to a hidden
treasure?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Figurative Language (Hard):

o Explain the figure of speech in “the swirling lines seemed to dance across the paper.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Inference (Hard):
o How does Jake’s persistence in decoding the message reflect his character? Provide
evidence.
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how the use of punctuation (dashes and semicolons) contributes to building the
mystery in the passage. Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Fiction Passage 4: A Strange New Friend

In the bustling town of Brookfield—where neighbors greeted one another by name—Leila faced
the challenge of starting over. Recently relocated with her family, Leila felt isolated in a sea of
unfamiliar faces and places. On her first day at Brookfield Elementary, her heart pounded with
nervous anticipation as she stepped through the grand entrance of her new school.

Inside, the corridors buzzed with the chatter of excited children and the warm welcomes of
teachers. Yet, despite the vibrant energy, Leila felt alone—a stranger in an established
community. As she walked slowly, clutching her backpack tightly, she noticed a boy sitting
quietly under a sprawling oak tree in the schoolyard. He was absorbed in his work, sketching
intently in a worn-out notebook. His pencil danced across the paper, creating intricate images
that captured moments of beauty and mystery.

Gathering her courage, Leila approached him. “That’s amazing,” she said softly, nodding toward
the sketch of a surreal landscape filled with swirling clouds, twisted trees, and a distant
mysterious figure. The boy looked up, startled by her sudden presence. His deep blue eyes
expressed both surprise and curiosity. “Thanks,” he replied in a quiet, almost whispered tone.

Taking a seat beside him, Leila added, “I love drawing too.” Her simple declaration, delivered in
clear, unadorned language, broke the initial tension. The boy introduced himself as Omar. As
they talked, Leila discovered that Omar was not only an exceptional artist but also a thoughtful
observer of life. He described how the morning light filtered through the oak tree’s leaves—
referring to the branches as “arms reaching out to embrace the sun”—a vivid figure of speech
that transformed the ordinary into something magical.
Their conversation flowed naturally, punctuated by reflective pauses (indicated by commas and
ellipses) that allowed them to absorb each other’s thoughts. They discussed art, music, and their
favorite books, gradually revealing their shared feelings of loneliness. The schoolyard, with its
scattered benches and blooming shrubs, became the canvas for a friendship that promised to
color their lives with hope.

By the day’s end, as the sun dipped low and shadows stretched across the yard, Leila realized her
isolation was fading. Omar’s gentle humor and thoughtful insights had made the intimidating
new environment seem welcoming. With a final smile and a promise to meet again, they parted
ways—Leila’s heart now buoyed by the promise of a true friend.

Comprehension Questions for Fiction Passage 4

1. Scanning (Easy):
o Where did Leila first notice Omar?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o What was Omar doing when Leila approached him?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “absorbed” imply about Omar’s attention?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “His pencil danced across the paper, creating intricate images...,” why is
the comma used?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Figurative Language (Medium):

o Explain the simile in “arms reaching out to embrace the sun.”
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence from the text indicates that Leila initially felt isolated?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Punctuation (Hard):
 o How do the commas and ellipses in the dialogue contribute to the tone of the
conversation? Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Inference (Hard):
o How does Omar’s description of the oak tree affect Leila’s feelings about her new
environment? Provide evidence.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how the author uses punctuation to mirror the transformation in Leila’s
emotions from isolation to hope. Provide specific examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Fiction Passage 5: The Race Against Time

On a bright, brisk morning, the annual town marathon was underway. The streets of the small
town buzzed with excitement as runners gathered, each fueled by months of rigorous training.
Among them was Ava—a determined, athletic girl whose every sunrise run and late-night
practice had led to this defining moment.

At the sound of the starting gun, Ava surged forward. Her feet pounded the pavement in a
rhythmic beat that matched her racing heart. In the early stages, the route was smooth. The
sidewalks brimmed with cheering supporters, and the atmosphere vibrated with encouragement.
Ava focused on her pace and the steady thump of her heart, which echoed like a drum in her
ears.

However, as the race progressed and the sun climbed higher, fatigue began to set in. Her legs
ached, and each breath became shorter and more labored. Yet, she repeated her mantra—“I must
not give up”—with determination. The internal punctuation of her thoughts—the commas,
semicolons, and dashes—mirrored the steady cadence of her heart and the intermittent pauses of
her resolve.

At a critical junction, Ava faced a steep, winding hill. The incline was nearly vertical, its surface
rugged and uneven. As she began the ascent, the world seemed to slow. Every footfall was
measured, every breath deliberate. The hill was not just a physical challenge but a symbol of
every obstacle she’d faced. On the hill, Ava noticed a group of runners at the summit, their faces
a mix of exhaustion and triumph. One runner, in particular, appeared to draw on an inner
strength that sparked something within her.

Recalling her coach’s words—“Pain is temporary, but glory lasts forever”—Ava pushed herself
harder. Despite the burning in her legs, she quickened her pace, determined to overcome the
challenge. With each step, the punctuation of her internal dialogue—short, punctuated bursts of
thought—reflected the intensity of her struggle.

As the finish line came into view, the town’s cheers grew louder and more fervent. The rhythmic
clapping, shouts of encouragement, and the steady hum of support blended into a symphony of
energy. In that moment, all her pain receded as adrenaline surged. With a final burst of energy,
Ava lunged across the finish line and collapsed onto the soft grass. Her chest heaved, and a
triumphant smile slowly spread across her face. The punctuation marks in her thoughts—the
exclamation marks at moments of triumph, the commas that offered brief pauses—underscored
the emotional highs of her victory.

In the aftermath, as the crowd swarmed around her, Ava reflected on the journey. The race was
not just a competition but a testament to perseverance—a race against time, her own limits, and
every obstacle in her path. Every comma, dash, and exclamation in her internal monologue spoke
of struggle and eventual success, leaving a memory that would last a lifetime.

Comprehension Questions for Fiction Passage 5

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What event is taking place in the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o How did Ava train for the race?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “mantra” mean in this context?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In “I must not give up,” how does the punctuation (the internal pauses implied by
commas/semicolons) contribute to the tone of Ava’s determination?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Figurative Language (Medium):

 o Identify the metaphor in “the hill was not just a physical challenge but a symbol of every
obstacle she’d faced.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence shows that Ava was inspired during the race?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Punctuation (Hard):
o How do the exclamation marks and commas in the final paragraphs enhance the
emotional impact of Ava’s victory? Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Inference (Hard):
o How does the steep hill serve as a metaphor for broader challenges in life? Provide
evidence from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss the role of varied punctuation (commas, semicolons, dashes, exclamation
marks) in controlling the narrative’s pace and tone. Provide specific examples from the
text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Non-Fiction Passage 1: The History of Chocolate

Chocolate, as we know it today, has a rich history that spans thousands of years. Its story begins
in ancient Mesoamerica, where the Mayans and Aztecs first discovered the magical properties of
the cocoa bean. For these civilizations, cocoa was not merely a foodstuff; it was revered as a
sacred gift from the gods. The Mayans consumed cocoa as a bitter, frothy beverage mixed with
spices like chili and vanilla. Unlike the sweet chocolate we enjoy now, their drink was complex
in flavor and reserved for ceremonies and rituals.
Cocoa cultivation was central to Mayan society. They planted cocoa trees in sacred gardens and
developed intricate methods to ferment and dry the beans—a process that was as much ritualistic
as it was practical. The Aztecs, later inheritors of this tradition, held cocoa in high esteem; so
valuable were the beans that they were used as currency and offered as tributes to honor
distinguished individuals.

The arrival of European explorers in the 16th century transformed chocolate forever. Spanish
conquistadors, intrigued by the mysterious beverage, brought cocoa beans back to Europe.
However, Europeans found the bitter taste unappealing. To adapt it to their palates, they began
adding sugar, milk, and other ingredients, transforming it into the creamy, sweet chocolate
familiar today. This new version quickly became a luxury item, enjoyed in royal courts and
lavish banquets.

As chocolate spread across Europe, new methods of production emerged. Innovators refined
techniques for fermenting, roasting, and grinding cocoa, steadily improving its texture and
flavor. The Industrial Revolution further revolutionized production; factories began mass‐
producing chocolate bars and confections. By the 19th century, chocolate was not only a luxury
for the elite but a household staple in many parts of Europe and America.

Today, chocolate is a global delight available in myriad forms—from bars and beverages to
desserts and even savory dishes. The modern chocolate industry is a multi‐billion dollar
enterprise, with cocoa cultivated in tropical regions such as West Africa, South America, and
Southeast Asia. However, chocolate production also poses significant challenges. Issues of fair
trade, sustainable farming, and ethical sourcing have become vital, as consumers increasingly
demand environmentally and socially responsible practices.

The evolution of chocolate—from a sacred beverage to a modern delicacy—illustrates how

cultural exchange and innovation can transform traditions. Every bite of chocolate not only
offers a rich, complex flavor but also connects us to a legacy that spans continents and centuries.

Comprehension Questions for Non-Fiction Passage 1

1. Scanning (Easy):
o Which ancient civilizations first used cocoa?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o How did the Mayans consume cocoa?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “revered” mean in this context?
………………………………………………………………………………………
 4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “Unlike the sweet chocolate we enjoy now, their drink was complex in
flavor and reserved for ceremonies,” why is the comma used after “now”?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o Explain the effect of the dash in “Chocolate—a global delight—comes in myriad forms.”
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence suggests that European modifications transformed chocolate’s taste?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Inference (Hard):
o How did the Industrial Revolution impact chocolate production? Provide evidence.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how the evolution of chocolate reflects cultural exchange, citing specific
examples from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How do punctuation marks (commas, dashes) help clarify complex information in this
passage? Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Non-Fiction Passage 2: How Bees Help the Environment

Bees are among nature’s most essential workers, playing a vital role in sustaining our
environment. Beyond producing honey, bees are indispensable pollinators that ensure the
reproduction of countless plant species. As they buzz from flower to flower, they collect nectar
and, in the process, transfer pollen—a critical function that fertilizes plants so they can produce
fruits, vegetables, and seeds. This process, known as pollination, is the cornerstone of
agricultural success and ecological balance.

Pollination is essential not only for wild flora but also for many of the crops that form the basis
of human diets. Apples, almonds, blueberries, and tomatoes—all depend on bees. Studies have
shown that crops pollinated by bees yield significantly more produce in both quantity and quality
compared to those that are not. Farmers worldwide have witnessed the stark difference a thriving
bee population can make.

Yet, bees face severe challenges. Habitat loss, the widespread use of pesticides, climate change,
and diseases have all contributed to a dramatic decline in bee populations. The loss of natural
habitats such as wildflower meadows and hedgerows leaves bees with fewer places to forage.
Meanwhile, pesticides—intended to protect crops—often poison bees and disrupt their delicate
ecosystems. Climate change further compounds the issue by altering the timing of flower
blooming and reducing the availability of food during critical periods.

Recognizing their pivotal role, scientists, farmers, and environmental organizations have united
to implement measures that protect bees. One strategy is to create and preserve habitats rich in
flowering plants, ensuring a continuous supply of nectar throughout the season. Many farmers
now employ integrated pest management techniques to minimize the use of harmful chemicals.
Governments in various regions have even introduced regulations aimed at reducing pesticide
use.

Beyond agriculture, bees contribute to the broader health of natural ecosystems. Their pollination
activities support wild plants that, in turn, create habitats for other wildlife. This interdependence
illustrates that the survival of bees is inextricably linked to the overall health of the planet.
Modern beekeeping has also evolved, focusing on sustainable practices that shield colonies from
disease and environmental hazards. Educational campaigns and community initiatives further
raise awareness, encouraging people to plant bee-friendly gardens and reduce pesticide use at
home.

In conclusion, bees are indispensable to both the environment and the economy. They not only
boost agricultural productivity but also help maintain the natural balance of ecosystems. As
technological advancements and public awareness continue to grow, it is imperative that we
support sustainable practices that allow bee populations to thrive.

Comprehension Questions for Non-Fiction Passage 2

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What vital role do bees play in the environment?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
 o Name two crops that depend on bees for pollination.
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “indispensable” mean in this context?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the list “apples, almonds, blueberries, and tomatoes,” why are commas used?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o How do commas in the sentence “Recognizing their pivotal role, scientists, farmers, and
environmental organizations have united…” contribute to clarity?
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence suggests that the decline in bee populations can affect human food
production?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Inference (Hard):
o How do pesticides harm bees? Provide evidence from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how the interdependent relationship between bees and wild plants is explained.
Provide examples from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How does the passage use punctuation to clarify the multiple factors contributing to bee
decline? Provide specific examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Non-Fiction Passage 3: The Science of Volcanoes
Volcanoes are among Earth’s most powerful and awe-inspiring natural phenomena. A volcano is
essentially a rupture in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock, ash, and gases escape. The
study of volcanoes—volcanology—reveals a complex interplay of geological forces that
continuously shape the planet’s landscape and influence global climate.

There are three primary types of volcanoes: active, dormant, and extinct. Active volcanoes are
those that are currently erupting or have erupted recently; they exhibit signs of ongoing activity
such as seismic tremors and gas emissions. Dormant volcanoes, although quiet at present, have
the potential to erupt again in the future. Extinct volcanoes, in contrast, have not erupted for tens
of thousands of years and are unlikely to become active. These classifications enable scientists to
assess volcanic risks and predict future behavior.

The processes leading to volcanic eruptions are complex. They involve the movement of tectonic
plates—massive slabs of the Earth’s lithosphere that float atop the semi-fluid asthenosphere.
When these plates collide or pull apart, magma from deep within the Earth can rise to the
surface. Once it reaches the surface, this molten rock is known as lava. The chemical
composition of lava, its flow rate, and its gas content vary, resulting in different eruption styles.
Some eruptions are explosive, hurling ash and gases high into the atmosphere; others are
effusive, with lava flowing steadily from the vent.

Volcanic eruptions have profound environmental impacts. They can reshape landscapes by
creating new landforms such as islands and mountains, or by altering river courses and valleys.
Volcanic ash, for example, can blanket vast regions and even affect the climate by reducing the
amount of sunlight reaching Earth’s surface. The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 is a
striking example—it resulted in the “Year Without a Summer” in 1816 due to the vast amounts
of ash spread through the atmosphere.

Modern technology has greatly advanced the field of volcanology. Instruments like
seismographs, gas sensors, and satellite imagery allow scientists to monitor volcanoes and detect
early warning signs of eruption. Despite these advances, accurately predicting the exact timing
and magnitude of eruptions remains a significant challenge.

Beyond posing risks, volcanoes offer valuable insights into Earth’s inner workings. The minerals
and gases released during eruptions provide clues about the processes deep within the planet and
help geologists understand continental formation and Earth’s dynamic interior. Additionally,
volcanic soils are among the most fertile on Earth, supporting robust agriculture, and volcanic
areas are often harnessed for geothermal energy.

In summary, the study of volcanoes reveals both their destructive power and their constructive
benefits. Punctuation—such as semicolons in sentences like “Active volcanoes are those that are
currently erupting; they exhibit signs of ongoing activity”—helps clarify complex scientific
ideas. Volcanoes, with their mixture of danger and potential, remind us of Earth’s dynamic
nature and the delicate balance between destruction and creation.

Comprehension Questions for Non-Fiction Passage 3

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What is the study of volcanoes called?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o Name the three primary types of volcanoes.
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “effusive” mean in the context of volcanic eruptions?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In “Active volcanoes are those that are currently erupting; they exhibit signs of ongoing
activity,” why is a semicolon used?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o How do commas function in lists such as “ash, and gases” in the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence suggests that volcanic eruptions can affect the global climate?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Inference (Hard):
o How do tectonic plate movements contribute to volcanic eruptions? Provide evidence
from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how punctuation (such as semicolons and commas) helps convey complex
scientific information in this passage. Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How does the passage balance the description of the dangers of volcanoes with their
benefits? Provide examples from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Non-Fiction Passage 4: The Invention of the Telephone

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell revolutionized communication by inventing the telephone.
Before this groundbreaking invention, long-distance communication relied on written letters and
telegrams—methods that could take days or weeks to deliver a message. Bell’s telephone
changed all that by allowing people to speak with each other instantly over great distances.

Bell’s journey was filled with challenges and setbacks. Fascinated by the idea of transmitting
sound electronically, he conducted numerous experiments to convert sound waves into electrical
signals. Many in the scientific community were skeptical, doubting that human voices could be
carried over wires. Yet, through persistent trial and error, Bell and his colleagues developed a
device that captured a person’s voice, transformed it into an electrical signal, and then
reconverted it into audible sound at a remote location. The first words spoken over the telephone
—“Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you”—marked the beginning of a new era in
communication.

Following this invention, telephone lines quickly spread across Europe and North America.
Cities were linked, and eventually entire countries were connected by networks of telephone
wires. The telephone became a symbol of modernity, transforming business, government, and
personal relationships. Over time, technology advanced—from bulky, manual switchboard
systems to compact, digital devices. Each improvement built on Bell’s original concept,
expanding the telephone’s reach and capabilities.

The impact of the telephone on society is immeasurable. It bridged distances, enabled real-time
conversation, and paved the way for later innovations like the internet and mobile
communications. Modern smartphones, which integrate voice, text, and video communication,
are the direct descendants of Bell’s invention. Today, the legacy of the telephone is evident in
nearly every aspect of modern life.

Throughout the passage, punctuation plays an important role. In the sentence “His experiments
involved converting sound waves into electrical signals—a concept that, at the time, seemed
almost magical,” the dash is used to emphasize the extraordinary nature of his work. Commas
are used in lists and to set off introductory phrases, helping to clarify complex ideas.
In conclusion, the invention of the telephone stands as a landmark achievement that transformed
society. It not only revolutionized the way people communicate but also set the stage for the
digital age. Bell’s work is a testament to the power of innovation and the courage to challenge
conventional wisdom.

Comprehension Questions for Non-Fiction Passage 4

1. Scanning (Easy):
o In what year was the telephone invented?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o What forms of communication were common before the telephone?
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “revolutionized” mean in this context?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the sentence “His experiments involved converting sound waves into electrical signals
—a concept that, at the time, seemed almost magical,” why is the dash used?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o Why are commas used in the sentence listing the evolution of telephone technology?
………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence suggests that Bell faced skepticism during his experiments?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Inference (Hard):
o How did Bell’s persistence help him overcome challenges? Provide evidence from the
text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Analysis (Hard):
o How does the evolution of telephone technology reflect continuous innovation? Provide
examples from the text.
 ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o Explain how punctuation helps present the timeline and complex details of the
telephone’s development. Provide specific examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Non-Fiction Passage 5: The Importance of Recycling

Recycling is a critical process in today’s society that transforms waste into new, usable products.
It not only conserves natural resources but also reduces pollution and saves energy. At its core,
recycling involves collecting materials like paper, plastic, and glass, processing them, and
remaking them into products, thus reducing the need for new raw materials and minimizing
waste in landfills.

The benefits of recycling extend beyond environmental protection. Economically, recycling

creates jobs in waste management, processing, and manufacturing. Recycling facilities employ
thousands of people, and using recycled materials often lowers production costs. This, in turn,
contributes to a more sustainable economy by reducing energy consumption and resource
extraction.

One of the primary advantages of recycling is its impact on pollution reduction. When waste is
not recycled, it often ends up in landfills or is incinerated, releasing harmful chemicals and
greenhouse gases. For example, recycling paper reduces the need to cut down trees and decreases
the water and energy required in the production process. Similarly, recycling plastic helps to
reduce reliance on fossil fuels, since producing new plastic from raw materials is highly energy-
intensive.

Recycling also plays a vital role in conserving finite natural resources. Minerals, oil, and natural
gas are limited, and by reusing materials, we lessen the demand for extracting new raw materials.
This reduction in extraction helps to preserve ecosystems and reduce habitat destruction. The
interconnectedness of recycling and resource conservation underscores the importance of
sustainable practices in our everyday lives.

Public awareness of recycling has grown substantially in recent years. Governments and
environmental organizations have launched campaigns to educate citizens on proper recycling
methods. Many communities now provide separate bins for different materials, and recycling
programs have become an integral part of municipal services. Advances in recycling technology
have improved the efficiency of material recovery, allowing for a higher percentage of waste to
be converted into new products.

Punctuation plays a crucial role in clearly conveying technical details about recycling. In lists
such as “paper, plastic, and glass,” commas separate the items to avoid confusion. Dashes and
colons are also used in technical documents to introduce definitions or to break down detailed
steps in the recycling process, ensuring the information is accurate and easy to understand.

Despite the many benefits, recycling faces challenges—one of the most significant being
contamination. When non-recyclable items are mixed with recyclables, entire batches may be
rejected, negating the environmental benefits. Additionally, fluctuations in the global recycling
market, including demand and pricing, can affect the viability of recycling programs.
Nonetheless, ongoing research and policy initiatives continue to address these issues, promoting
more efficient and sustainable recycling systems.

In conclusion, recycling is not only an environmental responsibility but also a key component of
a sustainable economy. It reduces pollution, conserves natural resources, and creates economic
opportunities. As technology and public awareness advance, recycling will hopefully become an
even more integral part of our daily lives—paving the way for a cleaner, greener planet.

Comprehension Questions for Non-Fiction Passage 5

1. Scanning (Easy):
o What is the main purpose of recycling as described in the passage?
………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Retrieval (Easy):
o Name three materials mentioned that are recycled.
………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Vocabulary (Easy):
o What does “finite” mean in the context of natural resources?
………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Punctuation (Medium):
o In the list “paper, plastic, and glass,” why are commas used?
………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Punctuation (Medium):
o How do dashes and colons in technical recycling documents help communicate
information?
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Inference (Medium):
o What evidence suggests that recycling benefits both the environment and the
economy?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Inference (Hard):
o How might contamination of recyclables affect the recycling process? Provide evidence
from the text.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

8. Analysis (Hard):
o Discuss how punctuation in the passage aids in presenting complex information about
recycling. Provide examples.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

9. Analysis (Hard):
o How does the author balance the discussion of recycling’s benefits with its challenges?
Provide text evidence.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………