Welcome

Presentation
By
Dr. Bhaskar Belavadi
 TEXT BOOKS /REFERENCES
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems,” 2/e, Wiley India, 2011.,
2. B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication
Systems”, 4/e, Oxford University Press, 2016
3. P. Ramakrishna Rao, “Analog Communication,” 1/e, TMH, 2011.

REFERENCES:
1.Taub, Schilling, “Principles of Communication Systems”, Tata
McGraw‐Hill, 4th Edition, 2013.
2. John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi, “Fundamentals of
Communication Systems”, PEA, 1st Edition,2006
CONTENTS:
Introduction
1.1 Need for modulation

OUTCOMES:
Discuss about the basic elements of communication system, importance of modulation
and different types of modulation.
 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 Communication is a process of conveying message at a distance.

If the distance is involved is beyond the direct communication, the communication

engineering comes into the picture. The brain engineering which deals with
communication systems is known as telecommunication engineering.

Telecommunication engineering is classified into two types based on transmission

media. They are:

1. Line communication
2. Radio communication

The transmission of information from source to the destination through a channel or

medium is called communication
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
BASIC COMMUNICATION BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Source: analog or digital

Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power amp., Antenna

Channel: Like Cable, optical fiber, free space

Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power amplifier, Transducer

Destination : Like Person, (loud) speaker, computer

 1.1 Need for modulation

 Modulation is the process of changing the characteristics parameters

(amplitude, frequency, phase) of the carrier signal, in accordance with the
instantaneous values of the modulating signal.

 Need for Modulation: Baseband signals are incompatible for direct

transmission. For such a signal, to travel longer distances, its strength has to
be increased by modulating with a high frequency carrier wave, which
doesn’t affect the parameters of the modulating signal.
 1.1 NEED FOR MODULATION

Need for modulation:

1. Reduce the antenna height.

2. Increases the range of Communication.

3. Allows the multiplexing of signals.

4. Adjustments in the bandwidth is allowed.

5. Avoids the mixing of signals.

6. Improved reception quality

7. Narrow banding of signals.

 1.1 NEED FOR MODULATION

Message or Modulating Signal:

The signal which contains a message to be transmitted is called as a message signal.
It is a baseband signal, which has to undergo the process of modulation, to get
transmitted. Hence, it is also called as the modulating signal.

Carrier Signal :
The high frequency signal, which has a certain amplitude, frequency and phase but
contains no information, is called as a carrier signal. It is an empty signal and is used
to carry the signal to the receiver after modulation.

Modulated Signal:
The resultant signal after the process of modulation is called as a modulated signal.
This signal is a combination of modulating signal and carrier signal.
Types of Modulation
CONTENTS:
1.2 conventional amplitude modulation (AM).

OUTCOMES:
Understand the time domain, frequency domain Description and power relations of
Amplitude Modulation
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
Amplitude Modulation:
The amplitude of the carrier signal varies in accordance with the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal is called amplitude modulation .
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Time-domain Representation of the Waves:

Let the modulating signal be, m(t) = Am cos(2πfmt) eq., 1

and the carrier signal be, c(t)= Ac cos(2πfct) eq.,2

Where,
Am and Ac are the amplitude of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively.
 fm and fc are the frequency of the modulating signal and the carrier signal
respectively.

For our convenience, assume the phase angle of the carrier signal is zero. An amplitude-
modulated (AM) wave S(t) can be described as function of time is given by

S (t) = Ac [1+ka m (t)] cos2πfct eq.,3

Where ka = Amplitude sensitivity of the modulator

 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
The equation 3, can be written as
S (t) = Ac cos2πfct + Ac ka m (t) cos2πfct eq., 4

The carrier wave, after being modulated, if the modulated level is calculated, then it is
called as Modulation Index or Modulation Depth .

SAM (t) = Ac [1+ka Am cos(2πfmt)] cos2πfct eq., 5

SAM (t) = Ac [1+µcos(2πfmt)] cos2πfct eq.,6

Where µ is “Modulation Index” or “Depth of Modulation” Am

  eq.,7
Ac
Am A  Amin / 2
 max eq.,8
Ac Amax  Amin / 2
Amax  Amin
then   eq.,9
Amax  Amin
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
Frequency Domain Representation:

Frequency Spectrum of Modulating signal

Frequency Spectrum of Modulated signal

 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
Bandwidth of Amplitude Modulation:
It is defined as the difference between the higher Upper side band frequency and Lower side band
frequency.

Band width (BW)= fUSB-fLSB = fc+fm- (fc-fm)=2fm eq.,10

= 2 X Message Bandwidth/highest frequency
message signal
CONTENTS:
1.2. Amplitude Modulation
-Single Tone Modulation
-Multi tone Modulation
- Power and Efficiency calculation of AM

OUTCOMES:
Understand different types of AM modulation techniques and calculating power &
Efficiency
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Single Tone Modulation:

Single tone modulation is “a modulation in which the modulation is carried out by a single
frequency (tone) signal”.
The toned (single frequency) modulating signal consists of only one frequency component and this
signal is modulated with a carrier signal.

Amplitude modulates signal SAM (t) = Ac [1+ka m (t)] cos2πfct

Let us consider single modulating signal m(t) = Am cos(2πfmt)

S (t) = Ac Cos (2π fct)+Acµ /2[cos2 π(fc+fm)t]+ Acµ /2[cos2π (fc-fm)t] eq.,11

Fourier transform of S (t) is :

S (f) =Ac/2[𝝳 (f-fc) + (f+fc)] +Acµ /4[𝝳 (f-fc-fm) +𝝳 (f+fc+fm)]

+ Acµ /4[𝝳 (f- fc+fm ) +𝝳 (f+fc-fm)] eq.,12
1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
Multi Tone Modulation:
In multi-tone modulation modulating signal consists of more than one frequency component where
as in single-tone modulation modulating signal consists of only one frequency component .

Amplitude modulates signal SAM (t) = Ac [1+ka m (t)] cos2πfct

Let us consider single modulating signal m(t) = Am1cos(2πfm1t)+ Am2cos(2πfm2t)+-----

eq.,13
S (t) = Ac Cos (2π fct)+Acµ1 /2[cos2 π(fc+fm1)t]+ Acµ1 /2[cos2π (fc-fm1)t]
+Acµ2 /2[cos2 π(fc+fm2t]+ Acµ1 /2[cos2π (fc-fm2)t]+------
eq.,14
Fourier transform of S (t) is :

S (f) =Ac/2[𝝳 (f-fc) + (f+fc)] +Acµ1 /4[𝝳 (f-fc-fm1) +𝝳 (f+fc+fm1)]

+ Acµ1 /4[𝝳 (f- fc+fm1 ) +𝝳 (f+fc-fm1)]
+ Acµ2 /4[𝝳 (f-fc-fm2) +𝝳 (f+fc+fm2)]
+ Acµ2 /4[𝝳 (f- fc+fm2 ) +𝝳 (f+fc-fm2)]+----------
eq.,15
1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Power Calculation of AM
Single - tone Modulation

Let the modulating signal be, m(t) = Am cos(2πfmt)

and the carrier signal be, c(t)= Ac cos(2πfct)
Then AM equation is S (t) = Ac [1+ka m (t)] cos2πfct

S (t) = Ac Cos (2π fct)+Acµ /2[cos2 π(fc+fm)t]+ Acµ /2[cos2π (fc-fm)t]

Total Power: Pt= Pc + PUSB+PLSB

Power of any signal is equal to the mean square value of the signal
Carrier power Pc = Ac2/2
Upper Side Band power PUSB = Ac2 µ2/8
Lower Side Band power P LSB = Ac2 µ2/8
Total power Pt = Pc + PLSB + PUSB

Total power Pt = Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ2/8 + Ac2 µ2/8

= Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ2/4
= Ac2/2[1 + µ2/2]
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Power Calculation of AM

Total power Pt = Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ2/8 + Ac2 µ2/8

= Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ2/4
= Ac2/2[1 + µ2/2]

A2 c   2
Total power Pt = 1  
2  2 

  2
Total power Pt = Pc 1  2 
 

2
P  V  I 
  2  t  1  2  T  1  2  t  1
 Pc   VC   Ic 
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Transient Efficiency of AM(ղ)

It is defined as the ratio of power carried by the side bands to the total power available
PSB P  PLSB
   USB
Pt Pt

AC2
2
  4
AC 
2 2
 2 
2 1  2 
 

2 / 2
 
1  2 / 2

2 / 2
  X 100
1  / 2
2
 1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)

Power Calculation of AM
Multi-tone Modulation:

Total Power: Pt= Pc + PUSB1+PLSB1 + PUSB2+PLSB2+-------------------

Total power Pt = Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ12/8 + Ac2 µ12/8 + Ac2 µ22/8 + Ac2 µ22/8+--------
= Ac2/2 + Ac2 µ12/4 + Ac2 µ22/4+---------
= Ac2/2[1 + µ12/2+ µ22/2+-----]
= Ac2/2[1 + µt2/2]

Total power Pt = Pc[1 + µt2/2]

1.2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
CONTENTS:
1.2. Generation and Detection of AM waves
A. Generation Methods

OUTCOMES:
Understand various techniques of generation AM.
1.2 Generation and Detection of AM Waves

A. GENERATION OF AM WAVES:
1. Square –Law Modulator
2. Switching Modulator

B. DETECTION OF AM WAVES :
1.Synchronous detector
2.Square law detector
3.Rectifier detector
 1.2 (a) Generation of AM Waves
1. Square –Law Modulator(1/3):

Square –Law Modulator

 1.2 (a) Generation of AM Waves
Square –Law Modulator(2/3):
V2 (t ) aV 1(t )  bV12 (t )
V1 (t )  Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )
Substituting V1(t)In the above equation

V2 (t ) a Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )  b Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )

2

V2 (t ) a Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )  b Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )

2

 
aAc cos 2f c t  am(t )  b Ac2 cos 2 2f c t  m 2 (t )  2bAc cos 2f c tm(t )
aAc cos 2f c t  am(t )  bAc2 cos 2 2f c t  bm 2 (t )  2bAc cos 2f c t.m(t )
Ac2
a. Ac cos 2f c t  am(t )  b 1  cos 4f c t   bm 2 (t )  2bAc cos 2f c tm(t )
2
 1.2 (a) Generation of AM Waves
Square –Law Modulator(3/3):
After Passing through a BPF with the cutoff frequency fc
V2 (t ) aAc cos 2f c t  2bAc cos 2f c t .m(t )
 Ac cos 2f c t a  2bm (t ) 
 2b 
aAc  1  m(t )  cos 2f c t
 a 

Applying Fourier transform:

Ac
V2 ( f ) aM ( f )  a  ( f  f c )   ( f  f c ) 
2
b bAc2 bAc2
4
M(f ) M(f ) ( f ) [ ( f  2 f c )   ( f  2 f c )]
2 2 4
 2bAc [ M ( f  f c )  M ( f  f c )]
 1.2 (a) Generation of AM Waves
2. Switching Modulator :
V2 (t )  Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )
V1 (t ) V2 (t ) C(t) > 0
0 C(t) <0

Mathematically
V2 (t ) V1 (t ).g p (t ) With period To=1/fc and a duty cycle of 50%

1 2   1
n 1
g p (t )    cos[2f c t ( 2n  2)]
2  n 1 2n  1
 1.2 (a) Generation of AM Waves
2. Switching Modulator :
1 2
g p (t )   cos 2f c t  oddHarmonics
2 
1 2
g p (t ) [ Ac cos 2f c t  m(t )][  cos 2f c t  oddHarmonics]
2 

m(t ) 2 Ac
V2 (t )   m(t ) cos 2f c t  cos 2f c t 
2  2
Ac Ac cos 4f c
  oddHarmonics
 

After Passing through a BPF

2 Ac
V2 (t )  m(t ) cos 2f c t  cos 2f c t
 2
Ac a
 cos 2f c t[1  m(t )]
2 Ac
CONTENTS:
1.2. Detection Methods of AM

OUTCOMES:
Discuss various techniques of Detection of AM
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
1. Synchronous/Coherent Detector(1/2):

S AM (t )  Ac [1  k a m(t )] cos 2f c t. Ac cos 2f c t

2 2 2 2
A A A A
S AM (t )  c  c cos 2 (2 f c )t  c k a m(t )  c k a m(t ) cos 2 (2 f c )t
2 2 2 2
2
A
S AM (t )  c k a m(t ) After Passing through LPF
2
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
1. Synchronous/Coherent Detector(2/2):
For a phase ø:
S AM (t )  Ac [1  k a m(t )] cos 2f c t. Ac cos( 2f c   )t

S AM (t ) [ Ac  Ac k a m(t )] cos 2f c t. Ac [cos(2f c )t  cos t  sin 2f c t. sin( )t

When there is no proper synchronization ,then

Ac2
Vo (t )  k a m(t ). cos 
2

If o 0 , then
Ac2
Vo (t )  k a m(t )
2
If 90 0 , then;V 00
i.e., There is no De-Modulated output. This effect is called “ Quadrature -Null effect” .
In order to avoid above problem, we will maintain synchronization at receiver , but the
complexity of receiver will increase.
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
2.SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR(1/2) :

V2 (t ) aV1 (t )  bV12 (t )

V1 (t )  Ac [1  k a m(t )] cos 2f c t

V2 (t ) a[ Ac (1  k a m(t ) cos 2f c t ]  b[ Ac2 (1  k a m(t ) 2 cos 2 2f c t ]
2
V2 (t ) aAc cos 2f c t  aAc k a m(t ) cos 2f c t  b[ Ac2 (1  k a m(t ) 2  2k a m(t )]1  cos 2 (2 f c )t / 2]
bAc2 bAc2
aAc cos 2f c t  aAc k a m(t ) cos 2f c t  [
2
 k a m 2 (t ) 
2 2
2b
Ac2 k a m 2 (t )][1  cos 2 ( 2 f ) c t ]
2

2
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
2.SQUARE-LAW DETECTOR(2/2) :
V2 (t ) aAc cos 2f c t  aAc k a m(t ) cos 2f c t
bAc2 bAc2 2 bAc2 bAc2 2
[  2 2
k a m(t )  bAc k a m(t )]  [  k a m(t ) 2  bAc2 k a m(t )] cos 2 (2 f c )t ]
2 2 2 2
bAc2 bAc2 2
y (t )   k a m(t ) 2  bAc2 k a m(t )
2 2

After passing through the LPF:

bAc2 2 2
V o(t )  k a m (t )  bAc2 k a m 2 (t )
2
The unwanted terms gives rise to signal
distortion . The ratio to the desired signal
to undesired signal
2
S bAc k a m(t ) 2
 2

N bAc 2 k a m(t )
k a m 2 (t )
2
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
3. Envelope detector(1/2) :

Half wave rectifier ,the Negative Portion is cliff off

Envelope detector
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves

The charging time constant RsC is very small when compared to the 1
carrier period 1/fc i.e., Rs c 
fc

The Dis-charging time constant RsC is must large enough to

1
RL c 
ensure that the capacitor discharges slowly through load capacitor fc
1
The discharging time constant should not exceed the period of RL c 
fm
The message signal
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves

The discharging time constant RLC is very large when compared to the charging time
constant i.e.,
1 1
Rs c   RL C 
fc f mb
1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves
 1.2 (b) Detection of AM Waves

Condition to Avoid Diagonal Clipping:

1  2
RLC 
m
The Max. time constant depends up on given modulation index and highest
frequency message signal without causing diagonal clipping.

d dE
Vc (t ) 
dt dt 0

E  Ac 1  cos 2f mt 

Thus
E
 Ac  sin  m t 0 . m
RL C
Thank You