Class X Scienece Chap 1 Notes
Class X Scienece Chap 1 Notes
● The substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
● The new substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction are called
products.
Example: The burning of magnesium in the air to form magnesium oxide is an example of
a chemical reaction.
2Mg(s) + O2(g)→2MgO(s)
Reactant: Substances which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
Example: Mg and O2.
(ii) Change in Colour: The chemical reaction between citric acid and purple coloured
potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour from purple to
colorless.
The chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide gas and acidified potassium dichromate solution
is characterized by a change in color from orange to green.
(iii) Change in state of substance: The combustion reaction of candle wax is characterized by
a change in state from solid to liquid and gas (because the wax is a solid, water formed by the
combustion of wax is a liquid at room temperature whereas, carbon dioxide produced by the
combustion of wax is a gas). There are some chemical reactions which can show more than one
characteristic.
(iv) Change in temperature: The chemical reaction between quicklime water to form slaked
lime is characterized by a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
The chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute sulphuric acid is also characterized by
a change in temperature (which is a rise in temperature).
(v) Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid and barium
chloride solution is characterized by the formation of a white precipitate of barium sulphate.
BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (ppt) + 2HCl(aq)
(ii) Decomposition Reaction: Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more
compounds or elements are known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is
just the opposite of combination reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s)heat−→−CaO(s) + CO2(g)
When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s)△→Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to
sunlight. It happens because silver chloride is colourless while silver is a grey metal.
(iii) Displacement Reaction: The chemical reactions in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from a compound is known as Displacement Reactions.
Displacement reactions are also known as Substitution Reaction or Single Displacement/
replacement reactions.
A general displacement reaction can be represented by using a chemical equation as follows :
A + BC → AC + B
Displacement reaction takes place only when ‘A’ is more reactive than B. If ‘B’ is more reactive
than ‘A’, then ‘A’ will not displace ‘C’ from ‘BC’ and reaction will not be taking place.
Examples:
When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, it gives hydrogen gas and zinc chloride.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
When zinc reacts with copper sulphate, it forms zinc sulphate and copper metal.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
(iv) Double Displacement Reaction: Reactions in which ions are exchanged between two
reactants forming new compounds are called Double Displacement Reactions.
AB + CD → AC + BD
Examples:
When the solution of barium chloride reacts with the solution of sodium sulphate, white
precipitate of barium sulphate is formed along with sodium chloride.
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) (Precipitate) + 2NaCl(aq)
When sodium hydroxide (a base) reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride and water are
formed.
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Precipitation Reaction: The reaction in which precipitate is formed by the mixing of the
aqueous solution of two salts is called Precipitation Reaction.
Example:
Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt and
water by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example:
● The substance which gives oxygen for oxidation is called an Oxidizing agent.
● The substance which removes hydrogen is also called an Oxidizing agent.
Reducing agent:
● The substance which gives hydrogen for reduction is called a Reducing agent.
● The substance which removes oxygen is also called a Reducing agent.
The reaction in which oxidation and reduction both take place simultaneously is called the
Redox reaction.
When copper oxide is heated with hydrogen, then copper metal and hydrogen are formed.
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
(i) In this reaction, CuO is changing into Cu. Oxygen is being removed from copper oxide.
Removal of oxygen from a substance is called Reduction, so copper oxide is being reduced to
copper.
(ii) In this reaction, H2 is changing to H2O. Oxygen is being added to hydrogen. Addition of
oxygen to a substance is called Oxidation, so hydrogen is being oxidised to water.
Rusting: Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance which is called Rust.
● By painting.
● By greasing and oiling.
● By galvanisation.
Corrosion of Copper: Copper objects lose their lustre and shine after some time because the
surface of these objects acquires a green coating of basic copper carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
when exposed to air.
Corrosion of Silver Metal: The surface of silver metal gets tarnished (becomes dull) on
exposure to air, due to the formation of a coating of black silver sulphide(Ag2S) on its surface by
the action of H2S gas present in the air.
Rancidity: The taste and odour of food materials containing fat and oil changes when they are
left exposed to air for a long time. This is called Rancidity. It is caused due to the oxidation of fat
and oil present in food materials.
● By adding anti-oxidant.
● Vacuum packing.
● Replacing air by nitrogen.
● Refrigeration of foodstuff.