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Sample Lab E-Record

The document outlines an experiment on amplitude modulation (AM) and demodulation, detailing the aim, required hardware, theoretical background, and formulas involved. It includes circuit diagrams, tabulated results of signal amplitudes and frequencies, and MATLAB code for simulating the AM process and demodulation. The results section emphasizes the modulation index and its significance in the modulation process.

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venkateshj2006
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19 views8 pages

Sample Lab E-Record

The document outlines an experiment on amplitude modulation (AM) and demodulation, detailing the aim, required hardware, theoretical background, and formulas involved. It includes circuit diagrams, tabulated results of signal amplitudes and frequencies, and MATLAB code for simulating the AM process and demodulation. The results section emphasizes the modulation index and its significance in the modulation process.

Uploaded by

venkateshj2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Date : 19/12/2024 AMPLITUDE MODULATION Page No.

Exp.No. : 1

Aim :

To perform amplitude modulation, demodulation and find the Modulation Index.

Hardware Required:

S.No. Components Used Quantity Value


1 PN Junction Diode 1 -
2 Variable Inductance 1 3 mH,5 mH
3 Capacitor 1 0.1 micro Farad
4 Resistor 3 1 kohm,1 kohm,10 kohm
4 Digital Oscilloscope 1 (Message Signal) 2V
5 Digital Oscilloscope 1 (Carrier Signal) 16V

Theory:

1. Amplitude Modulation (AM):

Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a technique used in electronic communication where the amplitude (strength)
of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal (modulating
signal). The carrier wave's frequency remains constant, while its amplitude changes to encode the
information from the message signal.

AM is commonly used in radio broadcasting (AM radio) and in communication systems where simple and
efficient signal processing is sufficient.

2. Demodulation:

Demodulation is the process of extracting the original message signal (modulating signal) from the
modulated carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, demodulation involves detecting the variations in the
carrier wave's amplitude to recover the transmitted information.

3. Modulation Index (μ):

The modulation index of AM quantifies the degree of modulation applied to the carrier wave.It is defined as
the ratio of the amplitude of the message signal (Am) to the amplitude of the carrier signal (Ac).
Formula used :

Circuit Diagram :
Model Graph:

Tabulation:

S.No. Signal Amplitude (v) Time (ms) Frequency (Hz)


1 Message Signal 1.66 1 1k
2 Carrier Signal 8 0.1 10k
3 Modulated Signal V max = 0.79 0.1 10k
V min = 0.24

Output Waveform (Paste Green color Graph Sheet ) :


MATLAB Code:

PROGRAM PART I:

clc;closeall;clearall;
t=0:0.01:10;
m=sin(2*pi*t/2);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,m,'LineWidth',2,'Color','b');
set(gca,'fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
xlabel('Time', 'fontsize', 13, 'fontweight', 'bold');
ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
title('Message Signal', 'fontsize', 14);
c=sin(2*pi*5*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c,'LineWidth',2,'Color','b');
set(gca,'fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
xlabel('Time', 'fontsize', 13, 'fontweight', 'bold');
ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
title('Carrier Signal', 'fontsize', 14);
s=m.*c;
subplot(4,1,3
);
plot(t,s,'LineWidth',2,'Color','g');
set(gca,'fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
xlabel('Time', 'fontsize', 13, 'fontweight', 'bold');
ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
title('AM Signal', 'fontsize', 14);
z=s.*c ;M=lowpas
s(z,0.01);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,M,'LineWidth',2,'Color','g');
set(gca,'fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
xlabel('Time', 'fontsize', 13, 'fontweight', 'bold');
ylabel('Amplitude','fontsize',13,'fontweight','bold');
title('Demodulated signal', 'fontsize', 14);

PROGRAM PART II

fm=20; fc=500;
vm=1; vc=1;
mu=0.8; % modulation index

% x-axis:Time(second)
t=0:0.00001:0.0999;
f=0:1:9999;

%y-axis:Voltage(volt)
V1=vc+mu*sin(2*pi*fm*t);

%upper envelope
V2=-(vc+mu*sin(2*pi*fm*t));

% lower envelope
Vm=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
sVc=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
Vam=vc*(1+mu*sin(2*pi*fm*t)).*(sin(2*pi*fc*t)); %AM signal
Vr=Vam.*vc;
% Synchronous detector
Vf=abs(fft(Vam,10000))/500; % Spectrum
[b,a] = butter(3,0.002); out= filter(b,a,Vr);

%Plot modulating,carrier signal figure(1);


subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,Vm);
title('AM modulating signal');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');grid on;
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t,sVc);
title('AM carrier signal');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');grid on;

%Plot AM in time domain and frequency domain figure(2);


subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,Vam); hold on;
plot(t,V1,'r'),plot(t,V2,'r');
title('AM waveform time-domain');
xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude');grid on;
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(f*10,Vf);

axis([(fc-6*fm) (fc+6*fm) 0 10]);


title('AM waveform frequency-domain');
xlabel('frequency'), ylabel('amplitude');grid on;
figure(3);
plot(t,1.81*out)
title('AM Demodulated signal'); xlabel('time'), ylabel('amplitude')

MATLAB Output Waveform :

PROGRAM PART I
PROGRAM PART II

mu=1 (critical modulation)

mu=2 (overmodulation)(mu>1 in general)


mu=0.8 (undermodulation) (mu<1 in general)

Result & Inference : ( Paste the Output Verification Sign for both H/W & S/w) :

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