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Class X Scienece Chap 1 Notes

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Class X Scienece Chap 1 Notes

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PRIME TUTORIAL CLASSES

Notes of Ch 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations Class 10th Science

Chemical Reaction: The transformation of chemical substance into another chemical


substance is known as Chemical Reaction. For example: Rusting of iron, the setting of
milk into curd, digestion of food, respiration, etc.

● The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
● The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called
products.

Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an example of
a chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g)→2MgO(s)

Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Example: Mg and O2.

Product: New substance formed after a chemical reaction is called a product.


Example: MgO.

Characteristics of Chemical Reactions :


(i) Evolution of gas: The chemical reaction between zinc and dilute sulphuric acid is
characterised by the evolution of hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) ↑

(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured
potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to
colorless.
The chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate solution
is characterized by a change in color from orange to green.

(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterized by
a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax is a solid, water formed by the
combustion of wax is a liquid at room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of wax is a gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one
characteristic.

(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quicklime water to form slaked
lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterized by
a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium
chloride solution is characterized by the formation of a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)

Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reaction, Decomposition Reaction, Displacement


Reaction, Double Displacement Reaction, Neutralization Reactions, Exothermic – Endothermic
Reactions and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.

Types of Chemical Reactions:


Chemical reactions can be classified in following types:
(i) Combination Reaction: Reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form one
product are called Combination Reactions.
A general combination reaction can be represented by the chemical equation given here:
A + B → AB Examples:
When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed. In this reaction,
magnesium is combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide.When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon
dioxide is formed. In this reaction, carbon is combined with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

(ii) Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more
compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is
just the opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s)heat−→−CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s)△→Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

Thermal Decomposition: The decomposition of a substance on heating is known as Thermal


Decomposition.
Example: 2Pb(NO3)2(s)heat−→−2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose into simpler


compounds because of passing of electricity, are known as Electrolytic Decomposition. This is
also known as Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
2H2O(l)→2H2(g) + O2(g)

Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which a compound decomposes


because of sunlight are known as Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction.
Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into silver metal and chlorine
gas. 2AgCl(s) (white)Sunlight→−2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)

Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to
sunlight. It happens because silver chloride is colourless while silver is a grey metal.

(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from a compound is known as Displacement Reactions.
Displacement reactions are also known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/
replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive
than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two
reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium sulphate, white
precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)

When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and water are
formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Note: Double Displacement Reaction, in which precipitate is formed, is also known as


precipitation reaction. Neutralization reactions are also examples of double displacement
reactions.

Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by the mixing of the
aqueous solution of two salts is called Precipitation Reaction.
Example:
Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and
water by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example:

(v) Oxidation and Reduction Reactions:


Oxidation: Addition of oxygen or non-metallic element or removal of hydrogen or metallic
element from a compound is known as Oxidation.
Elements or compounds in which oxygen or non-metallic element is added or hydrogen or
metallic element is removed are called to be Oxidized.
Reduction: Addition of hydrogen or metallic element or removal of oxygen or non-metallic
element from a compound is called Reduction.
The compound or element which goes under reduction in called to be Reduced.
Oxidation and Reduction take place together.
Oxidizing agent:

● The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an Oxidizing agent.
● The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing agent.

Reducing agent:

● The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a Reducing agent.
● The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing agent.

The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called the
Redox reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper oxide.
Removal of oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to
copper.

(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition of
oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.

● The substance which gets oxidized is the reducing agent.


● The substance which gets reduced is the oxidizing agent.

(vi) Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions:


Exothermic Reaction: Reaction which produces energy is called Exothermic Reaction. Most of
the decomposition reactions are exothermic.
Example:
Respiration is a decomposition reaction in which energy is released.
When quick lime (CaO) is added to water, it releases energy.

Endothermic Reaction: A chemical reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called


Endothermic Reaction.
Example: Decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Effects of Oxidation Reactions in Everyday life: Corrosion and Rancidity.


Corrosion: The process of slow conversion of metals into their undesirable compounds due to
their reaction with oxygen, water, acids, gases etc. present in the atmosphere is called
Corrosion.
Example: Rusting of iron.

Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is called Rust.

The rusting of iron is a redox reaction.


Corrosion (rusting) weakens the iron and steel objects and structures such as railings, car
bodies, bridges and ships etc. and cuts short their life.
Methods to Prevent Rusting

● By painting.
● By greasing and oiling.
● By galvanisation.

Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time because the
surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
when exposed to air.

Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on
exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by
the action of H2S gas present in the air.

Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are
left exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to the oxidation of fat
and oil present in food materials.

Methods to prevent rancidity:

● By adding anti-oxidant.
● Vacuum packing.
● Replacing air by nitrogen.
● Refrigeration of foodstuff.

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