CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

• Chemical reactions are the processes in which new substances with new properties are formed.
• During a chemical reaction, atoms of one element do not change into those of another element. Only
a rearrangement of atoms takes place in a chemical reaction.
i. The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
ii. The new substances produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products.
Example:
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium oxide
• Characteristics of chemical reactions
1. Evolution of gas
2. Formation of a precipitate
3. Change in colour
4. Change in temperature
5. Change in taste
• Types of chemical reactions
1. Combination reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
3. Displacement reactions
4. Double displacement reactions
5. Oxidation and Reduction reactions
Combination reactions
• Those reactions in which two or more substances combine to form a single substance, are called
combination reactions.
• In combination reaction, two or more elements can combine to form a compound, two or more
compounds can combine to form a new compound; or an element and a compound can combine to
form a new compound.
Examples
 Magnesium and oxygen combine, when heated, to form magnesium oxide:
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
 Hydrogen burns in oxygen to from water:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
 Calcium oxide (lime/quicklime) reacts vigorously with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked
lime).
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
 Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to form ammonium chloride.
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
 Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
 Sulphur dioxide reacts with oxygen to produce sulphur trioxide.
2SO + O2 → 2SO3
Decomposition Reaction
• Those reactions in which a compound splits up into two or more simpler substances are known an
decomposition reaction.
• A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of a combination reaction.
 • Example: When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon
dioxide.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
• Types of decomposition reactions
1. Thermal decomposition
2. Electrolysis
3. Photolysis
Displacement reaction
• Those reactions in which one element takes the place of another element in a compound, are known
as displacement reactions.
• In general, a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.

Examples
1. When a strip of zinc metal is placed in copper sulphate solution, then zinc sulphate solution and
copper are obtained
CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
2. Magnesium metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2
Double displacement reaction
• Those reactions in which two compounds react by an exchange of ions to form two new compounds
are called double displacement reactions.
• A double displacement usually occurs in solution and one of the products, being insoluble,
precipitates outs.

Examples
• When silver nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution, then a white precipitate of silver
chloride is formed along with sodium nitrate solution.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
• If barium chloride solution is added to copper sulphate solution, then white precipitate of barium
sulphate is produced along with copper chloride solution.
BaCl2(aq) +CuSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + CuCl2(aq)
• The reactions between acids and bases to form slats and water are also double displacement
reactions.
For example, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react to form sodium chloride and water.
 NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Oxidation and reduction reactions

Oxidation reaction:
• The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation.
• The removal of hydrogen from a substance is called oxidation.
• The addition of non-metallic element is called oxidation.
Reduction reaction:
• The addition of hydrogen to a substance is called reduction.
• The removal of oxygen from a substance is called reduction.
• The addition of metallic element is called reduction.
Oxidising agent:
• The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an oxidizing agent.
• The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an oxidizing agent.
• The substance which gets reduced is the oxidizing agent.
Reducing agent:
• The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a reducing agent.
• The substance which removes oxygen is called a reducing agent.
• The substance which gets oxidized is the reducing agent.

• CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

Substance oxidized: H2
Substance reduced: CuO
Oxidizing agent: CuO
Reducing agent: H2

• H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl

Substance oxidized: H2S

Substance reduced : Cl2
Oxidising agent: Cl2
Reducing agent: H2S
 • ZnO + C Zn + CO

Substance oxidized: C
Substance reduced: ZnO
Oxidising agent: ZnO
Reducing agent: C

• MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

Substance oxidized: HCl

Substance reduced: MnO2
Oxidising agent: MnO2
Reducing agent: HCl

Effects of oxidation reactions

I. Corrosion of metals
• Corrosion is the process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture or a
chemical (such as an acid) on their surface.
• Rusting of iron metal is the most common form of corrosion.
4Fe + 3O2 + 2xH2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O
• Rusting of iron is a redox reaction.
II. Rancidity of food
• The condition produced by aerial oxidation of fats and oils in foods marked by unpleasant smell and
taste is called rancidity.
• The development of rancidity of food can be prevented or retarted in the following ways.
 By adding anti-oxidants to food containing fats and oils.
 By packaging fat and oil containing foods in nitrogen air.
 By storing food in air-tight containers.
 By storing foods away from light.
 WORKSHEET
I. Multiple Choice Questions.
1. Which of the following does not involve a chemical reaction?
a. digestion of food in our body b. process of respiration
c. burning of candle wax when heated d. melting of candle wax on heating
2. You are given the solution of lead nitrate. In order to obtain a yellow precipitate, you should mix
with it a solution of;
a. potassium chloride b. potassium nitride c. potassium sulphide d. potassium iodide
3. The chemical reaction between quicklime and water is characterised by;
a. evolution of hydrogen gas b. formation of slaked lime precipitate
c. change in temperature of mixture d. change in colour of the product
4. A student notices that new hammer made of iron is shiny while an old one kept in the tool box has a
reddish brown deposit over it. What does the change in colour of hammer indicate?
a. Effect of moisture on metals b. Iron hammer turns brown after sometime
c. Effects of keeping in a box for longer duration d. Iron changes colour when kept with other
tools
5. A student notices her jewellery turned dull and had grey black film over it after wearing for a few
months. What results in the change in its colour?
a. Dust deposit over the jewellery which changes its colour.
b. The jewellery comes in contact with air, moisture, acids and corrodes.
c. The polish over the jewellery was removed after wearing for few months.
d. Silver breaks due to wear and tear and turns its colour change due to rusting.
6. In the reaction MnO2 + 4HCl → 2MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2, the oxidizing agent is
a. MnO2 b. HCl c. MnCl2 d. Cl2
7. In the reaction of iron with copper sulphate solution: CuSO 4 + Fe → Cu + FeSO4, which option in the
given able correctly represents the substance oxidized and the reducing agent.
Option Substance oxidized Reducing agent
a Fe Fe
b Fe FeSO4
c Cu Fe
d CuSO4 Fe
8. In which of the following chemical equations, the abbreviations represent the correct states of the
reactants and products?
a. 2H2(l) + O2(l) → 2H2O(g) b. 2H2(g) + O2(l) → 2H2O(l)
c. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) d. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
 9. The removal of oxygen from a substance is called:
a. oxidation b. corrosion c. reduction d. rancidiy
10. Which of the following can be decomposed by the action of light?
a. NaCl b. KCl c. AgCl d. CuCl
II. Answer the following.
1. Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions and identify the type of reaction in
each case.
i. Thermite reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron and
aluminium oxide
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. Magnesium ribbon is burnt in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas to form solid magnesium nitride.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. Chlorine gas is passed in an aqueous potassium iodide solution to form potassium chloride
solution and solid iodine.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iv. Ethanol is burnt in air to form carbon dioxide, water and releases heat.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
v. Iron oxide on heating with carbon monoxide reacts to form solid iron and liberates carbon
dioxide gas.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
vi. Hydrogen sulphide gas reacts with oxygen gas to form solid sulphur and liquid water.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the reducing agent in the following reactions.
i. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O ___________________
ii. H2O + Fe → HF + HOF ___________________
iii. Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2 ___________________
iv. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ___________________
3. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction in each case.
i. Potassium bromide(aq) + Barium iodide(aq) → Potassium iodide(aq) + Barium bromide(s)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. Zinc carbonate(s) → Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. Hydrogen(g) + Chlorine(g) → Hydrogen chloride(g)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iv. Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq) → Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Read the Assertion and Reason statements carefully and choose the correct answer.
 a. Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
b. The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
c. Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d. The statement of the assertion is false but the reason is true.
i. Assertion: Burning of Natural gas is an endothermic process.
Reason: Methane gas combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. ________
ii. Assertion: AgBr is used on photographic and X-ray film.
Reason: AgBr is photosensitive and changes to Ag and Bromine in present of sunlight and
undergoes decomposition reaction. ________
iii. Assertion: Magnesium ribbon keeps on burning in atmosphere of nitrogen.
Reason: Magnesium reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium nitrides and this reaction is
combination reaction. ________
iv. Assertion: Zinc reacts with sulphuric acid to form zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas and it is
displacement reaction.
Reason: Zinc reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide. ________
v. Assertion: A lead nitrate on thermal decomposition give lead oxide, brown coloured nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen gas.
Reason: Lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to form yellow ppt of lead iodide and the
reaction is double displacement as well as precipitation reaction. ________
vi. Assertion: A reaction in which a substance is decomposed into two or more simpler products
is known as decomposition reaction.
Reason: The decomposition of a substance is impossible without supplying energy.
________
vii. Assertion: After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on the walls is obtained after
two to three days.
Reason: Calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium hydrogen carbonate
which gives shiny finish.
________
viii. Assertion: A reaction in which a substance is decomposed into two or more substances in
known as decomposition reaction.
Reason: The decomposition of a substance is impossible without supplying energy.
________
ix. Assertion: Combustion reaction is also called exothermic oxidation reaction.
Reason: In a combustion reaction oxygen is added and heat is released. ________
x. Assertion: Silver bromide decomposition is used in black and white photography.
Reason: Light provides energy for this exothermic reaction. ________

5. Balance the following chemical equations and identify the type of chemical reaction.
i. Mg + Cl2 → MgCl2
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. HgO → Hg + O2
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. Na + S → Na2S
 ___________________________________________________________________________
iv. TiCl4 + Mg → Ti + MgCl2
___________________________________________________________________________
v. CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3
___________________________________________________________________________

ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

I. Multiple Choice Questions.

1. Which fruit is basic in nature?
a. Apples b. Strawberries c. Oranges d. Banana
2. Which of the following will be present in dilute aqueous solution of sulphuric acid?
a. H3O+ + SO42- b. H3O+ + OH- c. OH- + SO42- d. H3O+ + SO2
3. A student learns that plants grow when the pH of the soil is slightly acidic. Which range of pH is
most suited for plant growth?
a. 1 – 3 b. 5.5 – 7 c. 7 – 9 d. 11 – 14
4. How will you protect yourself from the heat generated while diluting a concentrated acid?
a. By adding acid to water with constant stirring.
b. By adding water to acid with constant sitting.
c. By adding water to acid followed by base.
d. By adding base to acid with constant stirring.
5. Which of the following oxide(s) is/are soluble in water to form alkalis?
(i) Na2O (ii) SO2 (iii) K2O (iv) NO2
a. (i) and (iii) b. (i) only c. (ii) and (iv) d. (iii) only
6. Study the diagram given below and identify the gas formed in the reaction.
a. carbon dioxide which extinguishes the burning candle.
b. oxygen due to which the candle burns more brightly.
c. sulphur dioxide which produces a suffocating smell.
d. hydrogen which while burning produces a popping sound.
7. Select from the following the statement which is true for bases.
a. bases are bitter and turn blue litmus red.
b. bases have a pH less than 7.
c. Bases are sour and change red litmus to blue.
d. Bases turn pink when a drop of phenolphthalein is added to them.
8. An aqueous solution with pH = 1 is
a. strongly acidic b. strongly basic c. neutral d. weakly acidic
9. NaHCO3 is formed by reaction of
a. NaOH + H2CO3 b. NaCl + H2CO3 c. Na2CO3 + HCl d. NaOH + Na2CO3
10. Ag2S reacts with H2SO4 to form
a. AgSO4 b. Ag2SO4 + H2S c. Ag2O + H2S d. AgOH + H2S
11. Dry slaked lime reacts with Cl2 gas to form
a. CaCl2 b. CaOCl2 c. Ca(OH)2 d. CaO
12. Which of the following salts do not have the water of crystallisation?
(i) Bleaching powder (ii) Plaster of Paris (iii) Washing soda (iv) Baking soda
a. (ii) and (iv) b. (i) and (iii) c. (ii) and (iii) d. (i) and (iv)
13. Two salts X and Y are dissolved in water separately. When phenolphthalein is added to these two
solutions, the solution X turns pink and the solution Y does not show any change in colour, therefore
X and Y respectively are
a. Na2CO3, NH4Cl b. Na2SO4, NaHCO3 c. NH4Cl, Na2SO4 d. NaNO3, Na2SO4
14. NaOH is obtained by electrolysis of
 a. Aq. Solution of NaCl b. Aq. Na2CO3 c. Aq. NaHCO3 d. Molten NaCl
15. Baking soda is a mixture of:
a. sodium carbonate and acetic acid
b. sodium carbonate and tartaric acid
c. sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid
d. sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid

II. Answer the following questions.

1. i. Why does bleaching powder act as bleaching agent?
ii. Write chemical equation representing the action of CO 2 present in atmosphere on bleaching
powder left in open.
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. The pH of a salt used to tasty and crispy pakoras is 8.4. Identify the salt and write a chemical
equation for its formation.
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. To prepare a salad dressing, Parag adds a solution of sodium chloride in distilled water to vinegar.
State what change will occur in the following?
i. the pH of the vinegar ii. the acidity of the vinegar 2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the following with chemical equation.
i. magnesium ribbon ii. crushed egg shell 2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. A clear solution of slaked lime is made by dissolving Ca(OH) 2 in an excess of water. This solution is
left exposed to air. The solution slowly goes milky as a faint white precipitate forms. Explain why a
faint white precipitate forms, support your response with the help of a chemical equation. 2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
6. Give reason for the following statements. 5
i. Tap water conducts electricity whereas distilled water does not.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
ii. Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue litmus red whereas dilute hydrochloric acid does.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
iii. During summer season, a milk man usually adds a very small amount off baking soda to fresh
milk.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
iv. For a dilution of acid, acid is added into water and not water into acid.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
v. Ammonia is a base but does not contain hydroxyl group.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. i. Mention the pH of aqueous solution of the following salts as 7, more than 7, and less than 7.
NH4Cl, NaNO3
ii. Two solution A and B have pH value 3.0 and 10.5 respectively. Which of these will turn
a. blue litmus solution red b. Phenolphthalein from colourless to pink.
Justify your answer in each case. 3
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
8. Consider the following salts – (a) YCl (ii) NH4X (iii) ZCO3
i. What would be pH of salt solution of YCl if Y is Na? 3
_________________________________________________________________________________
ii. If salt NH4X, X is nitrate, then the solution will give what colour with universal indicator and
why?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
iii. What will be change in colour in blue litmus solution if ZCO3 is added to it and Z is potassium?
_________________________________________________________________________________
9. Read the Assertion and Reason statements carefully and choose the correct answer.
a. Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
 b. The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
c. Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d. The statement of the assertion is false but the reason is true.
i. Assertion: Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as an ingredient in antacids.
Reason: NaHCO3 is a mild non-corrosive basic salt. ________
ii. Assertion: Carbonic acid is weak acid.
Reason: It ionises completely in aqueous solution. ________
iii. Assertion: Copper sulphate is acidic salt.
Reason: It is a salt of weak base [Cu(OH)2] and strong acid (H2SO4). ________
iv. Assertion: Ammonium hydroxide is weak base
Reason: Phenolphthalein becomes pink in NH4OH ________

v. Assertion: Bleaching powder liberate chlorine when kept in atmosphere. ________

Reason: CaOCl2 reacts with CO2 present in atmosphere to form CaCO3 and chlorine gas.
vi. Assertion: Universal indicator gives green colour with distilled water.
Reason: pH of distilled water is 7 and it is neutral and universal indicator gives green colour
with neutral solution. ________
vii. Assertion: The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not show acidic character.
Reason: Aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol do not give H+ ions. ________
viii. Assertion: After white washing the walls, a shiny white finish on walls is obtained after two
or three days.
Reason: Calcium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium hydrogen carbonate
which gives shiny white finish.
________
ix. Assertion: Ferrous sulphate is acidic salt.
Reason: It is a salt of weak base Fe(OH)2 and strong acid (H2SO4). ________
x. Assertion: Salts are formed by reaction of acid and base
Reason: Salts may be acidic, basic or neutral ________
xi. Assertion: Baking powder is used for making cake instead of baking soda.
Reason: Baking powder contains tartaric acid which reacts with Na 2CO3 and remove bitter
taste. ________
xii. Assertion: Pure water is neither acidic nor basic.
Reason: The pH of solution is inversely proportional to conc. of [H3O]+ ________
Assertion: A gas is produced when conc. H2SO4 is added to NaCl in a test tube. The gas is
passed over dry blue litmus paper, it changed to red. ________
Reason: Blue colour of dry litmus paper does not change to red.
xiii. Assertion: A white coloured powder is used by doctors for supporting fractured bone. It is
plaster of Paris.
Reason: It is gypsum. ________
xiv. Assertion: It is advised while diluting an acid, one should add water to acid, not acid to water
keeping the solution continuously stirred.
Reason: The process of dissolving an acid into water is highly exothermic. ________
10. Answer the following questions. 3
i. For the preparation of cakes, baking powder is used. If at home your mother uses baking soda
instead of baking powder, how will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ii. How is baking soda be converted into baking powder?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
iii. What makes the cake soft and spongy?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

METALS AND NON-METALS

I. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. The number of valence electrons in outermost shell of the atom of a non-metal
a. 1, 2, or 3 b. 3, 4, or 5 c. 5, 6, or 7 d. 5, 6 or 8
2. The image shows an incomplete chemical equation of the reaction between iron and oxygen. Which
option shows the products formed during the reaction?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → ___________
a. 4Fe(s) b. 12FeO(s) c. 3Fe4O2(s) d. 2Fe2O3(s)
3. Which option classifies the substance based on their physical properties?
Lustrous Good conductor of electricity Malleable Bad conductor of electricity
a. Graphite and Ag Copper Iron Rubber
b. Copper Rubber Iron Graphite and Silver
c. Copper Graphite and Silver Iron Rubber
d. Copper Graphite and Silver Rubber Iron
4. A student writes two incomplete chemical reactions.
X – P4(s) + 5O2 →
Y – 2Mg(s) + O2 →
Which option completes the reaction to form a balanced chemical equation?
a. X – P5O4(s), Y – MgO(s) b. X – 4PO4(s), Y – MgO(s)
c. X – P5O4(s), Y – MgO(s) d. X – P5O4(s), Y – MgO(s)
5. A student adds and equal amount of CuSO4 in two beakers. He adds zinc in the beaker P and silver in
beaker Q. The student observes that the colour of the solution in beaker P changes while no change is
observed in beaker Q. which option arranges metals in correct increasing order of reactivity?
a. Ag < Zn < Cu b. Ag < Zn < Cu c. Ag < Zn < Cu d. Ag < Zn < Cu
6. A student learns that Na and Mg react with Cl 2 to form NaCl and MgCl2. The melting point of NaCl
is 1074 K while melting point of MgCl2 is 981 K. Why does NaCl and MgCl2 have different melting
points?
a. MgCl2 is soluble in kerosene and petrol.
b. NaCl is formed by combining Na and 1 molecule of Cl2.
c. NaCl has strong inter-ionic bonding than MgCl2.
d. MgCl2 is formed by combining one molecule of Mg.
 7. Aqua regia is called as royal water because it dissolved gold. Its composition is 1 : 3 of concentrated
a. H2SO4 : HNO3 b. HNO3 : H2SO4 c. HNO3 : HCl d. HCl : HNO3
8. A student adds some metallic ash in water taken in a test tube. The ash gets completely dissolved in
water and solution changes colour. What should be done to test the product of solution?
a. Evaporate solution to get crystals. b. Test the basicity using red litmus paper.
c. Test the acidity by blue litmus paper. d. Measure the temperature using a thermometer.
9. Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses electron and Y gains electron. Which of the
following properties is not shown by Z?
a. Has high melting point b. Insoluble in water
c. Conducts electricity in molten state d. Occurs as solid
10. Metal cubes of same size were each dropped in a beaker containing dil. HCl. What are the possible
identities of the metal cubes in the beaker?

A B C
a. Mg Fe Cu
b. Na K Cu
c. Pb Mg Ag
d. Zn Mg Au
11. Copper becomes green when exposed to air for a long time due to
a. formation of CuO on the surface
b. formation of basic copper carbonate on surface
c. formation of copper hydroxide on the surface
d. none of the above
12. In stainless steel, iron metal is alloyed with
a. Cu and Cr b. Cr and Ni c. Cr and Sn d. Cu and Ni
13. The process of heating sulphide ore in the presence of air is called
a. roasting b. calcination c. smelting d. electrolytic refining
14. The process in which carbonate ore is heated strongly in absence of air is called
a. roasting b. calcination c. smelting d. reduction
15. In electrolytic refining of copper, the electrolyte used is
a. CuO b. Cu(OH)2 c. CuSO4 d. acidified CuSO4(aq)
II. Answer the following.
1. Read the statements.
(P) Stainless steel does not rust (Q) Iron, nickel and chromium form an alloy.
Does statement (Q) present a valid explanation for statement (P)? Justify your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. A metal element, M has the following properties:
 Floats on water
 Can be cut with a knife
 Occurs naturally as its chloride, or formula MCl
 Its oxide dissolves in water to form the hydroxide
a. State the method of manufacture of the metal M.
 _________________________________________________________________________________
b. Name the major by-product obtained in the process.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Give reasons for the following.
a. School bells are made up of metals.
_________________________________________________________________________________
b. Electric wires are made up of copper.
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. Give two examples each of the metals that are good conductors and poor conductors of heat
respectively.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Name the following.
a. a metal, which is preserved in kerosene. ____________________
b. a lustrous coloured non-metals. ____________________
c. a metal, which can melt while kept on palm. ____________________
d. a metal, which is a poor conductor of heat. ____________________
6. The atomic number of an element is 20.
a. Write its electronic configuration. ____________________
b. State whether this element is a metal or a non-metal. ____________________
c. What is its valency? ____________________
d. Write the name and formula of the compound which this element forms with chlorine.
__________________________________________________________________________
7. a. Draw the electron-dot structures of the following compounds. i. KCl ii. CaO

b. The electronic configuration of two elements X and Y are given below:

X – 2, 7 Y – 2, 8, 1
What type of bond will be formed between the atoms of X and Y?

8. a. Write the electron dot structures of potassium and chlorine.

b. Show the formation of KCl by the transfer of electrons.
c. Name the ions present in this compound, KCl.
9. State the constituents of solder. Which property of solder makes it suitable for welding electrical
wires?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

10. a. Write electron dot structure for chlorine and calcium. Show the formation of calcium chloride by
the transfer of electrons.
b. Identify the nature of the above compound and explain three physical properties of such
compounds.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
11. An ore on heating in air produces sulphur dioxide. Which process would you suggest for its
concentration? Describe briefly any two steps involved in the conversion of this concentrated ore
into related metal.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is cinnabar? How is metal extracted from cinnabar? Explain briefly.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
13. a. Differentiate between roasting and calcination. Explain the two with the help of suitable chemical
equations. How is zinc extracted from its ore?
Calcination Roasting
 b. Name two metals that can be used to reduce metal oxide to metals.
_________________________________________________________________________________
14. a. Write steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in the middle of the activity series from their
carbonate ores.
b. How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the various steps supported by chemical
equations. Draw labelled diagram for the electrolytic refining of copper.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
15. Read the Assertion and Reason statements carefully and choose the correct answer.
a. Both the assertion and the reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
b. The assertion and the reason are correct but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
c. Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d. The statement of the assertion is false but the reason is true.
i. Assertion: Sodium oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Reason: Those oxides which react with acid as well as base are amphoteric oxides. ________
ii. Assertion: Nitrogen is a non-metal.
Reason: Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons. ________
iii. Assertion: Copper does not react with dil. H2SO4.
Reason: Copper is more reactive than hydrogen. ________
iv. Assertion: Highly reactive metals are obtained by electrolytic reduction of their molten ore.
Reason: Highly reactive metals can be extracted by chemical reduction. ________
v. Assertion: Silver becomes black in colour when exposed to atmosphere.
 Reason: Silver reacts with H2S gas to form Ag2S which is black in colour. ________
vi. Assertion: The metals and alloys are good conductors of electricity. ________
Reason: Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is not a good conductor of electricity.
vii. Assertion: If Na2O reacts with HCl, it will form NaCl and H2O.
Reason: Sodium reacts with air to form sodium oxide. ________
viii. Assertion: Metals are reducing agents.
Reason: Metals form positive ions by loss of electrons. ________
ix. Assertion: Lead reacts with H2SO4 to form lead sulphate and further reaction stops.
Reason: Lead sulphate is insoluble in water and forms a coating over lead metal preventing
further reaction. ________
x. Assertion: The colour of an aqueous solution of copper sulphate turns colourless when a
piece of lead is added to it.
Reason: Lead is more reactive than copper and hence displaces copper from its salt solution.
xi. Assertion: K is more reactive than Na. ________
Reason: K is smaller in size than Na.
xii. Assertion: Certain elements show properties of both metals and non-metals and are called
metalloids.
Reason: Silicon and germanium are metalloids and they resemble with metals as well as non-
metals. ________
xiii. Assertion: MgCl2 is a covalent compound.
Reason: Metals and non-metals react by mutual transfer of electrons. ________
xiv. Assertion: Sodium is less reactive than lead.
Reason: Sodium is kept in kerosene. ________
xv. Assertion: Na, Ca, Mg are obtained by electrolysis of their molten oxides.
Reason: These metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon. ________
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
I. Multiple Choice Questions:
1. – CHO represents the functional group;
a. esters b. carboxylic acid c. alcohols d. aldehydes
2. A functional group mainly determines the
a. physical properties b. chemical properties c. both d. none of these
3. Solubility of alcohol in water is due to
a. low density of alcohol b. volatile nature of alcohol
c. ionisation d. hydrogen bonding
4. The difference in the formula and molecular masses of CH3OH and C2H5OH IS
a. CH3 and 16 u b. CH2 and 14 u c. CH4 and 18 u d. CH3 and 16 u
5. Which of the following statements about graphite and diamond are true?
a. They have the same crystal structure b. They have the same degree of hardness
c. Thy have the same electrical conductivity d. They can undergo the same chemical
reactions
6. Which of the following is ethanol?
a. CH3CHO b. CH3COOH c. CH3CH2OH d. CH3COOCH3
7. Which of the following contains covalent bond?
a. MgCl2 b. CaF2 c. Al2O3 d. HCl
8. The number of covalent bonds is C4H10 is
a. 10 b. 8 c. 13 d. 12
9. Which amongst the following will conduct electricity?
a. C6H12O6 b. KCl(s) c. C2H5OH d. NaCl(aq)
10. The self-linkage property (catenation) is maximum in
a. carbon b. silicon c. sulphur d. phosphorous
11. CH3CH2OH